[SWOT analysis and strategy research for the training of doctoral candidate in general practice in China].

General practice has entered a stage of rapid development, but the doctoral postgraduate as the reserve strength of discipline development, its cultivation is still at the exploration stage. Through analyzing the internal strengths (S), internal weakness (W), external opportunities (O), and external threats (T) faced by the Ph.D. student in general practice in training, this paper discusses feasible strategies and plans for the cultivation of general practice to help the cultivation of high-level talents.

[The role of DFO in Al (mal) (3)-induced ferroptosis in PC12 cells].

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of Al (mal) (3)-induced ferroptosis in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells (PC12), to explore the effect of deferoxamine (DFO) . Methods: Taken PC12 cells growing at logarithmic phase and divided into 6 groups: control group, 200 µmol/L Al (mal) (3) group, 0.5% DMSO group, 200 µmol/L DFO group, Al (mal) (3)+DMSO group, Al (mal) (3)+DFO group. DMSO and DFO were added to the DMSO group and the Al (mal) (3)+DMSO group, the DFO group and the Al (mal) (3)+DFO group for 2 h, respectively, Al (mal) (3) was then added to the Al (mal) (3) group, Al (mal) (3)+DMSO group, and the Al (mal) (3)+DFO group to a final concentration of 200 µmol/L. The cell viability was detected by CCK8, the morphology and ROS levels of PC12 cells was observed by inverted microscope, the cell proliferation toxicity and intracellular iron ion content were detected by colorimetry, the GSH content and GSH-PX activity were detected by biochemical method. Results: Al (mal) (3) exposure significantly inhibited the growth of PC12 cells and destroyed the cell morphological structure, resulting in increased LDH activity and intracellular iron ion content in PC12 cells, decreased GSH content and GSH-PX activity, increased ROS levels; the combined treatment of Al (mal) (3)+DFO can significantly improve the cell viability of PC12 cells, improved cell morphology, decreased cell LDH activity and intracellular iron ion content (P>0.05), increased GSH content and GSH-PX activity, decreased ROS levels. Conclusion: Al (mal) (3) can induce ferroptosis in PC12 cells, DFO may inhibit ferroptosis by reducing intracellular iron levels and reducing oxidative damage.

[Effects of endogenous glucocorticoid deprivation on immune response of allergic rhinitis in mice].

Objective: To study the effect of dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis on the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) by the mouse model of decreased endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) after adrenalectomy, and further explore the mechanism of neural-endocrine regulation. Methods: According to literatures, adrenalectomized (ADX) mice and AR model were established. Eighty mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=20 per group) including control group, AR group of normal mice (AR group), AR group of bilateral ADX (bilateral ADX/AR group) and AR group of unilateral ADX (unilateral ADX/AR group). In order to assess the model of ADX, adrenal gland tissue was assayed by HE staining and the plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol (CORT) concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The behavioral observation, OVA-sIgE assessments and count of eosinophils/mast cells by the HE/Toluidine Blue staining of nasal septum mucosa tissue were performed to evaluate the AR model. The expression of peripheral blood CD4(+) IL4(+) T cells (Th2 cells) and CD4(+) IFN-γ(+) T cells (Th1 cells), splenocytes of CD4(+) CD25(+) Treg cells (Treg cells) were measured by flow cytometry to study the influence of endogenous GC on immunological indexes in different groups of mice. SPSS 16.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results: The concentrations of OVA-sIgE in control group, AR group, bilateral ADX/AR group and unilateral ADX/AR group mice were (28.86±3.62) ng/ml, (76.27±16.47) ng/ml, (48.37±8.89) ng/ml, (49.86±7.19) ng/ml, respectively. There was statistically significant difference between control group and AR group (t=7.09, P<0.05), AR group and bilateral ADX/AR group (t=4.81, P<0.05), AR group and unilateral ADX/AR group (t=5.21, P<0.05). The level of Th2 cells in different four groups were (0.71±0.24)%, (7.03±1.95)%, (2.44±2.06)%, (3.20±1.21)%, respectively. There was statistically significant difference between control group and AR group (t=-2.93, P<0.05), AR group and bilateral ADX/AR group (t=-4.67, P<0.05), AR group and unilateral ADX/AR group (t=-3.61, P<0.05). The expression of Th2 in bilateral ADX/AR group is lower than that in unilateral ADX/AR group without significant difference (t=4.39, P>0.05). Meanwhile, the level of Th1 cells in different four groups was (0.58±0.76)%, (0.57±0.59)%, (0.72±0.34)%, (1.03±0.32)%, respectively, with no significant difference among these groups. The proportion of Treg cells was (11.10±2.18)%, (4.10±1.07)%, (7.15±0.92)%, (4.58±1.05)%, respectively, with significant difference between control and other groups (t value was -7.171, -8.273, -8.360, respectively, all P<0.05). Compared with AR group, Treg cells increased significantly in bilateral ADX/AR group (t=-2.607, P<0.05). In addition, lower expression of eosinophil and mast cell were detected in the local nasal tissue of bilateral ADX/AR group, and mast cell degranulation wasn't be observed. Conclusion: Unilateral or bilateral ADX leads to HPA axis dysfunction and endogenous GC deprivation, possibly regulating the mechanism of AR through Th1/Th2 immune bias and Tregs cell' activity.

