Strategies for the Management of Voices Shared in a Brazilian Hearing Voices Group.

Hearing Voices peer support groups allow people to construct understandings of their voices. The groups focus on supporting voice hearers in reducing distress associated with voices through an array of strategies. This study sought to describe the voice management strategies shared in a hearing voices peer support group within a Brazilian public mental health service. In this qualitative study we recorded 10 group meetings. Transcripts were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicated five themes, described as: (1) strategies used to avoid distressing experiences; (2) strategies for managing the voices; (3) strategies for seeking social support; (4) strategies for creating a sense of belonging in the community; and (5) strategies related to spirituality and religiosity. These strategies appear to be essential in helping voice hearers feel less alone, reducing the amount of distress associated with hearing voices, and developing coping strategies. These groups provide people who hear voices with the opportunity to share their stories with peers in a group setting, construct new understandings about the experience, and learn strategies for managing their voices. Accordingly, there are great possibilities for the use of these groups within mental health services throughout Latin America.

Breaking through social determinants of health: Results from a feasibility study of Imani Breakthrough, a community developed substance use intervention for Black and Latinx people.

Racial and ethnic disparities in substance use intervention design, implementation, and dissemination have been recognized for years, yet few intervention programs have been designed and conducted by and for people who use substances. Imani Breakthrough is a two-phase 22-week intervention developed by the community, run by facilitators with lived experience and church members, that is implemented in Black and Latinx church settings. This community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach is a concept developed in response to a call for action from the State of Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services (DMHAS) with funding from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) to address rising rates of death due to opioid overdose, and other negative consequences of substance misuse. After nine months of didactic community meetings, the final design involved twelve weeks of education in a group setting related to the recovery process, including the impact of trauma and racism on substance use, and a focus on citizenship and community participation and the 8 dimensions of wellness, followed by ten weeks of mutual support, with intensive wraparound support and life coaching focused on the social determinants of health (SDOH). We found the Imani intervention was feasible and acceptable, with 42 % of participants retained at 12 weeks. In addition, in a subset of participants with complete data, we found a significant increase in both citizenship scores and dimensions of wellness from baseline to week 12, with the greatest improvements in the occupational, intellectual, financial, and personal responsibility dimensions. As drug overdose rates among Black and Latinx people who use substances continue to increase, it is imperative that we address the inequities in the SDOH that contribute to this disparity gap so that we can develop interventions tailored to the specific needs of Black and Latinx people who use drugs. The Imani Breakthrough intervention shows promise as a community-driven approach that can address these disparities and promote health equity.

Brazilian immigrants in the United States and mental health: An integrative review.

BACKGROUND: Brazilian immigrants are becoming a more visible minority and, although different from other Latinos (in a linguistic, cultural, historical, and ethnic sense), are usually either counted as Latinos, not included in the Latino samples or simply overlooked in research studies. It is essential to understand the stress and pressures they undergo and appreciate their singular perspective and culturally-infused experiences to meet their needs and improve their mental healthcare and quality of life in the United States. AIM: The aim of this review is to understand and describe the experience of Brazilian immigrants in the U.S., related to mental health, assessing what studies have addressed and what is still needing to be researched. METHOD: We carried out an integrative review of peer-reviewed articles published between 2011 and 2022 using PychInfo, PubMed, and Proquest, addressing mental health of Brazilian immigrants in the United States. RESULTS: A total of 10 articles were included revealing the interest of a variety of fields and uncovering three themes: (1) mental healthcare needs (especially warmth and understanding of culture), (2) common sources of support and stress in the community and work, and (3) Socioeconomic aspects related to their mental health, including discrimination, work-life balance, neighborhood cohesion, and acculturation. CONCLUSIONS: Results may be useful to practitioners, researchers, and policy makers, who should be attentive to client's familiarity with the English language, their sources of support, spirituality, specific Brazilian traits, their feeling of 'being invisible', life in community, and their previous experiences with healthcare in Brazil.

Citizenship, Social Justice and Collective Empowerment: Living Outside Mental Illness.

