Comparison of caregivers' assessments of clinical outcome in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy administered levetiracetam, zonisamide, or phenobarbital monotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate caregivers' assessments of outcome in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) administered levetiracetam (LEV), zonisamide (ZNS), or phenobarbital (PB) monotherapy. ANIMALS: 100 dogs with IE administered LEV (n = 34), ZNS (31), or PB (35) monotherapy between January 1, 2003, and February 6, 2019, and survey responses from their caregivers. PROCEDURES: Information on duration of therapy, adverse effects (AEs), and outcome was obtained from medical record review and caregiver questionnaire. RESULTS: A significant improvement in mean quality of life score was reported during monotherapy (7.7; SD, 2.14) compared to before treatment (6.25; SD, 2.63; P < .0001), with no difference identified between monotherapy groups. Compared to ZNS monotherapy, dogs prescribed PB monotherapy had a significantly younger median age at seizure onset (2.6 vs 4.3 years; P = .024). A significant relationship was identified between the occurrence of reported AEs and monotherapy group, with a higher prevalence in the PB group (77% [27/35]) and a lower prevalence in the ZNS group (39% [12/31]; P = .0066). Treatment failure rates for PB, LEV, and ZNS monotherapy were 51%, 35%, and 45%, respectively, with failure attributed most commonly to inadequate seizure control. No significant difference was identified between groups with respect to rate of or time to failure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Most caregivers reported a favorable outcome with administration of LEV, ZNS, or PB monotherapy to dogs with IE. Phenobarbital is associated with the highest prevalence of AEs but no difference in quality of life score. Prospective controlled studies are needed to further compare the efficacy and safety of these monotherapies in dogs with IE.

Challenges of Developing Robust AI for Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring.

Background: CTG remains the only non-invasive tool available to the maternity team for continuous monitoring of fetal well-being during labour. Despite widespread use and investment in staff training, difficulty with CTG interpretation continues to be identified as a problem in cases of fetal hypoxia, which often results in permanent brain injury. Given the recent advances in AI, it is hoped that its application to CTG will offer a better, less subjective and more reliable method of CTG interpretation. Objectives: This mini-review examines the literature and discusses the impediments to the success of AI application to CTG thus far. Prior randomised control trials (RCTs) of CTG decision support systems are reviewed from technical and clinical perspectives. A selection of novel engineering approaches, not yet validated in RCTs, are also reviewed. The review presents the key challenges that need to be addressed in order to develop a robust AI tool to identify fetal distress in a timely manner so that appropriate intervention can be made. Results: The decision support systems used in three RCTs were reviewed, summarising the algorithms, the outcomes of the trials and the limitations. Preliminary work suggests that the inclusion of clinical data can improve the performance of AI-assisted CTG. Combined with newer approaches to the classification of traces, this offers promise for rewarding future development.

In-depth performance analysis of an EEG based neonatal seizure detection algorithm.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a novel neurophysiology based performance analysis of automated seizure detection algorithms for neonatal EEG to characterize features of detected and non-detected seizures and causes of false detections to identify areas for algorithmic improvement. METHODS: EEGs of 20 term neonates were recorded (10 seizure, 10 non-seizure). Seizures were annotated by an expert and characterized using a novel set of 10 criteria. ANSeR seizure detection algorithm (SDA) seizure annotations were compared to the expert to derive detected and non-detected seizures at three SDA sensitivity thresholds. Differences in seizure characteristics between groups were compared using univariate and multivariate analysis. False detections were characterized. RESULTS: The expert detected 421 seizures. The SDA at thresholds 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 detected 60%, 54% and 45% of seizures. At all thresholds, multivariate analyses demonstrated that the odds of detecting seizure increased with 4 criteria: seizure amplitude, duration, rhythmicity and number of EEG channels involved at seizure peak. Major causes of false detections included respiration and sweat artefacts or a highly rhythmic background, often during intermediate sleep. CONCLUSION: This rigorous analysis allows estimation of how key seizure features are exploited by SDAs. SIGNIFICANCE: This study resulted in a beta version of ANSeR with significantly improved performance.