Overexpression of SDH confers tolerance to salt and osmotic stress, but decreases ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis.

Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) catalyses the reversible oxidation of sorbitol, xylitol and ribitol to their corresponding ketoses. In this study, we investigated the expression and role of Arabidopsis SDH in salt and osmotic stress tolerance, and abscisic acid (ABA) response. The expression patterns of SDH were investigated using transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing beta-glucuronidase (GUS) under control of the promoter with the first intron of SDH. qRT-PCR and histochemical assay of GUS activity were used to study SDH expression regulation by ABA, salt and osmotic stress. SDH-overexpression lines of Arabidopsis were used to investigate the role of SDH in salt and osmotic stress, and ABA response. Arabidopsis SDH was predominantly expressed in source organs such as green cotyledons, fully expanded leaves and sepals, especially in vascular tissues of theses organs. SDH expression was inhibited by NaCl and mannitol treatments. Seed germination and post-germination growth of SDH-overexpressing lines exhibited decreased sensitivity to salt and osmotic stress compared to WT plants. The transcript of SDH was induced by ABA. Overexpression of SDH decreased sensitivity to ABA during seed germination and post-germination growth. Expression of AAO3 increased but ABI5 and MYB2 decreased in SDH-overexpressing lines after ABA treatment. This study demonstrates that expression of SDH is regulated by ABA, salt and osmotic stress. SDH functions in plant tolerance to salt and osmotic stress, and ABA response via specific regulating gene expression of ABA synthesis and signalling in Arabidopsis.

[Clinical observation of flupentixol and melitracen combined with specific immunotherapy for treatment of allergic rhinitis patients with anxiety and depression].

Objective:To explore the clinical effects of Flupentixol/Melitracencombined with specific immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis patients with anxiety and depression. Method:Totally ninetynine moderate to severe persistent allergic rhinitis patients with anxiety and depression from October 2014 to Sepetember 2015 were randomly divided into two groups: 45 patients in experimental group (Flupentixol/Melitracen 10.5 mg，QD,treatment last 4 months)and 44 patients in control group.All patients were treated with specific immunotherapy for 1 years. The nasal symptoms score, mini Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of life questionnaire(MiniRQLQ), Medication score, SAS and SDS score and the clinical curative effect were observed before treatment, after 4 months or one year treatment. The drug reactions were also recorded. Result:The VAS scores, MiniRQLQ scores, medication scores, SAS and SDS scores of patients in two groups who were treated after 4 months and 1 year were significantly reduced than that of patients before treatment.The differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Compared with the control group, nasal symptom scores, MiniRQLQ scores, medication scores, SAS and SDS scores in experimental group were decreased after 4 month or 1 year treatment(P<0.05).After 4 months of treatment, the total effective rate of the experimental group was 84.4%, while the control group was 56.8%.After 1 years of treatment, the experimental group excellence rate was 57.8%, while the control group was 22.7%.The differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). During the course of treatment, there were thirteen cases of mild adverse reactionsin experimental group (17.7%) and control group(11.4%). There was no significant differences(P>0.05). Conclusion:Flupentixol and melitracen combined with specific immunotherapy could sifnificantlly relieve clinical symptom, quality of life and mental depression.is a safe and reliable therapeutic regimen for further improving clinical symptoms,quality of life,mental statusand the clinical efficacy in moderate to severe persistent with anxiety anddepression.

[A comparative study of therapy effects between esomeprazole plus mosapride citrate and botulinum toxin injection on vocal process granuloma].