Citizenship is emerging as one of the world's leading models to shift mental health care from artificial psychiatric settings into more natural community settings by incorporating human rights. This paper describes a four-session roundtable series entitled Citizenship, Social Justice, and Collective Empowerment: Living Outside Mental Illness. These roundtables were part of the New England Mental Health Technology Transfer Center Network (MHTTC). They were built on the conviction that people who have lived experiences of mental health challenges and engaged in making community connections should be at the center of teaching about those experiences. Presenters shared their experiences about how they navigated stigma and discrimination on their way to community inclusion, belonging, and empowerment. The common theme across the series was the citizenship framework. The citizenship framework has inspired people to become involved in an individual and collective dynamic experience that connects them with the 5R's of rights, responsibilities, roles, resources, relationships, and a sense of belonging in society. The outcomes from the discussion on the webinars demonstrated that peer support could be a promising intervention to increase the sense of belonging in the community.

Tele-Mental Health Utilization Among People with Mental Illness to Access Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Shortly after the COVID-19 pandemic arrived at the United States, mental health services moved towards using tele-mental health to provide care. A survey about resilience and tele-mental health was developed and conducted with ForLikeMinds' members and followers. Correlational analysis was used to examine relationships between quantitative variables. A phenomenological approach was used to analyze open questions responses. Sixteen percent of participants were coping well with the pandemic; 50% were coping okay; and 34% said that they were coping poorly. Three main themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: accessibility to care; self-care strategies; and community support and relationship. The responses from participants seems to reflect the combination of two main factors-the challenges they were facing in accessing care through tele-mental health plus the mental health consequences from COVID-19. This survey reflects the importance of building innovative strategies to create a working alliance with people who need care through tele-mental health.

COVID-19 Concerns Among Persons With Mental Illness.

OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has been recognized as causing a wide variety of behavioral health problems. Society must mitigate this impact by recognizing that COVID-19 can trigger people's fears of exacerbating an existing mental illness. A survey about COVID-19 for people with mental illness was developed. METHODS: Two hundred fourteen people responded to the survey, of whom 193 self-identified as living with a mental illness. RESULTS: Almost all participants living with a mental illness (98%) said they had at least one major concern regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, and 62% said they had at least three major concerns. CONCLUSIONS: People living with a mental illness are very concerned about disruption of services, running out of medication, and social isolation during this pandemic. Providers and mental health services could address these fears by connecting with people living with mental illness through text messaging and social media.

Oxidative-stress biomarkers in patients with pulmonary hypertension.

This controlled, prospective, nonrandomized clinical investigation has as its chief strength the fact that it was done in humans with active disease and apparently on fairly modest therapeutic regimens. The aim was to present the results of oxidative-stress biomarkers in humans suffering from pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Inflammation and oxidative stress are essential in PAH with increased lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant defenses. Twenty-four adult patients of both sexes, with a mean age of 21 years, were subdivided into 2 groups: a control group of 12 healthy, nonsmoking volunteers and a PAH group (PAHG) of 12 volunteers with PAH receiving outpatient treatment. Oxidative stress was evaluated by plasma activity of reduced glutathione (GSH); lipid peroxidation was expressed by malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid hydroperoxide (ferrous oxidation of xylenol orange [FOX] assay); vitamin E was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analyses showed significant differences for (1) the TNF-α measure, with highest values in PAHG patients; (2) the plasma GSH, with lowest values in PAHG patients; (3) vitamin E, with the lowest concentrations in PAHG patients; (4) MDA measure, with highest values in PAHG patients; and (5) the lipid hydroperoxide FOX measure, with highest values in PAHG patients. In conclusion, inflammation and oxidative stress are present in patients with PAH, as confirmed by increased lipid peroxidation, reduced GSH, and low concentrations of vitamin E.

Nitrite exhaled breath condensate study in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: There is a relative lack of studies on postoperative changes in nitrite (NO2 - ) concentrations, a marker of injury, following cardiac surgery. In this context, investigations on how exhaled NO concentrations vary in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery will certainly contribute to new clinical findings. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the EBC NO levels in both the pre and postoperative (24 hours) periods of cardiac surgery. METHODS: Twenty - eight individuals were divided into three groups: 1) control, 2) coronary artery bypass grafting, and 3) valve surgery. The nitrite (NO2 - ) levels were measured by chemiluminescence in blood samples and exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Data were analyzed by the Mann - Whitney and Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS: 1) Preoperatively, the EBC NO2 - levels from groups 2 and 3 patients were higher than control individuals; 2) The postoperative (24 hours) NO2 - levels in the EBC from group 3 patients were lower compared with preoperative values; 3) The NO2 - levels in the plasma from group 2 patients were lower in the preoperative compared with the postoperative (24h) values and; 4) Preoperatively, there was no difference between groups 2 and 3 in terms of plasma NO2 - concentrations. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that NO measurement in EBC is feasible in cardiac surgery patients.

