Recovery course of persistent posterior subretinal fluid after successful repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

PURPOSE: To investigate best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), subretinal fluid (SRF) absorption time or ellipsoid zone (EZ) restoration time and various variables in patients with persistent SRF after successful primary repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). METHODS: This retrospective multicenter study allowed independent analysis of the healing pattern by two observers based on composite of serial cross-sectional macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans. Univariate and multivariate analyses were implemented. RESULTS: One hundred and three cases had persistent SRF after pars plana vitrectomy, scleral buckling, or pneumatic retinopexy. By univariate analysis, SRF resolution time correlated positively with the number of retinal breaks (p < 0.001) and with increased myopia (p = 0.011). Using multivariate analysis, final BCVA (log MAR) correlated positively with age, duration of RRD, initial BCVA (OR = 3.28; [95%CI = 1.44-7.47]; p = 0.015), and SRF resolution time (OR = 0.46 [95%CI 0.21-1.05]; p = 0.049). EZ restoration time was longer with increasing number of retinal tears (OR = 0.67; [95%CI 0.29-1.52]; p = 0.030), worse final BCVA, and presence of macula-off RRD (OR = 0.26; [95%CI 0.08-0.88]; p = 0.056). SRF resolution time correlated marginally with prone position. CONCLUSIONS: Residual posterior SRF is more common in eyes with multiple breaks or in myopic eyes. Final BCVA is better in younger subjects and in eyes with shorter duration of RRD. Persistent SRF is a self-limited disorder with a mean resolution of 11.2 months with good visual prognosis improving from a mean baseline logMAR of 1.08 to 0.25 at one year.

Polarimetric imaging for the detection of synthetic models of SARS-CoV-2: A proof of concept.

Objective: To conduct a proof-of-concept study of the detection of two synthetic models of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using polarimetric imaging. Approach: Two SARS-CoV-2 models were prepared as engineered lentiviruses pseudotyped with the G protein of the vesicular stomatitis virus, and with the characteristic Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Samples were prepared in two biofluids (saline solution and artificial saliva), in four concentrations, and deposited as 5-µL droplets on a supporting plate. The angles of maximal degree of linear polarization (DLP) of light diffusely scattered from dry residues were determined using Mueller polarimetry from87 samples at 405 nm and 514 nm. A polarimetric camera was used for imaging several samples under 380-420 nm illumination at angles similar to those of maximal DLP. Per-pixel image analysis included quantification and combination of polarization feature descriptors in 475 samples. Main results: The angles (from sample surface) of maximal DLP were 3° for 405 nm and 6° for 514 nm. Similar viral particles that differed only in the characteristic spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2, their corresponding negative controls, fluids, and the sample holder were discerned at 10-degree and 15-degree configurations. Significance: Polarimetric imaging in the visible spectrum may help improve fast, non-contact detection and identification of viral particles, and/or other microbes such as tuberculosis, in multiple dry fluid samples simultaneously, particularly when combined with other imaging modalities. Further analysis including realistic concentrations of real SARS-CoV-2 viral particles in relevant human fluids is required. Polarimetric imaging under visible light may contribute to a fast, cost-effective screening of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens when combined with other imaging modalities.

Novel technique for late scleromalacia in a ciliary body melanoma due to brachytherapy.

INTRODUCTION: We describe a technique using an sclerocorneal endograft sewed through the cornea to solve late scleromalacia following exoresection and brachytherapy of a ciliary body melanoma. METHODS: Vitrectomy ports were placed. A perforating 400-micron trepan keratoplasty of the cornea was performed allowing the prepared donor graft to be inserted and sutured in place. Intravitreal Perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) was used to stabilize the pressure throughout and maintain the graft in place. Once sutured in place, the PFCL was removed and 5000cs of silicone oil introduced. An amniotic membrane was placed surrounding the scleromalacia. The cornea was closed with running sutures. RESULTS: At one month, the anterior segment optical coherence tomography showed successful endograft placement with no aqueous humor leakage nor hypotony. Currently, the conjunctiva is becoming slightly thicker due to light inflammation, and the eye has recovered the whiteness at the scleromalacia. CONCLUSIONS: This internal graft technique provides advantages when dealing with poorly healing radiated tissue and reduces the risk of post-operative aqueous humor leakage. Surgeons may consider this approach in cases with a high risk of poor healing or complications resulting from lack of tissue.