Low-pathogenicity Mycoplasma spp. alter human monocyte and macrophage function and are highly prevalent among patients with ventilator-acquired pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-acquired pneumonia (VAP) remains a significant problem within intensive care units (ICUs). There is a growing recognition of the impact of critical-illness-induced immunoparesis on the pathogenesis of VAP, but the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We hypothesised that, because of limitations in their routine detection, Mycoplasmataceae are more prevalent among patients with VAP than previously recognised, and that these organisms potentially impair immune cell function. METHODS AND SETTING: 159 patients were recruited from 12 UK ICUs. All patients had suspected VAP and underwent bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). VAP was defined as growth of organisms at >10(4) colony forming units per ml of BAL fluid on conventional culture. Samples were tested for Mycoplasmataceae (Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp.) by PCR, and positive samples underwent sequencing for speciation. 36 healthy donors underwent BAL for comparison. Additionally, healthy donor monocytes and macrophages were exposed to Mycoplasma salivarium and their ability to respond to lipopolysaccharide and undertake phagocytosis was assessed. RESULTS: Mycoplasmataceae were found in 49% (95% CI 33% to 65%) of patients with VAP, compared with 14% (95% CI 9% to 25%) of patients without VAP. Patients with sterile BAL fluid had a similar prevalence to healthy donor BAL fluid (10% (95% CI 4% to 20%) vs 8% (95% CI 2% to 22%)). The most common organism identified was M. salivarium. Blood monocytes from healthy volunteers incubated with M. salivarium displayed an impaired TNF-α response to lipopolysaccharide (p=0.0003), as did monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) (p=0.024). MDM exposed to M. salivarium demonstrated impaired phagocytosis (p=0.005). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a high prevalence of Mycoplasmataceae among patients with VAP, with a markedly lower prevalence among patients with suspected VAP in whom subsequent cultures refuted the diagnosis. The most common organism found, M. salivarium, is able to alter the functions of key immune cells. Mycoplasmataceae may contribute to VAP pathogenesis.

Management of Group B streptococcal sepsis risk in well, term newborns.

AIM: To investigate how clinically well, term newborns at risk of early-onset Group B streptococcal (EOGBS) disease are currently managed in the United Kingdom (UK). METHODS: Review of guidelines of UK neonatal units. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-five guidelines covering 157 neonatal units were received (71% of UK units), three of which were excluded from the review. We found great variation in every aspect for the management of EOGBS disease risk including the following: definition of risk factors; management of at-risk newborns; choice of antibiotics. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the need for national consensus guidelines and clinical trials into the management of risk babies at risk of EOGBS disease.

An analysis of patient expenditure in the GDS in Scotland 1998-2007.

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to examine the size and variability of patients' expenditure in the general dental service (GDS) in Scotland during the recent past.Methods Retrospective analysis of individual patient's expenditure drawn from a 5% random sample of patients treated in the GDS in Scotland between January 1998 and September 2007. Three measures of expenditure per patient were used to assess the size and variability of patients' expenditure in the GDS: patient expenditure per claim, patient expenditure during a 12-month period and patient expenditure during the sample period.Results The size of patients' expenditure on the GDS is small relative to non-NHS insurance arrangements and other components of personal expenditure. There is relatively little variability in patients' GDS expenditure.Conclusions The relatively small size and variability of patient expenditure in the GDS in Scotland suggests that the system of patient charges provides some insurance against the cost of oral healthcare. However, a complete assessment of the insurance properties of the system of patient charges would require several other factors to be accounted for.

Measuring the development of insight by dental health professionals in training using workplace-based assessment.

INTRODUCTION: For health professionals, the development of insight into their performance is vital for safe practice, professional development and self-regulation. This study investigates whether the development of dental trainees' insight, when provided with external feedback on performance, can be assessed using a single criterion on a simple global ratings form such as the Longitudinal Evaluation of Performance or Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise. METHODS: Postgraduate dental trainees (N = 139) were assessed using this tool on a weekly basis for 6 months. Regression analysis of the data was carried out using SPSS, and a short trainer questionnaire was implemented to investigate feasibility. RESULTS: Ratings for insight were shown to increase with time in a similar manner to the growth observed in other essential skills. The gradient of the slope for growth of insight was slightly less than that of the other observed skills. Trainers were mostly positive about the new criterion assessing trainees' insight, although the importance of training for trainers in this process was highlighted. DISCUSSION: Our data suggest that practitioners' insight into their performance can be developed with experience and regular feedback. However, this is most likely a complex skill dependent on a number of intrinsic and external factors. CONCLUSION: The development of trainees' insight into their performance can be assessed using a single criterion on a simple global ratings form. The process involves no additional burden on evaluators in terms of their time or cost, and promotes best practice in the provision of feedback for trainees.