Disfunção endotelial e hipertensão pulmonar / Endothelial dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension

Alterações no endotélio vascular pulmonar podem cursar mudanças abruptas no funcionamento harmônico do leito vascular pulmonar. Essas mudanças podem causar situações de aumento de resistência e de pressão da artéria pulmonar levando a uma condição de hipertensão pulmonar. Dessa forma, dosagens dos níveis de óxido nítrico pulmonar por meio do condensado do exalado pulmonar podem ser interessantes por contribuir para o ajuste da melhor terapêutica a ser empregada, e auxiliar no diagnóstico de hipertensão pulmonar. Algumas terapêuticas inalatórias podem auxiliar no tratamento da hipertensão pulmonar, destacando-se, entre elas, o óxido nítrico inalado, nitroprussiato de sódio, nitroglicerina e milrinone inalados na tentativa de reduzir a pressão elevada da artéria pulmonar. Cabe às equipes especializadas determinar qual o melhor tratamento a ser empregado para cada paciente, diante das diversas opções disponíveis. A presente revisão tem a finalidade de atualizar aspectos da disfunção endotelial na hipertensão pulmonar embasada em cinco tópicos: 1) O papel do óxido nítrico no sistema respiratório; 2) Alguns aspectos fisiopatológicos da hipertensão pulmonar; 3) O papel do óxido nítrico na hipertensão pulmonar; 4) O recurso da dosagem de nitrito no condensado pulmonar como expressão da microcirculação pulmonar e; 5) As opções terapêuticas inalatórias para o tratamento da hipertensão pulmonar.

Changes in pulmonary vascular endothelium may cause abrupt changes in the harmonious functioning of the pulmonary vascular circulation. These changes can lead to situations of increased resistance and pulmonary artery pressure leading to pulmonary hypertension condition. Thus, measurements of pulmonary nitric oxide levels by exhaled breath condensate may be an interesting contribution to the adjustment of treatment to be employed, and assist in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. Some inhalation therapies can assist in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, such as: inhaled nitric oxide, sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin and inhaled milrinone in an attempt to reduce the increased pulmonary artery pressure. This review aims to update aspects of endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension based on five topics: 1) The role of nitric oxide in the respiratory system; 2) Some pathophysiological aspects of pulmonary hypertension, 3) The role of nitric oxide in pulmonary hypertension and 4) The appeal of the determination of nitrite in the condensate and pulmonary expression of pulmonary microcirculation and 5) The inhalation therapeutic options for the pulmonary hypertension treatment.

Via nitrato-nitrito-óxido-nítrico: aspectos fisiológicos e terapêuticos / Nitrate-nitrite nitric oxide pathway: physiological and therapeutical aspects

A formação de NO nitrito-dependente é uma via que complementa a via enzimática, pois atuam em paralelo, porém, quando a suplementação de oxigênio está comprometida, há redução na expressão das enzimas NOS, comprometendo a formação de NO a partir desta via. Então, entra em ação a via nitrito-dependente, a qual desempenha funções favoráveis em condições de déficit de oxigênio. Assim sendo, esta é uma via de papel importantíssimo em condições patológicas que cursam com isquemia, tornando necessário garantir o armazenamento deste substrato, seja via farmacológica ou pela dieta alimentar. O papel na fisiologia, fisiopatologia, nutrição e terapêutica do nitrito e nitrato podem gerar frutos promissores para o desenvolvimento de novos caminhos na abordagem de algumas doenças e mudar a visão atual sobre os constituintes alimentares, no âmbito da saúde e doença. O presente texto tem como objetivo revisar e discutir as funções biológicas e o metabolismo do NO independente da via enzimática no organismo, além de abordar o uso terapêutico de nitrato ou nitrito em condições de doença.

