Nature videos for PTSD: protocol for a mixed-methods feasibility study.

Background: Given the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), particularly among military personnel, new treatment approaches are needed. One may be virtual relaxation interventions, especially 360-degree nature videos, since studies have demonstrated their relaxation effects for healthy participants. If these relaxation effects can be reproduced in patients with PTSD, they may offer a viable tool to reduce distress and hyperarousal. Objective: This research protocol describes a planned study that will examine the relaxation effects of 360-degree nature videos for patients with PTSD. It will also investigate whether these relaxation effects differ depending on the hardware immersion level (head-mounted display [HMD] vs. PC screen) in comparison to a control condition in which patients only listen to natural sounds and do not view a video. Finally, the effect of each intervention's dose duration (five vs. ten minutes) will be explored. Method: A counterbalanced, randomised, controlled, within-subject experiment will be conducted (sample size N = 36). Only soldiers aged 18 years or older with a primary diagnosis of PTSD will be included. Those with psychosis, substance dependence, a change in psychiatric medication within the last month, suicidal intent, and motion sickness will be excluded. All patients will experience the HMD, PC, and control conditions once for five or ten minutes. Self-reported relaxation measures will be collected before and after, and patients' skin conductance level, heart rate, and heart rate variability will be assessed during each condition. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted to examine the patients' experiences in detail. Conclusions: This feasibility study will provide initial evidence of whether viewing 360-degree nature videos via HMD or PC screen is relaxing for patients with PTSD and whether the effects are greater compared with the control condition. The study will also validate the dose duration and thereby informing a subsequent confirmatory interventional trial. Trial registration: DRKS00020277. HIGHLIGHTS: This randomised controlled feasibility study will examine whether 360-degree nature videos are a suitable relaxation intervention for military personnel with post-traumatic stress disorder.

Introducción: Dada la prevalencia del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), particularmente entre militares, se necesitan nuevos enfoques de tratamiento. Uno podría ser intervenciones de relajación virtual, especialmente videos de naturaleza de 360-grados, ya que los estudios han demostrado sus efectos de relajación para participantes sanos. Si estos efectos de relajación pueden reproducirse en pacientes con TEPT, podrían ofrecer una herramienta viable para reducir la angustia y la hiperalerta.Objetivo: Este protocolo de investigación describe un estudio planificado que examinará los efectos de relajación con videos de naturaleza de 360-grados, para pacientes con TEPT. También investigará de qué manera estos efectos de relajación difieren dependiendo del nivel de inmersión del hardware (pantalla montada en la cabeza [HMD] vs. pantalla de PC) en comparación con una condición de control en la que los pacientes solo escuchan los sonidos de la naturaleza y no ven un video. Finalmente, el efecto de la duración de la dosis de cada intervención (cinco vs diez minutos) será explorados.Método: Se llevará a cabo un experimento contrabalanceado, aleatorizado, controlado e intrasujeto (tamaño de muestra N = 36). Solo serán incluidos los soldados de 18 años o más con un diagnóstico primario de TEPT. Serán excluidos aquellos con psicosis, dependencia de sustancias, un cambio en la medicación psiquiátrica en el último mes y quienes presenten ideación suicida o cinetosis (mareo de movimiento). Todos los pacientes experimentarán las condiciones de HMD, PC y control una vez durante cinco o diez minutos. Las mediciones de relajación autoreportadas se recopilarán antes y después y el nivel de conductancia de la piel de los pacientes, la frecuencia cardíaca y la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca se evaluarán durante cada condición. Se realizarán entrevistas semiestructuradas para examinar las experiencias de los pacientes en detalle.Conclusiones: Este estudio de factibilidad proporcionará evidencia inicial de si visualizar videos de naturaleza de 360-grados a través de HMD o la pantalla de la PC es relajante para los pacientes con TEPT, y si los efectos son mayores comparados con la condición de control. El estudio también validará la duración de la dosis y operacionalización de los puntos de termino, informando así un ensayo interventivo confirmatorio posterior.

Causal Interactive Links Between Presence and Fear in Virtual Reality Height Exposure.

Virtual reality plays an increasingly important role in research and therapy of pathological fear. However, the mechanisms how virtual environments elicit and modify fear responses are not yet fully understood. Presence, a psychological construct referring to the 'sense of being there' in a virtual environment, is widely assumed to crucially influence the strength of the elicited fear responses, however, causality is still under debate. The present study is the first that experimentally manipulated both variables to unravel the causal link between presence and fear responses. Height-fearful participants (N = 49) were immersed into a virtual height situation and a neutral control situation (fear manipulation) with either high versus low sensory realism (presence manipulation). Ratings of presence and verbal and physiological (skin conductance, heart rate) fear responses were recorded. Results revealed an effect of the fear manipulation on presence, i.e., higher presence ratings in the height situation compared to the neutral control situation, but no effect of the presence manipulation on fear responses. However, the presence ratings during the first exposure to the high quality neutral environment were predictive of later fear responses in the height situation. Our findings support the hypothesis that experiencing emotional responses in a virtual environment leads to a stronger feeling of being there, i.e., increase presence. In contrast, the effects of presence on fear seem to be more complex: on the one hand, increased presence due to the quality of the virtual environment did not influence fear; on the other hand, presence variability that likely stemmed from differences in user characteristics did predict later fear responses. These findings underscore the importance of user characteristics in the emergence of presence.