Range of UK practice regarding thresholds for phototherapy and exchange transfusion in neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the range of opinion regarding thresholds at which phototherapy and exchange transfusion are used to treat neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia in the UK. DESIGN: A survey of existing charts and guidelines collected from around the UK. Threshold levels were extracted from the charts and entered into an Excel spreadsheet. Filters were applied to analyse subsets of guidelines, and calculations were carried out to analyse the rate of rise of bilirubin (in micromol/l/h) between the origin and the plateau, where this was possible. RESULTS: Of 263 hospitals contacted, 163 submitted guidelines, of which most were in the form of individual charts. There was wide variation in the choice of the threshold levels at which treatment was recommended, particularly in preterm babies. At 28 weeks, for example, the range at which phototherapy was recommended extended from 100 micromol/l to 250 micromol/l, and the upper limit was even higher if data from units which used a single guideline for preterm babies of all gestations were included. There was variation in the choice of the origin of the graph and the time at which the plateau commenced (and hence the slope), whether "sickness" criteria should be adopted, and what those criteria should be. Many charts were confusing, poorly presented, sketchily drawn and lacked proper gridlines or axis labels. CONCLUSIONS: For such a vitally important topic it is disappointing that there is little existing consensus and no national guidance in the UK. Guidelines for England, Wales and Northern Ireland will be available from 2010, when the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence completes its review.

Evaluating dental vocational training: how does Scotland compare to the rest of the UK?

BACKGROUND: UK dental graduates complete a 12-month vocational training programme, but only in Scotland is there mandatory assessment. AIM: To evaluate the effect of mandatory assessment. METHOD: Pragmatic experimental design. UK dental trainees (Cohort 1: 2003-2004; Cohort 2: 2004-2005; Cohort 3: 2005-2006) completed questionnaires assessing stakeholder-identified clinical and non-clinical outcomes pre- and post-training. RESULTS: Response rate = 84%: Scotland (n = 247); other UK (n = 308: 156 (England) + 102 (Wales) + 50 (Northern Ireland)). Compared to other UK trainees, trainees in Scotland were significantly more confident in clinical skills (F(1,555)= 15.49, p <0.001), continuing professional development (F(1,552) = 4.37, p <0.05), felt better prepared for keeping track of new technology (F(1,551) = 9.03, p <0.01) and new evidence (F(1,551)= 3.71, p <0.05); showed more positive attitude toward training (F(1,554) = 5.82, p <0.01), continued professional development (F(1,552) = 4.71, p <0.05), and their job (F(1,553) = 6.93, p <0.01). They also found mandatory assessment significantly more beneficial (Scotland mean = 5.6 (1.9); other UK mean = 4.0 (1.9); F(1,546) = 60.87, p <0.001), more useful (Scotland mean = 5.3 (1.5); other mean = 4.9 (1.7); F(1,549) = 7.474, p <0.01) and more comforting (Scotland mean = 4.1 (1.6); other UK mean = 2.7 (1.6); F(1,547) = 57.47, p <0.001). CONCLUSION: Results suggest it does matter where dental graduates spend their training year in the UK. Support for training under the Scottish mandatory assessment system was robust over three cohorts. This study has shown the value of evaluating different training systems and may inform the development and standardisation of future professional education programmes.

1% hydrocortisone ointment is an effective treatment of pruritus ani: a pilot randomized controlled crossover trial.