The nitrite-dependent NO pathway is one that complements the enzymatic pathway of NO release, because they act in parallel, but when oxygen supplementation is compromised there is a reduction in the expression of NOS enzymes affecting the formation of NO from this pathway. Thus, the nitrite-dependent pathway swings into action, which plays favorableroles under oxygen deficit conditions. Therefore this is a very important role in pathological conditions that occurs with ischemia, making it necessary to ensure the storage of this substrate, either through a pharmacological or nutritional diet. The role in physiology, pathophysiology, nutrition and treatment of nitrite and nitrate can bear fruit for the development of promising new grounds in addressing some diseases and to change the current view on foods, health and diseases. The aim of this paper is to review and discuss the biological functions and metabolism of NO enzymatic-independent pathway in the body and to discuss the therapeutic use of nitrate or nitrite in disease conditions.

Nitrite exhaled breath condensate study in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery / Estudo do nitrito do condensado do exalado pulmonar em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca com CEC

BACKGROUND: There is a relative lack of studies on postoperative changes in nitrite (NO2 - ) concentrations, a marker of injury, following cardiac surgery. In this context, investigations on how exhaled NO concentrations vary in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery will certainly contribute to new clinical findings. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the EBC NO levels in both the pre and postoperative (24 hours) periods of cardiac surgery. METHODS: Twenty - eight individuals were divided into three groups: 1) control, 2) coronary artery bypass grafting, and 3) valve surgery. The nitrite (NO2 - ) levels were measured by chemiluminescence in blood samples and exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Data were analyzed by the Mann - Whitney and Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS: 1) Preoperatively, the EBC NO2 - levels from groups 2 and 3 patients were higher than control individuals; 2) The postoperative (24 hours) NO2 - levels in the EBC from group 3 patients were lower compared with preoperative values; 3) The NO2 - levels in the plasma from group 2 patients were lower in the preoperative compared with the postoperative (24h) values and; 4) Preoperatively, there was no difference between groups 2 and 3 in terms of plasma NO2 - concentrations. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that NO measurement in EBC is feasible in cardiac surgery patients.

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos mostrando alterações das concentrações de nitrito (NO2 - ) exalado, com biomarcador de lesão, são raros em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Nesse contexto, o seu estudo no pré e pós - operatório de cirurgias cardíacas poderá contribuir para novos dados clínicos. OBJETIVO: O objetivo foi comparar os níveis de nitrito (NO2 - ) do condensado do exalado pulmonar (CEP) no pré e pós - operatório de cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea. MÉTODOS: Vinte e oito indivíduos foram alocados em três grupos: 1) controle, 2) revascularização do miocárdio e 3) correção valvar. Os níveis de NO2 - foram dosados por quimioluminiscência em amostras de CEP e sangue. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes Mann - Whitney e Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: 1) Os níveis de NO2 - no CEP dos grupos 2 e 3 no pré - operatório foram superiores aos do grupo controle; 2) Os níveis de NO2 - no CEP do Grupo 3 foram maiores no pré que no pós - operatório 24h; 3) Os níveis de NO2 - plasmático do Grupo 2 foram menores no pré que no pós - operatório 24h e; 4) Não houve diferença na concentração de NO2 - plasmático entre os grupos 2 e 3 no pré - operatório. CONCLUSÕES: Esses dados sugerem que a dosagem de NO2 - no CEP é viável em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca.

Exhaled breath condensate collection for nitrite dosage: a safe and low cost adaptation / Coleta do condensado do ar exalado pulmonar para a dosagem de nitrito: Uma adaptação segura e barata

Purpose: Standardization of a simple and low cost technique of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection to measure nitrite. Methods: Two devices were mounted in polystyrene boxes filled either with crushed ice/salt crystals or dry ice/crushed ice. Blood samples were stored at -70º C for posterior nitrite dosages by chemiluminescence and the Griess reaction. Results: a) The use of crushed ice/dry ice or salt revealed sufficient EBC room air collection, but was not efficient for patients under ventilation support; b) the method using crushed ice/salt collected greater EBC volumes, but the nitrite concentrations were not proportional to the volume collected; c) The EBC nitrite values were higher in the surgical group using both methods; d) In the surgical group the nasal clip use diminished the EBC nitrite concentrations in both methods. Conclusions: The exhaled breath condensate (EBC) methodology collection was efficient on room air breathing. Either cooling methods provided successful EBC collections showing that it is possible to diminish costs, and, amongst the two used methods, the one using crushed ice/salt crystals revealed better efficiency compared to the dry ice method.