Objective:Anti-reflux medications or botulinum toxin A injections are the main current therapies for the definite vocal process granuloma. This studies is focusing on comparing the effects of proton pump inhibitors plus prokinetic agents with botulinum toxin A injections on vocal process granuloma. Method:Adult patients in our outpatient department (from December 2014 to June 2016) complaining of trachyphonia and/or abnormal pharyngeal sensations who were found to have contact granulomas (38 cases) were included. Patients were divided into two groups according to the treatment selected by themselves: esomeprazole with mosapride citrate (n=28) or botulinum toxin A injection (n=20). The reflux symptom index and reflux finding score determined by electronic fibrolaryngoscopy were utilized to assess efficacy. Result:There was no statistical difference on age, sex and reflux symptom index and reflux finding score before treatment between the two groups. Total effective rate in the esomeprazole with mosapride citrate group and the botulinum toxin A group were 96.43% and 45.00%, separately. The recorded symptoms after therapy resolved with a statistically significant improvement in the esomeprazole with mosapride citrate group. Conclusion:Combined proton pump inhibitor plus prokinetic drug therapy plays a significant role in the treatment of vocal process granulomas.

[The advances of probiotics treatment of allergic rhinitis].

In recent years, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis faces an explosion. People's understanding about the pathogenesis of this disease goes profound. Probiotics is competent to regulate the balance of immune system, and also can reduce susceptibility towards allergens. Now it is right a hot topic that applying probiotics to remedy allergic rhinitis. Since the data of many researches in this field is at hand, further discuss is needed from experimental methods to molecular mechanisms.

[Facial nerve Schwannoma misdiagnosed as middle ear cholesteatoma: a case report].

Facial nerve Schwannomas (FNS) are uncommon tumors of the temporal bone, which arise from the Schwann cells and may involve any area of the facial nerve. The clinical manifestation of FNS vary based on tumor size and location, mainly presenting hearing loss and FN paralysis. MRI and computed tomography are the main diagnostic test for FNS. Thin-sectioned MRI with gadolinium can positively identify a enhancing lesion along the FN. Because of its lower morbidity, we always misdiagnose it as other middle ear related deseases, such as middle ear cholesteatoma mentioned in this paper.

[Laryngopharyngeal reflux and chronic rhinosinusitis].

Chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS) is a highly prevalent disease, it affects approximately 2%-16% of the adult population. The prevalence of CRS is higher in patients with comorbid diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and environmental allergies. The risk factors for chronic rhinosinusitis include genetic mutation, comorbid airway diseases and environmental factors.In recent years, some studies indicated that laryngopharyngeal reflux(LPR) was the potential risk factor for CRS. LPR is a kind of extraesophageal reflux.The diagnostic criteria for LPR include abnormal reflux symptom index, reflux findings score and ambulatory 24h double pHprobe monitoring. The pathogenic mechanisms involved in CRS related to LPR remains obscure. Some researches had shown that antireflux treatment could improve the syndrome of CRS patients. Further studies are need to explore the relationship between LPR and CRS.

Effect of luteolin on gene expression in mouse H22 hepatoma cells.

The purpose of our study was to observe the effects of luteolin on the expression of the genes ICAM-1, LFA-3, and PCNA in H22 hepatoma tissue. Sixty ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice with H22 hepatoma were randomly divided into five groups: a normal saline control group, low-, medium-, and high-dose luteolin groups, and a cyclophosphamide group. The mice were euthanized the day after administration withdrawal and subcutaneous tumor tissue was extracted. Quantitative fluorescence RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of ICAM-1, LFA-3, and PCNA in H22 hepatoma tissue in the mice. Luteolin was found to up-regulate the expression of ICAM-1 in H22 hepatoma tissue, of which the middle-dose group had the most obvious effect, showing a significant difference (P < 0.01) as compared to the normal saline group. Each dose group of luteolin significantly down-regulated the expression of LFA-3 in H22 hepatoma tissue, showing significant differences as compared to the saline control group (P < 0.01). The medium- and high-dose luteolin groups significantly reduced the expression of PCNA in H22 hepatoma tissue of ICR mice, where the effect of the high-dose group was the most obvious, and the difference between the two luteolin groups and the normal saline group was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Luteolin may inhibit tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation by down-regulation of LFA- 3 and PCNA and up-regulation of ICAM-1 in tumor tissue of tumor-bearing mice, thereby achieving its anti-tumor effect.

Apoptosis-like events and in vitro fertilization capacity of sex-sorted bovine sperm.