BACKGROUND: Pruritus ani (PA) is a common condition which is difficult to treat in the absence of obvious predisposing factors. There is paucity of evidence-based guidelines on the treatment of this condition. We examined whether 1% hydrocortisone ointment is an effective treatment for PA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was carried out. Eleven patients consented to take part in the trial and ten completed the study. After a 2-week run-in period, patients with primary PA were randomly allocated to receive 1% hydrocortisone ointment or placebo for 2 weeks followed by the opposite treatment for a further 2-week period. There was a washout period of 2 weeks between treatments. The primary outcome measure was reduction in itch using a visual analogue score (VAS). The secondary outcome measures were improvement in quality of life measured using a validated questionnaire (Dermatology Life Quality Index, DLQI) and improvement in clinical appearance of the perianal skin using the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score. RESULTS: Treatment with 1% hydrocortisone ointment resulted in a 68% reduction in VAS compared with placebo (P=0.019), a 75% reduction in DLQI score (P=0.067), and 81% reduction in EASI score (P=0.01). CONCLUSION: A short course of mild steroid ointment is an effective treatment for PA.

Increased presence of serotonin-producing cells in colons with diverticular disease may indicate involvement in the pathophysiology of the condition.

INTRODUCTION: Serotonin is an important neuroendocrine transmitter participating in the control of colonic motor activity through neural and biochemical mechanisms in the Enteric Nervous System (ENS). A possible pathophysiological factor for diverticular disease (DD) is altered colonic motility. The study compared the distribution of serotonin cells (SC) in the colonic mucosa of patients with diverticular disease to controls. METHODS: Sixteen paraffin specimens with sigmoid diverticular disease were selected and sections of bowel without diverticula from the same specimen were used as its own control. The resection margins from sixteen colonic specimens excised for sigmoid cancer were additional controls. Immunocytochemical staining for serotonin cells was performed on 4-mum tissue sections with polyclonal antibody (NCL-SEROTp). The number of serotonin-positive cells per ten microscopic fields (x200) was assessed in all groups and the staining distribution was defined as low (0-33%), moderate (>33-66%) and high (>66%) according to the percentage of the entire cell containing contrast material. The control specimens were blinded before analysis. Student's t test was used for statistical analysis and significance level was set as P < 0.05. RESULTS: The mean number of serotonin-positive cells per ten fields in the colonic mucosa of specimens with diverticular disease was significantly higher [252.44 (SD 90.64)] than the specimen's own control [147.31 (SD 50.16)] and at normal resection margins of cancer specimens [228.38 (SD 120.10)]. The paired analysis between diverticular disease specimens and its own control (paired t test) showed significant differences for moderate (P = 0.008), high (P = 0.001) and total (P = 0.002) number of serotonin cells. There was no evidence of significance between mean DD and cancer values. DISCUSSION: Increased presence of SCs and the higher proportion of high and moderate staining cells (indicating increased hormone content) indicate the possible role of serotonin in DD. This may be contributing to the pathogenesis of the condition by altered colonic motility in the affected segments in a similar way as in irritable bowel syndrome.

Anaesthesia for elective inguinal hernia repair in rural Ghana - appeal for local anaesthesia in resource-poor countries.

Local anaesthesia has been identified as the most favourable anaesthesia for elective inguinal hernia repair with respect to complication rate, cost-effectiveness, and overall patient satisfaction. Operation theatre notes in all seven hospitals in the Northern Region in Ghana over the period of 1 year were reviewed. Only 22.4% out of 1038 repairs were performed under local anaesthesia while predominantly spinal and general anaesthesia were used (48.0 and 29.6%, respectively). African surgeons chose local anaesthesia far less frequently than visiting overseas surgeons (15.6 versus 27.7%, respectively). All surgeons in resource-poor countries should be encouraged to use local anaesthesia more frequently for elective inguinal hernia repair. Valuable resources in sub-Saharan African hospitals could be saved, especially if used in combination with outpatient surgery. The technique should be taught in teaching institutions. A simple step-by-step technique is described.

Revalidation of general dental practitioners in Scotland: the results of a pilot study. Part 2 - acceptability to practitioners.