Objetivo: Padronizar técnica simples e barata de coleta do condensado do ar exalado pulmonar (CEP) para medir nitrito. Métodos: Dois dispositivos foram montados em caixas de isopor e preenchidos com gelo picado/sal grosso ou gelo picado/gelo seco. Amostras de sangue foram armazenadas a -70º C para dosagem de nitrito por quimiluminescência e pela reação de Griess. Resultados: a) a utilização de gelo picado/gelo seco ou sal foi eficiente para a coleta em respiração espontânea, mas ineficiente durante ventilação mecânica; b) o método gelo picado/sal coletou volumes maiores, sem aumento proporcional do nitrito; c) os valores do nitrito foram mais elevados no grupo cirúrgico utilizando os dois métodos; d) no grupo cirúrgico com clipe nasal ocorreu diminuição do nitrito em ambos os métodos. Conclusões: A metodologia do condensado do ar exalado pulmonar (CEP) foi eficiente na coleta respirando em ar ambiente. Os dois métodos de congelamento foram eficientes mostrando que é possível diminuir os custos, e, entre os dois métodos utilizados, o uso de gelo picado/sal mostrou melhor eficiência quanto ao volume da coleta do CEP em comparação com o uso de gelo seco.

Exhaled breath condensate collection for nitrite dosage: a safe and low cost adaptation.

PURPOSE: Standardization of a simple and low cost technique of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection to measure nitrite. METHODS: Two devices were mounted in polystyrene boxes filled either with crushed ice/salt crystals or dry ice/crushed ice. Blood samples were stored at -70 degrees C for posterior nitrite dosages by chemiluminescence and the Griess reaction. RESULTS: a) The use of crushed ice/dry ice or salt revealed sufficient EBC room air collection, but was not efficient for patients under ventilation support; b) the method using crushed ice/salt collected greater EBC volumes, but the nitrite concentrations were not proportional to the volume collected; c) The EBC nitrite values were higher in the surgical group using both methods; d) In the surgical group the nasal clip use diminished the EBC nitrite concentrations in both methods. CONCLUSIONS: The exhaled breath condensate (EBC) methodology collection was efficient on room air breathing. Either cooling methods provided successful EBC collections showing that it is possible to diminish costs, and, amongst the two used methods, the one using crushed ice/salt crystals revealed better efficiency compared to the dry ice method.

Immunohistochemical evaluation of three nitric oxide synthase isoforms in human saphenous vein exposed to different degrees of distension pressures.

The effect of short duration and different degrees of distension pressures was investigated by means of immunohistochemistry of the three nitric oxide synthase isoforms in the human saphenous vein conventionally harvested from 20 patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft. The human saphenous vein distal portion was divided into four segments, each one allocated to a different group. In Group I (control group), the human saphenous vein segment was not exposed to distension pressure. In Groups II, III, and IV, the human saphenous vein segment was exposed to 100, 200, and 300 mmHg of distension pressure, respectively. The distension pressures were applied and maintained with Krebs solution for 15 s. The human saphenous vein of the control group presented endothelial nitric oxide synthase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in both endothelial and smooth muscle cells, while the inducible nitric oxide synthase appeared predominantly in the medial layer. Neither 100 nor 200 mmHg of pressurization affected the immunostaining of any nitric oxide synthase isoform. However, the human saphenous vein segments exposed to 300 mmHg of distension pressure showed a reduction in endothelial nitric oxide synthase content in the endothelium, but not in the tunica media. This lower endothelial nitric oxide synthase immunostaining in the intimal cells was associated with endothelial denudation. Therefore, we conclude that care should be taken when handling the human saphenous vein since just a few seconds of distension pressure above the normal systemic pressure can be sufficient to disrupt the endothelium reducing the amount of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and impairing the graft quality.

