RESUMO
In this study, we analyzed the fermentation quality, microbial community, and metabolome characteristics of ryegrass silage from different harvests (first harvest-AK, second harvest-BK, and third harvest-CK) and analyzed the correlation between fermentative bacteria and metabolites. The bacterial community and metabolomic characteristics were analyzed by single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), respectively. After 60 days of ensiling, the pH of BK was significantly lower than those of AK and CK, and its lactic acid content was significantly higher than those of AK and CK. Lactiplantibacillus and Enterococcus genera dominate the microbiota of silage obtained from ryegrass harvested at three different harvests. In addition, the BK group had the highest abundance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (58.66%), and the CK group had the highest abundance of Enterococcus faecalis (42.88%). The most annotated metabolites among the differential metabolites of different harvests were peptides, and eight amino acids were dominant in the composition of the identified peptides. In the ryegrass silage, arginine, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate biosynthesis had the highest enrichment ratio in the metabolic pathway of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Valyl-isoleucine and glutamylvaline were positively correlated with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. D-Pipecolic acid and L-glutamic acid were positively correlated with Levilactobacillus brevis. L-phenylalanyl-L-proline, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(2-methoxybenzoyloxy) oxane-2-carboxylic acid, and shikimic acid were negatively correlated with Levilactobacillus brevis. In conclusion, this study explains the effects of different harvest frequencies on the fermentation quality, microbial community, and metabolites of ryegrass, and improves our understanding of the ensiling mechanisms associated with different ryegrass harvesting frequencies.
RESUMO
Forage was the material basis of animal husbandry production, and its quality is directly related to the quality of animal products. It was very important to control the forage quality and detect the composition of forage raw materials in forage production. Predication of forage quality was often completed by the traditional and classical methods in the past, which were complex, time consuming and expensive, and could not acquire the nutritional value of forage timely. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was a highly efficient and rapid modern analysis technique developed in 1970's. It comprehensively applied the latest research results of computer technique, spectroscopy and chemometrics, and has been widely used in various fields owing to its unique advantages such as being timely, less expensive, non-destructive, and so on. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy has gained more and more importance though its application to forage analysis was very late. Presently, not only conventional composition (such as moisture, dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, crude ash neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, etc.), but also non-conventional composition (including minerals, trace elements, enzyme and anti-nutritional factors etc. ) and anti-nutritional factors in forage were determined by means of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Testing and analyzing the conventional composition in forage was the traditional applied field of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, a lot of studies of which were done and it has already been one of the standard methods of testing the conventional composition. Forage bioavaibility was also evaluated by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, so as to assess the utilization rate and nutritional value of forage. Moreover, near infrared spectroscopy could be used successfully to predict the botanical composition in grassland and leaf/stem ratios. Near infrared spectroscopy technique and its application and prospect in forage analysis were reviewed in the present paper.