AIM: To investigate the acceptablility of a pilot scheme of revalidation to general dental practitioners. METHOD: Ten general dental practitioners completed portfolios of evidence of being up to date and fit to practise. This portfolio was assessed by a panel of three experts, using an assessment tool developed specifically for that purpose. An action research methodology was used to evaluate participants' perceptions, consisting of a focus group and semi-structured interviews. The views of the assessors on the portfolio and its assessment were collected using a questionnaire. RESULTS: The views of the participants on revalidation, the pilot scheme portfolio and its use, who should assess it and how its use could be supported were collected. Also areas of difficulty in using the portfolio were identified, along with suggestions for improving it and alternative ways of evidencing competence. Assessors noted that the quality of evidence was adequate, but also made suggestions for improvement of the portfolio. CONCLUSIONS: The pilot scheme appears to have been acceptable to the dentists in this scheme, given some caveats. The assessors felt that appraisal would significantly enhance any substantive scheme.

Revalidation of general dental practitioners in Scotland: the results of a pilot study. Part 1--feasibility of operation.

AIM: To devise and operate a pilot scheme of revalidation for general dental practitioners. METHOD: A representative group of dental practitioners was convened to advise on an approach to piloting revalidation. Ten general dental practitioners volunteered and completed portfolios of evidence of fitness to practise. The portfolios were assessed by a panel of three calibrated experts, using a specially developed assessment tool. A single decision "evidence presented allowed revalidation to be recommended" was made. A timesheet was used to record the time spent producing the portfolio. RESULTS: Eight portfolios were assessed as sufficient for revalidation purposes. Two dentists were required to make supplementary submissions of evidence before they were found to be acceptable. An average of eight hours of dentist time and six hours of delegated time was spent producing the portfolios. CONCLUSIONS: The small number of dentists in this pilot were able to use the portfolio satisfactorily. The dentists were all volunteers and so may not necessarily be fully representative of the profession. The time spent completing the portfolio was not considered excessive. The assessors were adequately prepared and calibrated for their work.

Endoscopic sympathectomy in the treatment of facial blushing.

INTRODUCTION: Bilateral endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (BETS) has been shown to be an effective, permanent, and safe treatment for severe upper limb hyperhydrosis. More recently, the possibility of using BETS to treat facial blushing, a redness of the face bought on by emotional or social stress, has been raised. This followed incidental reports from patients of relief from their blushing following this procedure for hyperhydrosis. At King's College Hospital, 120 patients underwent BETS over a 3-year period for both upper limb hyperhydrosis and facial blushing. In this study we report our results in relation to facial blushing. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The outcome was evaluated by questionnaire and symptoms assessed using the visual analogue scale. Questions on postoperative complications and overall quality of life were included. RESULTS: A total of 80 patients responded to our questionnaire of whom 59 (74%) experienced facial blushing. In 12 patients, this was their only symptom. Severity of facial blushing was reduced from a mean score of 78 before operation to 26 after BETS (P < 0.001); 29% reported complete resolution of their facial blushing. There was no mortality or conversion to open surgery. Quality of life was reported to be much better in 63% of facial blushers following the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates both a statistically significant reduction in severity of facial blushing as well as a clear improvement in quality of life following a safe procedure with few complication rates. Facial blushing can, therefore, be considered as an indication for BETS on its own merit when not associated with hyperhydrosis.

Feasibility and morbidity of reversal of Hartmann's.

OBJECTIVE: Reversal of Hartmann's is a major surgical procedure and associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. METHOD: This study retrospectively analysed the data at a single centre over an eight-year period to assess the clinical results and morbidity of reversal of Hartmann's. RESULTS: One hundred and ten Hartmann's procedures were performed during the period. Only 66 (61%) of patients had a reversal. Advanced age and comorbidity were the primary reasons for not reversing. Complications among the 66 patients (36 males and 30 females) who underwent reversal occurred in 26 (41%). There were no deaths. Patients who underwent reversal were ASA 2 (60%), ASA 3 (25%) and ASA 4 (4.6%). Univariate analysis demonstrated a significant association between complications following reversal and ASA grade (P =0.01), and hypertension (P = 0.03) There was no correlation between the patient variables and anastomotic leakage. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant influence of hypertension, smoking and ASA grade on complications. CONCLUSIONS: About 40% of patients who undergo Hartmann's procedure will not have a reversal. Reversal is a feasible operation for selected patients, but there is a high complication rate.