A utilização do condensado do exalado pulmonar poderá ser incorporada à rotina de unidades de tratamento intensivo?: [revisão] / Will use of exhaled breath condensate be useful for the intensive care unit routine?: [review]

A produção endógena de óxido nítrico pode ser detectada e monitorada no ar exalado de homens e animais. O óxido nítrico exalado tem se tornado um instrumento valioso de diagnóstico e monitorização da inflamação e estresse oxidativo dos pulmões. Dessa forma, a presente revisão foi elaborada com a intenção de discutir o papel do óxido nítrico no condensado do exalado pulmonar como uma ferramenta útil em investigações de disfunções respiratórias na unidade de tratamento intensivo. Observa-se, na literatura especializada, um aumento do interesse no uso do condensado do exalado pulmonar como um método não invasivo para investigar doenças pulmonares. Entretanto, praticamente não existe um método padronizado para a sua coleta, ressaltando-se que o uso de vários métodos de assistência respiratória dificulta a comparação de diferentes estudos. O conteúdo da revisão aponta para prováveis dificuldades da utilização rotineira do condensado exalado pulmonar em pacientes internados em unidades de terapia intensiva, principalmente quando submetidos à ventilação mecânica. Estudos específicos e tecnologias ainda são necessários para que o condensado exalado pulmonar se torne uma ferramenta rotineira de pesquisas e monitorização de pacientes gravemente enfermos com comprometimento do sistema respiratório. A literatura aponta para a realização de esforços nessa direção.

Endogenous production of nitric oxide can be detected and monitored in exhaled air of men and animals. The main objective of this review was to discuss if nitric oxide in exhaled breath condensate is a useful tool when investigating respiratory dysfunctions in intensive care units. Specialized literature reveals an increasing interest in the use of exhaled breath condensate as a non-invasive method to investigate pulmonary disease. However, a standardized method for its collection is lacking, and use of different methods of respiratory support complicates comparison among different studies. In addition, the same specialized literature review emphasized possible difficulties for routine use of the exhaled breath condensate in intensive care patients, mainly under mechanical ventilation. Until exhaled breath condensate becomes a routine tool of research and monitoring of intensive care patients, more specific studies and technologies are still necessary. Its importance has been related to physiological control of the pulmonary function and to physiopathology of pulmonary disease involving chronic inflammation and oxidative stress.

Will use of exhaled breath condensate be useful for the intensive care unit routine? / A utilização do condensado do exalado pulmonar poderá ser incorporada à rotina de unidades de tratamento intensivo?

Endogenous production of nitric oxide can be detected and monitored in exhaled air of men and animals. The main objective of this review was to discuss if nitric oxide in exhaled breath condensate is a useful tool when investigating respiratory dysfunctions in intensive care units. Specialized literature reveals an increasing interest in the use of exhaled breath condensate as a non-invasive method to investigate pulmonary disease. However, a standardized method for its collection is lacking, and use of different methods of respiratory support complicates comparison among different studies. In addition, the same specialized literature review emphasized possible difficulties for routine use of the exhaled breath condensate in intensive care patients, mainly under mechanical ventilation. Until exhaled breath condensate becomes a routine tool of research and monitoring of intensive care patients, more specific studies and technologies are still necessary. Its importance has been related to physiological control of the pulmonary function and to physiopathology of pulmonary disease involving chronic inflammation and oxidative stress.

Mechanical forces and human saphenous veins: coronary artery bypass graft implications.

Vascular endothelial cells are exposed to a variety of in vivo mechanical forces, specifically, shear stress for the blood flow, tensile stress from the compliance of the vessel wall and the hydrostatic pressure from containment of blood within inside the vasculature. Many authors studied hemodynamic, functional and morphological human saphenous veins alterations caused by these different forces with conflictant results. This review text was motivated with the specific aim of analyze literature data and some experimental data carried out in our laboratory. The adopted review subjects were: 1) Endothelial responses and gene regulation to shear stress; 2) Effects of the hydrostatic pressure in the endothelial cell morphology, gene expression of the endothelial cellular surface and proliferation of endothelial cells; 3) Effects of the traction on the human saphenous vein endothelium.

Endothelium dysfunction caused by acute pressure distension of human saphenous vein used for myocardial revascularization.

OBJECTIVE: To study morphofunctional alterations induced by brief pressure increases in human saphenous veins utilized in coronary artery bypass grafting. METHOD: Saphenous veins of 20 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, were distributed into four experimental groups, control, 100 mmHg, 200 mmHg and 300 mmHg, and submitted to pressure distention over 15 seconds using Krebs solution. The evaluation included CD34 immunohistochemistry and an In vitro vascular reactivity study in organ chambers. RESULTS: The main experimental findings were 1) From pressures of 200 mmHg there was a tendency to reduce the CD34 expression which became statistically significant at 300 mmHg; 2) There was no impairment of the contraction and relaxation as evidenced by in vitro vascular reactivity tests. CONCLUSION: Although vascular reactivity impairment was not demonstrated in vitro, the CD34 expression, measured by immunohistochemistry, shows there is endothelium dysfunction at pressures of 300 mmHg.