Optical imaging spectroscopy for rapid, primary screening of SARS-CoV-2: a proof of concept.

Effective testing is essential to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission. Here we report a-proof-of-concept study on hyperspectral image analysis in the visible and near-infrared range for primary screening at the point-of-care of SARS-CoV-2. We apply spectral feature descriptors, partial least square-discriminant analysis, and artificial intelligence to extract information from optical diffuse reflectance measurements from 5 µL fluid samples at pixel, droplet, and patient levels. We discern preparations of engineered lentiviral particles pseudotyped with the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 from those with the G protein of the vesicular stomatitis virus in saline solution and artificial saliva. We report a quantitative analysis of 72 samples of nasopharyngeal exudate in a range of SARS-CoV-2 viral loads, and a descriptive study of another 32 fresh human saliva samples. Sensitivity for classification of exudates was 100% with peak specificity of 87.5% for discernment from PCR-negative but symptomatic cases. Proposed technology is reagent-free, fast, and scalable, and could substantially reduce the number of molecular tests currently required for COVID-19 mass screening strategies even in resource-limited settings.

Sclerouvectomy plus intraoperative ophthalmic brachytherapy for iris-ciliary body melanomas.

BACKGROUND: Partial lamellar sclerouvectomy was designed more than 30 years ago by Jerry and Carol Shields, in order to remove melanomas that involved the ciliary body and/or the choroid, while leaving intact the outer portion of the sclera and the overlying sensory retina [1]. METHODS: We present two cases of iris-ciliary body melanoma with different size. The performed surgery was a partial lamellar sclerouvectomy plus iridectomy, complemented by intraoperative juxtalimbar ruthenium-106 brachytherapy. RESULTS: Both cases achieved anatomical success without developing chronic ocular hypotony in the postoperative period, an infrequent but possible complication [2]. Even one of them reached a best-corrected visual acuity of 0.7 after silicone oil removal and intravitreal implant of dexamethasone because of secondary macular edema. The other remains stable with counting fingers vision. In this case, the poor functional outcome might be influenced by larger size and longer evolution of the tumor, as well as the uncontrolled arterial hypertension and older age of the patient. DISCUSSION: Intraoperative ophthalmic brachytherapy may have a beneficial effect not only over neoplastic activity [2], but also over early choroidal detachments. Its pro-fibrotic/hemostatic stimulus should be further examined by comparative studies with larger cohorts, either prospectively or retrospectively. Other protective factors could be the utilization of equine pericardial grafts for covering scleral defects as well as leaving high-density silicone oil. Another key aspect is to maintain low blood pressure levels during these procedures in order to avoid intraocular hemorrhages [3], especially when the patient exceeds the sixth decade, so the anaesthesiologist will also play a decisive role in the operating room. We prefer to anticipate the likely development of lens opacification after this operation [4], performing cataract surgery at the beginning and using a Cionni capsular tension ring due to a probable zonular instability. Pars plana vitrectomy would also remove peripheral vitreoretinal tractions and seal the retina preventing a detachment. CONCLUSION: As can be observed during the surgical video, a wide range of complications could occur during a partial lamellar sclerouvectomy. Tackle them ahead of time is crucial to achieve anatomical and functional success.

Intravitreal air bubble during exoresection of an iris-ciliary body melanoma.

In this manuscript, as members of a National Reference Unit in Ocular Oncology, we present succinctly our preferred surgical technique for iris-ciliary body melanomas. We attach a video describing the steps we usually follow [Video Clip 1], in which an impressive image of an intravitreal air bubble through the hyaloid membrane can be observed [Fig. 1].

Extreme Surgical Maneuvers in Fungal Endophthalmitis.