This study utilized three staining assays (Annexin V, mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1) and TUNEL) for flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis in sex-sorted sperm from four different bulls (A, B, C and D). Correlations between sperm quality and IVF efficiency were then assessed to determine which assay provided the best prediction of IVF efficiency. The results of the Annexin V assays, as well as measures of viable sperm, early apoptosis, necrotic sperm and mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ψm) showed that the sex-sorted sperm collected from bull A significantly differed from those of the other three bulls (p < 0.05). In addition, the levels of DNA fragmentation in sex-sorted sperm from bull A were significantly lower than those from bulls B and C (p < 0.05). The percentage of cells reaching the cleavage and blastocyst stages in sex-sorted sperm from bull A were significantly greater than those from the other bulls (p < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between viable sperm and the percentage of cells at the cleavage or blastocyst stages (p < 0.05). In contrast, a negative correlation was found between early apoptotic sperm and the percentage of cells at the cleavage or blastocyst stages (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these results indicated that the Annexin V assay was the most reliable technique for the prediction of the IVF success of sex-sorted bovine sperm.

A study on effectiveness of screening mammograms.

BACKGROUND: So far, no randomized controlled trials with a mean mammographic screening interval of > or = 2 years has demonstrated statistically significant mortality reduction for women younger than age 50. The issue of screening frequency is vital in detection of primary breast cancer. METHODS: The study group consisted of cancers diagnosed in women who participated in a serial screening programme with a mean screening interval of 2 years. To study the effectiveness of the screening, a comparison is made between the distribution of age at which the tumour could be detected when biennial mammographic screening is the only detection method, and the distribution of age at which the tumour would be detected by either biennial mammographic screening or the development of symptoms. Some recently developed statistic methods, such as bootstrap, the maximum likelihood distribution estimator for doubly censored data and the EM algorithm, are used in estimation of these distributions. RESULTS: The hypothesis tests and confidence intervals show that the difference between the two distributions was statistically significant for women younger than 50 and 50-70 years old, but not for women over 70 years. CONCLUSIONS: The statistical analysis indicates that for women younger than 50, and 50-70 years of age, a screening mammogram every other year is not frequent enough to detect primary breast cancer, but for women over 70 years, it might be sufficient.

Inhaled benzene increases the frequency and length of lacI deletion mutations in lung tissues of mice.

This study investigated the frequency and pattern of mutations that arose in lacI transgenes in lung tissues of mice exposed to 300 p.p.m. of benzene for 6 h/day x 5 days/week for 12 weeks. The nucleotide sequence changes in 86 lacI- transgenes from lung tissues of eight benzene-exposed mice (BEM) and 78 spontaneous lacI- transgenes from lung tissues of eight unexposed control mice (UCM) were identified and compared. A total of 31% (27/86) of the lacI mutations in BEM are deletions compared with 9% (7/78) deletions in UCM. In BEM, 44% (12/27) of the deletions were longer than 10 bp, whereas only 14% (1/7) of the deletions in UCM exceeded 10 bp in length. Statistical tests supported the hypothesis that benzene exposure resulted in significant increases in both the frequency and length of deletions. Based on the lacI mutant frequency and fraction of unique mutations, lung tissues of BEM were estimated to have a 1.8-fold increase in lacI mutation frequency compared with lung tissues of UCM. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that inhaled benzene is a gene mutagen in lung tissues of mice.

Studies of the chlorpheniramine solid-state ion-selective electrode.

An Ag/AgCl solid-state electrode was prepared by using urea-formaldehyde resin as the frame material and KCl powder as the active material. Using the prepared Ag/AgCl solid-state electrode as substrate and chlorpheniramine tetraphenylborate ion-pair complex as the active component, a new type of solid-state chlorpheniramine ion-selective electrode was constructed. The properties of the electrode were studied in detail. The electrode shows a rather good stability and can be used in the potentiometric determination of chlorpheniramine.

[Studies on a new type of all-solid-state atropine ion-selective electrode].

Using urea-formaldehyde resin as frame material and KCl powder as active component, a Ag/AgCl solid state electrode was prepared. Then, using the prepared Ag/AgCl solid state electrode as substrate and atropine tetraphenylborate ion-pair complex as active component, a new type of all-solid-state atropine ion-selective electrode was constructed. The properties of this electrode were studied in detail. The results indicate that the electrode showed good stability and can be used for potentiometric determination of atropine in pharmaceutical preparations.