Disfunção endotelial causada pela pressão aguda de distensão em veias safenas humanas utilizadas para revascularização do miocárdio / Endothelium dysfunction caused by acute pressure distension of human saphenous vein used for myocardial revascularization

OBJETIVO: Estudar as alterações morfofuncionais induzidas por pressão de distensão, em veias safenas humanas utilizadas para revascularização do miocárdio. MÉTODO: Foram estudadas veias safenas de 20 pacientes, distribuídas em quatro grupos experimentais: controle, 100, 200 e 300 mmHg, submetidos a distensões pressóricas com solução de Krebs por 15 segundos. A metodologia utilizada incluiu: 1) Imunohistoquímica do CD34; 2) Estudo in vitro da reatividade vascular em câmaras de órgãos. RESULTADOS: Os principais achados experimentais foram: 1) A partir da pressurização com 200 mmHg, observou-se uma tendência à diminuição da expressão do CD34, tornando-se estatisticamente significante com 300 mmHg; 2) Não houve comprometimento da contratilidade e dos relaxamentos estudados in vitro. CONCLUSÕES: Embora o estudo in vitro não tenha demonstrado comprometimento da reatividade vascular das veias estudadas, o estudo imunohistoquímico do CD34 mostrou que existe disfunção endotelial com pressurizações de 300 mmHg.

OBJECTIVE: To study morphofunctional alterations induced by brief pressure increases in human saphenous veins utilized in coronary artery bypass grafting. METHOD: Saphenous veins of 20 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, were distributed into four experimental groups, control, 100 mmHg, 200 mmHg and 300 mmHg, and submitted to pressure distention over 15 seconds using Krebs solution. The evaluation included CD34 immunohistochemistry and an In vitro vascular reactivity study in organ chambers. RESULTS: The main experimental findings were 1) From pressures of 200 mmHg there was a tendency to reduce the CD34 expression which became statistically significant at 300 mmHg; 2) There was no impairment of the contraction and relaxation as evidenced by in vitro vascular reactivity tests. CONCLUSION: Although vascular reactivity impairment was not demonstrated in vitro, the CD34 expression, measured by imunohistochemistry, shows there is endothelium dysfunction at pressures of 300 mmHg.

Forças mecânicas e veias safenas humanas: implicação na revascularização do miocárdio / Mechanical forces and human saphenous veins: coronary artery bypass graft implications

As células endoteliais vasculares estão expostas a uma variedade de forças mecânicas in vivo, resultantes do fluxo sangüíneo pulsátil. Dentre essas forças, destacam-se: forças de cisalhamento, tangenciais à parede do vaso, produzidas pelo atrito com o fluxo sangüíneo viscoso, tensão de complacência da parede vascular e a pressão hidrostática do conteúdo sangüíneo no interior da vasculatura. Diversos autores estudaram as alterações hemodinâmicas, funcionais e morfológicas em veias safenas humanas causadas por esses tipos de forças com resultados conflitantes. A motivação dessa revisão foi analisar dados da literatura e alguns dados experimentais do nosso laboratório. Os aspectos revistos são: 1) Respostas endoteliais e regulação gênica causadas pelo shear stress; 2) Efeitos da pressão hidrostática na morfologia da célula endotelial, expressão gênica da superfície celular endotelial e proliferação das células endoteliais, 3) Efeitos da tração no endotélio de veias safenas humanas.

Vascular endothelial cells are exposed to a variety of in vivo mechanical forces, specifically, shear stress for the blood flow, tensile stress from the compliance of the vessel wall and the hydrostatic pressure from containment of blood within inside the vasculature. Many authors studied hemodynamic, functional and morphological human saphenous veins alterations caused by these different forces with conflictant results. This review text was motivated with the specific aim of analyze literature data and some experimental data carried out in our laboratory. The adopted review subjects were: 1) Endothelial responses and gene regulation to shear stress; 2) Effects of the hydrostatic pressure in the endothelial cell morphology, gene expression of the endothelial cellular surface and proliferation of endothelial cells; 3) Effects of the traction on the human saphenous vein endothelium.