PURPOSE: To present the different evolution of 2 cases of endophthalmitis caused by Fusarium solani, an aggressive filamentous fungus, depending on the medical and surgical treatment performed. METHODS: We present 2 cases of endophthalmitis caused by Fusarium solani. Topical, intrastromal, intravitreal, and systemic antifungal treatment (natamycin, voriconazole, amphotericin B) failed in both cases. Corneal perforation took place in one of them, being unsuccessfully treated with cyanoacrylate and several amniotic membrane transplants. It became necessary to perform a hot penetrating keratoplasty (PK) in both patients. The lenses were removed, and the microbiological analysis showed their colonization by Fusarium solani. In one of the cases, a second PK and a more aggressive pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) were performed after corneal recurrence detected by confocal microscopy, as well as the following therapeutic intra- and postoperative maneuvers: anterior chamber washing with povidone-iodine 5% for 1 min; iridectomy of the infiltrated regions; aspiration of the fungal colonies with vitrector; several air/fluid/amphotericin/voriconazole exchanges during PPV; endodiathermy and endophotocoagulation of the chorioretinitis foci; and intrascleral angle injections of voriconazole and amphotericin. RESULTS: These were the only cases of endophthalmitis caused by Fusarium attended to at our hospital during the last 10 years. In the case in which PPV was performed without those maneuvers, endophthalmitis rapidly recurred in a more aggressive way, so finally it became necessary to eviscerate the globe. On the other hand, in the patient who underwent PPV with the specific surgical maneuvers and postoperative procedures described above, we could preserve the eye and even a vision of hand motion without an intraocular lens. CONCLUSIONS: The main objectives of these surgical procedures are to control the fungal infection and to preserve the ocular globe. It is essential to eliminate all ocular structures (iris, lens, vitreous, etc.) affected by this strain of fungus in order to reduce the risk of recurrence. When indicated, early surgery with the appropriate maneuvers detailed above may make an evisceration unnecessary and even recover some visual acuity.

Surgical Approaches for Vitreomacular Tractions.

PURPOSE: The aim is to describe the main characteristics of different approaches in vitreomacular traction surgery. Setting/Venue: The video (see www.karger.com/doi/10.1159/ 000442579) about vitreomacular traction surgery was created at the Department of Ophthalmology, Virgin Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain. METHODS: We present the surgical release of vitreomacular tractions in three different pathologies: (1) idiopathic epimacular membrane; (2) proliferative diabetic retinopathy with long-term hemovitreous, and (3) Coats' disease. RESULTS: Although functional success is less common than anatomical success, we will never be able to improve vision without restoring retinal anatomy. CONCLUSIONS: Vitreomacular tractions are perfectly well known by ophthalmologists. However, the method used to release them must be the least aggressive possible in order to avoid retinal tears or macular holes with subsequent visual loss.

Delayed Boston Keratoprosthesis Exchange due to a Preceding Vitreoretinal Surgery with Intraoperative Choroidal Detachment.

PURPOSE: The aim is to describe the main characteristics of an anterior/posterior segment surgery and how to resolve intraoperative complications. Setting/Venue: The anterior and posterior segment surgical video was created at the Department of Ophthalmology, Virgin Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain. METHODS: We present the case of a male with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and severe limbal deficiency who needed a Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis, reaching a visual acuity of 0.4 (0.05 before surgery). In the course of follow-up, he developed corneal melting with perforation, immune vitritis, and a large epimacular membrane. We decided to perform a 23-gauge vitrectomy associated with keratoprosthesis exchange. As a consequence of inappropriate anesthesia, the patient woke up during the surgery, provoking a retinal tear besides a choroidal detachment. These damages needed endolaser photocoagulation as well as silicone oil tamponade, forcing us to postpone the exchange. An intravitreal dexamethasone implant was also injected. Two months later, the silicone oil was removed, and the Boston keratoprosthesis was replaced by a new type 1 model with a titanium back plate, which likely improves biocompatibility and retention and may reduce complications such as retroprosthetic membranes and stromal corneal melts. RESULTS: Good anatomical results were achieved, and visual acuity slightly improved to 0.2. CONCLUSIONS: Combined anterior and posterior segment surgery represents a great challenge that can improve not only visual acuity but also quality of life in patients with severe diseases such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome.