Remote Photoplethysmography Is an Accurate Method to Remotely Measure Respiratory Rate: A Hospital-Based Trial.

Remote photoplethysmography imaging (rPPG) is a new solution proposed to measure vital signs, such as respiratory rate (RR) in teleconsultation, by using a webcam. The results, presented here, aim at evaluating the accuracy of such remote measurement methods, compared with existing measurement methods, in a real-life clinical setting. For each patient, measurement of RR, using the standard system (control), has been carried out concomitantly with the experimental system. A 60-s time frame was used for the measurements made by our rPPG system. Age, gender, BMI, and skin phototype were collected. We performed the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plot to analyze the accuracy and precision of the rPPG algorithm readings. Measurements of RR, using the two methods, have been realized on 963 patients. Comparison of the two techniques showed excellent agreement (96.0%), with most of the patients (n = 924-standard patients) being in the confidence interval of 95% in Bland-Altman plotting. There were no significant differences between standard patients and outlier patients for demographic and clinical characteristics. This study indicates a good agreement between the rPPG system and the control, thus allowing clinical use of this remote assessment of the respiratory rate.

Cnidarian Cell Type Diversity and Regulation Revealed by Whole-Organism Single-Cell RNA-Seq.

The emergence and diversification of cell types is a leading factor in animal evolution. So far, systematic characterization of the gene regulatory programs associated with cell type specificity was limited to few cell types and few species. Here, we perform whole-organism single-cell transcriptomics to map adult and larval cell types in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis, a non-bilaterian animal with complex tissue-level body-plan organization. We uncover eight broad cell classes in Nematostella, including neurons, cnidocytes, and digestive cells. Each class comprises different subtypes defined by the expression of multiple specific markers. In particular, we characterize a surprisingly diverse repertoire of neurons, which comparative analysis suggests are the result of lineage-specific diversification. By integrating transcription factor expression, chromatin profiling, and sequence motif analysis, we identify the regulatory codes that underlie Nematostella cell-specific expression. Our study reveals cnidarian cell type complexity and provides insights into the evolution of animal cell-specific genomic regulation.