Characterization of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 Cosmopolitan Genotype Circulating in Colombia.

Dengue virus (DENV) is the etiological agent of dengue fever (DF), which is among the most prevalent vector-borne diseases in the tropics. In 2022, the Colombian health surveillance system reported more than 69,000 cases of DF. As part of a hospital-based fever surveillance study, acute-phase sera were collected from 4,545 patients with suspected dengue between 2020 and 2023 in three municipalities of Colombia. Combined reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and antigen rapid testing confirmed that 376 patients (8.3%) had DF. The virus was isolated in cell culture from 166 of these patients (44.1%), and genome sequencing was performed successfully on 122 (73.5%). Three DENV serotypes (1, 2, and 3) were identified. Phylogenetic analyses of the DENV-2 sequences revealed that 42 of 50 of the isolates (84%) belonged to the DENV-2 cosmopolitan genotype lineage, clustering with sequences from Asia, Peru, and Brazil. We report the detection, isolation, and whole-genome sequencing (11 Kb) of the DENV-2 cosmopolitan genotype and its recent introduction to Colombia.

Oropouche virus as an emerging cause of acute febrile illness in Colombia.

Arbovirus infections are frequent causes of acute febrile illness (AFI) in tropical countries. We conducted health facility-based AFI surveillance at four sites in Colombia (Cucuta, Cali, Villavicencio, Leticia) during 2019-2022. Demographic, clinical and risk factor data were collected from persons with AFI that consented to participate in the study (n = 2,967). Serologic specimens were obtained and tested for multiple pathogens by RT-PCR and rapid test (Antigen/IgM), with 20.7% identified as dengue positive from combined testing. Oropouche virus (OROV) was initially detected in serum by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and virus target capture in a patient from Cúcuta. Three additional infections from Leticia were confirmed by conventional PCR, sequenced, and isolated in tissue culture. Phylogenetic analysis determined there have been at least two independent OROV introductions into Colombia. To assess OROV spread, a RT-qPCR dual-target assay was developed which identified 87/791 (10.9%) viremic cases in AFI specimens from Cali (3/53), Cucuta (3/19), Villavicencio (38/566), and Leticia (43/153). In parallel, an automated anti-nucleocapsid antibody assay detected IgM in 27/503 (5.4%) and IgG in 92/568 (16.2%) patients screened, for which 24/68 (35.3%) of PCR positives had antibodies. Dengue was found primarily in people aged <18 years and linked to several clinical manifestations (weakness, skin rash and petechiae), whereas Oropouche cases were associated with the location, climate phase, and odynophagia symptom. Our results confirm OROV as an emerging pathogen and recommend increased surveillance to determine its burden as a cause of AFI in Colombia.

Crianza kichwa en Medellín: tensiones entre lo ancestral y lo occidental / Kichwa childrearing in Medellin: tensions between ancestral and western practices / Criação Kichwa em Medellín: tensões entre o ancestral e o occidental

Resumen (analítico) El abordaje de la crianza indígena en el ámbito científico y occidental es complejo e interesante, en un contexto de realidades diversas que requieren ser visibilizadas para ampliar la comprensión de la crianza infantil. La investigación es cualitativa, apoyada en el inter-accionismo simbólico, y cuenta con la participación de cuatro familias y cinco líderes de la comunidad kichwa. Los resultados dan cuenta de la noción de infancia y de las prácticas que implementa esta comunidad para mantener la identidad kichwa. Asimismo, se evidencian las tensiones que produce la crianza, según el entorno. Como conclusión, los kichwa han buscado mantener sus tradiciones en la crianza de los infantes; sin embargo, las dinámicas de la ciudad afectan su cotidianidad, en especial en entornos citadinos como el comercio y la educación.

Abstract (analytical) Addressing a topic such as indigenous child rearing using scientific and western concepts becomes complex and interesting in a context of diverse realities that need to be examined to broaden understanding of these practices. This research study is qualitative and uses a symbolic interactionism approach. It involved the participation of four families and five leaders from the Kichwa community living in the city of Medellin. The results capture the notion of childhood for this indigenous group and the practices they implement to maintain the Kichwa identity, as well as the complexities that a non-indigenous environment creates for raising their children. In conclusion, the Kichwa have sought to maintain their traditions for the upbringing of the children. However, the dynamics of the city affect these practices, especially in urban scenarios such as commerce and education.

Resumo (analítico) Abordar um tópico como a criação indígena em escopos científicos e ocidentais torna-se complexo e interessante em um contexto de diversas realidades que precisam ser tornadas visíveis para ampliar a compreensão da criação infantil. A pesquisa é qualitativa com foco no interacionismo simbólico, e contou com a participação de quatro famílias e cinco lideranças da comunidade Kichwa habitantes de Medellín. Os achados mostram a importância de manter a identidade Kichwa e a noção de infância partindo da própria cultura e a complexidade que traz um meio distinto de formação e acompanhamento familiar. Concluindo, o povo Kichwa tem procurado manter suas tradições desde a formação das crianças, porém, as dinâmicas da cidade e suas interações influenciam na sua cotidianidade particularmente nos meios comerciais e educativos.

Acute Pediatric Chagas Disease in Antioquia, Colombia: A Geographic Location of Suspected Oral Transmission.

Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi infection, is an insidious cause of heart failure in Latin America. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent irreversible myocardial damage that progressively accumulates over decades. Several structural barriers account for the less than 1% of cases in Colombia being treated, including poor physician knowledge, especially considering that some regions are considered non-endemic. The two cases reported here represent an emerging epidemiologic scenario associated with pediatric Chagas disease. Both cases are suspected oral transmitted parasitic infection in a geographic region of Colombia (Andean region of Antioquia) where no previous oral transmission of Chagas disease had been reported. Their clinical histories and course of disease are presented here to increase physician awareness of the epidemiologic risk factors and clinical manifestations associated with pediatric oral Chagas disease in Antioquia department, Colombia.

Outcomes and complications of hospitalised patients with HIV-TB co-infection.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is one of the most common causes of hospitalisation in patients with HIV. Despite this, hospital outcomes of patients with this co-infection have rarely been described since antiretroviral therapy became widely available. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of HIV-infected adult patients hospitalised with TB in six referral hospitals in Medellin, Colombia, from August 2014 to July 2015. RESULTS: Among 128 HIV-infected patients hospitalised with tuberculosis, the mean age was 38.4 years; 79.7% were men. HIV was diagnosed on admission in 28.9% of patients. The median CD4 + T-cell count was 125 (±158 SD) cells/µL. Only 47.3% of patients with a known diagnosis of HIV upon admission were on antiretroviral therapy, and only 11.1% had a tuberculin skin test in the previous year. Drug toxicity due to tuberculosis medications occurred in 11.7% of patients. Mean length of stay was 23.2 days, and 10.7% of patients were readmitted. Mortality was 5.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital mortality attributable to tuberculosis in patients with HIV is low in reference hospitals in Colombia. Cases of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients occur mainly in patients with advanced HIV, or not on antiretroviral therapy, despite a known diagnosis of HIV. Only one of every 10 patients in this cohort had active screening for latent tuberculosis, possibly reflecting missed treatment opportunities.

CONTEXTE: La tuberculose (TB) est l'une des causes les plus courantes d'hospitalisation chez les patients VIH positifs. Malgré cela, les résultats hospitaliers des patients atteints de cette coinfection ont rarement été décrits depuis que le traitement antirétroviral est devenu largement disponible. MÉTHODES: Etude de cohorte prospective de patients adultes infectés par le VIH hospitalisés pour TB dans six hôpitaux de référence à Medellin, en Colombie, d'août 2014 à juillet 2015. RÉSULTATS: Sur 128 patients infectés par le VIH hospitalisés pour TB, l'âge moyen était de 38,4 ans; 79,7% étaient des hommes. Le VIH a été diagnostiqué à l'admission chez 28,9% des patients. Le nombre médian de lymphocytes T CD4+ était de 125 (±158 SD) cellules/µL. Seuls 47,3% des patients dont le diagnostic de VIH était connu lors de leur admission étaient sous traitement antirétroviral et 11,1% seulement avaient subi un test cutané à la tuberculine l'année précédente. Une toxicité médicamenteuse due aux médicaments antituberculeux est survenue chez 11,7% des patients. La durée moyenne de séjour était de 23,2 jours et 10,7% des patients ont été réadmis. La mortalité était de 5,5%. CONCLUSIONS: La mortalité hospitalière attribuable à la TB chez les patients VIH positifs est faible dans les hôpitaux de référence en Colombie. Les cas de TB chez les patients infectés par le VIH surviennent principalement chez les patients à un stade avancé du VIH, ou qui ne sont pas sous traitement antirétroviral, malgré un diagnostic connu de VIH. Seul un patient sur 10 de cette cohorte a subi un dépistage actif de la TB latente, ce qui reflète peut-être des opportunités de traitement manquées.

Colangitis esclerosante primaria. Una revisión narrativa / Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. A narrative review

RESUMEN La colangitis esclerosante primaria (CEP) es una patología hepática crónica y rara que se caracteriza por la inflamación y fibrosis de los conductos biliares, cuya evolución puede llevar a la cirrosis, hipertensión portal y enfermedad hepática en etapa terminal. Su etiología es desconocida, pero se ha relacionado con factores genéticos y autoinflamatorios. Además, tiene una relación muy estrecha con la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII). Su presentación clínica es muy inespecífica, sus principales síntomas son el prurito y la fatiga. La prueba estándar para su diagnóstico es la colangiopancreatografía por resonancia magnética (CPRM), donde se observa un aspecto anular ocasionado por estenosis multifocales cortas con segmentos alternos normales o dilatados. Actualmente, no existe ningún tratamiento farmacológico que logre prolongar la supervivencia sin un trasplante de hígado en la CEP. Sólo se puede hacer tratamiento sintomático, especialmente del prurito. El único manejo curativo con el que se cuenta hoy en día es el trasplante hepático, aunque existe un riesgo de recurrencia de la enfermedad. Es muy importante la vigilancia de los trastornos inflamatorios intestinales, la malignidad y la enfermedad metabólica ósea en estos pacientes. Se ha visto que algunos factores, como el diagnóstico temprano, son de buen pronóstico para la enfermedad.

SUMMARY Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare, chronic liver pathology characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the bile ducts, whose evolution can lead to cirrhosis, portal hypertension and end-stage liver disease. Its etiology is unknown, but it has been related to genetic and autoinflammatory factors. In addition, it has a very close relationship with inflammatory bowel disease. Its clinical presentation is nonspecific, the main symptoms are pruritus and fatigue. The standard test for diagnosis is magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), where an annular aspect is observed caused by short multifocal stenoses with alternating normal or dilated segments. Currently, there is no pharmacological treatment that can prolong the survival without liver transplantation in PSC. Symptomatic treatment is warranted, especially for pruritus. The only curative treatment that is currently available is liver transplantation, although there is a risk of recurrence of the disease. The monitoring of intestinal inflammatory disorders (IID), malignancy and metabolic bone disease in these patients is very important. It has been seen that some factors, such as early diagnosis, are good prognosis for the disease.

Efecto de un programa de paciente experto en insuficiencia cardiaca / Effect of an expert patient program in heart failure

INTRODUCCIÓN: Una estrategia que ha mostrado ser efectiva para promover el autocuidado en los pacientes con falla cardiaca es la formación de diadas y grupos que brinden apoyo de pares para favorecer el logro de metas individuales. OBJETIVO GENERAL: Determinar el efecto de un programa de paciente experto en falla cardiaca en los conocimientos relacionados con la adherencia al tratamiento y en la satisfacción. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio piloto descriptivo de corte transversal en pacientes con diagnósticos de falla cardiaca en una institución de cuarto nivel. El tamaño de la muestra correspondió a toda la población con los criterios de restricción (N: 20 sujetos). Se implementó un programa de paciente experto durante 6 meses y se midieron los desenlaces de nivel de conocimientos y satisfacción. Para la recolección de la información se utilizó un test de conocimientos sobre adherencia al tratamiento y una encuesta de satisfacción. La información se procesó a través del programa IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0, y se realizó un análisis descriptivo con distribución de frecuencias absolutas y relativas. RESULTADOS: Más del 95% de los pacientes mostró mejoría significativa en el nivel de conocimientos y el 85% refirió el nivel de satisfacción global más alto (muy satisfechos), reflejado en la dimensión de fidelización y efectividad. CONCLUSIONES: El programa del paciente experto en insuficiencia cardiaca se constituye en una intervención costo-efectiva que proporciona capacidades para ayudar a otros pacientes a adquirir autoconfianza y habilidades en el manejo de su condición de salud

INTRODUCTION: One of the strategies that has shown improvement in self-care for patients with heart failure is the formation of dyads and groups to provide peer support and achieve individual goals. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of an expert patient program on heart failure related to the knowledge about adherence to treatment and satisfaction. METHOD: A sectional-descriptive pilot study was conducted in patients with heart failure diagnoses in a fourth-level institution. The sample size represents the entire population with the restriction criteria (N: 20 subjects). An expert patient program was implemented for 6 months and the measured outcomes were level of knowledge and satisfaction. Data was gathered from a knowledge test on adherence to treatment and a satisfaction poll. Information was processed with IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0. The distribution of absolute and relative frequencies was performed by descriptive analysis. RESULTS: More than 95% of patients showed improvement in the level of knowledge and 85% reported a high global level of satisfaction (very satisfied), reflected in the dimension of loyalty and effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: The expert patient in heart failure program is a cost-effective intervention, which provides capabilities to help other patients gain self-confidence and skills to manage their health condition

Infección por el virus de la hepatitis delta / Hepatitis delta virus infection

El virus de la hepatitis delta (VHD) es un virus satélite del virus de la hepatitis B (VHB), dado que requiere el antígeno de superficie del VHB (HBsAg) para la producción de partículas virales infecciosas. Se han caracterizado ocho genotipos del VHD, con una distribución geográfica relacionada con la prevalencia de la infección por VHB. Se estima que aproximadamente el 5% de los pacientes con infección crónica por VHB también están infectados con VHD. Se han descrito dos tipos de infección: la coinfección simultánea por VHB y VHD, y la superinfección con VHD en un paciente previamente infectado por VHB, esta última asociada a una mayor morbilidad y mortalidad por falla hepática aguda. La infección se diagnostica en nuestro medio con la determinación de IgM contra el VHD, acompañada idealmente de la carga viral. Aunque el tratamiento de elección es la terapia con interferón alfa pegilado, en el momento se están evaluando otros medicamentos antivirales en ensayos clínicos, con resultados alentadores, teniendo en cuenta el efecto observado en la carga viral del VHD y/o del VHB en los pacientes. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo incluir temas como la biología del virus, la epidemiología, las características clínicas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento en la infección por VHD.

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a satellite virus of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as it requires the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) for the production of infectious viral particles. Eight HDV genotypes have been characterized with a geographic distribution associated with the prevalence of HBV infection. It is estimated that approximately 5% of patients with chronic HBV infection are also infected with HDV. Two types of infection have been described: coinfection, by simultaneously contracting HBV and HDV infection, and superinfection, by contracting HDV when chronically infected with HBV, the latter associated with increased morbidity and mortality from acute liver failure. Anti-HDV IgM is used to diagnose the infection, ideally together with the detection of HDV-RNA. Although the treatment of choice is pegylated interferon alpha, other antiviral drugs are currently being evaluated in clinical trials, with encouraging results, in terms of their effect on HDV and/or HBV viral load in patients. This review aims to include topics such as virus biology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment in HDV infection.

Influence of the Ce4+/Ce3+ Redox-Couple on the Cyclic Regeneration for Adsorptive and Catalytic Performance of NiO-PdO/CeO2±Î´ Nanoparticles for n-C7 Asphaltene Steam Gasification.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the regenerative effect of functionalized CeO2±Î´ nanoparticles with a mass fraction of 0.89% of NiO and 1.1% of PdO in adsorption and subsequent decomposition of n-C7 asphaltenes in steam gasification processes. During each regeneration cycle, the adsorption capacity and the catalytic activity of the nanoparticles were evaluated. To estimate the adsorption capacity of the nanoparticles, adsorption kinetics were studied at a fixed concentration of n-C7 asphaltenes of 10 mg·L-1 as well as adsorption isotherms at three different temperatures at 25 °C, 55 °C, and 75 °C. To evaluate the catalytic activity, the loss of mass of the nanoparticles was evaluated by isothermal conversions with a thermogravimetric analyzer at 230 °C, 240 °C, and 250 °C, and at non-isothermal conditions involving a heating from 100 °C to 600 °C at a 20 °C·min-1 heating rate. The asphaltenes showed a high affinity for being adsorbed over the nanoparticles surface, due to the nanoparticles-asphaltene interactions are stronger than those that occur between asphaltene-asphaltene, and this was maintained during nine evaluated regeneration cycles as observed in the Henry's constant that increased slightly, with changes of 21%, 26% and 31% for 25 °C, 55 °C and 75 °C. Polanyi's adsorption potential decreases by 2.6% for the same amount adsorbed from the first cycle to the ninth. In addition, the catalytic activity of the nanoparticles did not change significantly, showing that they decompose 100% of the n-C7 asphaltenes in all cycles. However, the small decrease in the adsorption capacity and catalytic activity of the nanoparticles is mainly due to the presence and change in concentration and ratio of certain elements such as oxygen, iron or others at the surface of the nanoparticle as shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption such as Δ H a d s o , Δ S a d s o , and Δ G a d s o and the effective activation energy (Ea) were calculated to compare adsorptive and catalytic performance during each cycle. There is an increase of 9.3% and 2.6% in the case of entropy and enthalpy, respectively, and a decrease of 0.5%, 3.1% and 6.5% for 25 °C, 55 °C and 75 °C respectively for the Gibss free energy from cycle 1 to cycle 9. It was found that these parameters are correlated with the Ce concentration and oxidation state ratios (Ce3+/Ce4+ couple) at the surface.

Vector competence analysis of two Aedes aegypti lineages from Bello, Colombia, reveals that they are affected similarly by dengue-2 virus infection.

Dengue is the second most prevalent vector-borne disease after malaria in Colombia. It is caused by dengue virus, an arbovirus that exhibits high epidemic power, which is evidenced by its occurrence in more than 80% of the country, largely because of the extensive dispersion of the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. The existence of two lineages of Ae. aegypti has been proposed based on genetic differences at the mitochondrial level, and they have been reported to circulate in similar proportions in the municipality of Bello (Colombia). It has been suggested that the differentiation of these lineages could influence features such as vector competence (VC) and life table. With the aim of testing this hypothesis, female mosquitoes from both lineages collected from Bello were orally challenged with dengue virus serotype 2 (strain D2-HAN) to measure infection, dissemination, survival and fecundity. Analysis of VC showed an increase in viral titer over time; however, no significant differences were observed between the lineages. The survival rate was not different between the infected lineages, but comparing lineages, it was lower in infected mosquitoes, which may affect the intensity of transmission. Finally, we conclude that the genetic differentiation of Ae. aegypti into lineages did not confer differences in epidemiological status when the mosquitoes were infected with this D2 serotype strain.

Abordaje diagnóstico de las alteraciones del cuerpo calloso: estado del arte / Diagnostic Approach to the Alterations of the Corpus Callosum: State of the Art

Las alteraciones del cuerpo calloso tienen una prevalencia en general de 1 por 1.000 nacidos vivos, estas alteraciones se encuentran en un 2-3 % de los niños con discapacidad o alteraciones del neurodesarrollo. Dentro de estos trastornos se incluyen la agenesia, la disgenesia, la hipoplasia y la hiperplasia. Debido a que estas alteraciones se asocian en un gran porcentaje con diferentes anomalías cerebrales y síndromes es relevante realizar un adecuado abordaje diagnóstico prenatal. Existen varios signos clave en la ecografía prenatal que permiten determinar si existe alguna alteración en el cuerpo calloso. La resonancia magnética se indica en casos de sospecha de alguna alteración en la ecografía prenatal y permite evaluar de manera más específica si existe alguna anomalía cerebral adicional. Esto es importante para determinar el pronóstico neurológico y realizar intervenciones oportunas.

Alterations of the corpus callosum have a general prevalence of 1/1,000 live births, and are found in 2-3% of children with developmental disabilities. These disabilities include agenesis, dysgenesis, hypoplasia and hyperplasia. Because these alterations are associated in a large percentage to different brain anomalies and syndromes, it is relevant to perform an adequate prenatal diagnostic approach. There are several key signs in the prenatal ultrasound that determine if there is any alteration in the corpus callosum. Magnetic resonance is indicated in cases of suspected anomalies in the prenatal ultrasound, and it can also evaluate more specifically if an additional cerebral anomaly is present. This is important because it allows to determine the neurological prognosis and to perform promptly interventions.

Significado del síndrome depresivo para médicos generales en una región colombiana / Meaning of Depressive Syndrome for General Practice Physicians in a Colombian Region

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender los significados que el síndrome depresivo tiene para algunos médicos generales en ejercicio clínico en una región colombiana. Métodos: Se asumió el enfoque cualitativo como guía para esta investigación utilizando la teoría fundamentada para la descripción, el análisis y la interpretación de 20 entrevistas semiestructuradas dirigidas a médicos generales que hubieran atendido a pacientes con síndrome depresivo. Resultados: En las entrevistas resaltan algunos elementos indispensables, como: «ver más allá de un cuerpo¼, donde se refleja el interés del médico por individualizar cada caso de cada paciente porque, aparte de que tengan la misma enfermedad, sabe que no a todos se debe abordar ni tratar por igual. En «De insignificante a terrorífico¼ se observa que el entramado de vivencias, experiencias, emociones y anhelos que hacen parte del médico se reflejan en la compasión que este tenga del paciente con depresión, situación que hace que como ser humano afronte el sufrimiento del otro; en contraposición, aparece el «Verse atado de manos¼ respecto al sistema de salud, que dificulta la adecuada atención de estos pacientes y genera un sinsabor en el médico tratante. Conclusiones: El escenario maleable e inacabado en el que interactúa el médico con el síndrome depresivo le permite saberse humano mientras reflexiona en relación con cada una de las potencialidades, las limitaciones, los significados, las actitudes y los comportamientos que tiene ante esta entidad nosológica, lo que se ve reflejado en la habilidad de los médicos generales para diagnosticar y tratar la depresión, que no necesariamente se asocia con la edad o la experiencia en la práctica. No obstante, se puede reducir los errores en la atención con un conocimiento vasto y un enfoque apropiado de la enfermedad mental.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the perception that some general clinical practitioners have about depressive syndrome in a region of Colombia. Methodology: The qualitative approach was established as a basis for this study using grounded theory for the description, analysis, and interpretation of data collected in 20 semi-structured interviews aimed at general medical practitioners who had treated patients with depressive syndrome in their clinical practice. Results: Throughout the interviews, some essential elements are highlighted such as: "seeing beyond a body," where the interest of the physician is reflected by individualising each patient case because regardless of having the same disease, knowing that not all can be addressed or treated equally. "From insignificant to terrifying" shows that the network of experiences, experiences, emotions, and desires that make up part of the physician, are reflected in the compassion that he has for patient with depression, a situation that makes him confront as a human being before the suffering of others. In contrast appears the "my hands are tied" with a health system that prevents proper care of these patients, and generates problems for the treating physician. Conclusions: The malleable and unfinished scenario where the physicians interact with the depressive syndrome, allows them to understand their humanity while reflecting on the possibilities, limitations, meanings, attitudes and actions that they have about this disorder that is reflected in the ability of general physicians to diagnose and treat depression that is not necessarily associated with age or experience in practice. However, errors in care can be reduced with sufficient knowledge and an appropriate approach to mental illness.

Meaning of Depressive Syndrome for General Practice Physicians in a Colombian Region. / Significado del síndrome depresivo para médicos generales en una región colombiana.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the perception that some general clinical practitioners have about depressive syndrome in a region of Colombia. METHODOLOGY: The qualitative approach was established as a basis for this study using grounded theory for the description, analysis, and interpretation of data collected in 20 semi-structured interviews aimed at general medical practitioners who had treated patients with depressive syndrome in their clinical practice. RESULTS: Throughout the interviews, some essential elements are highlighted such as: "seeing beyond a body," where the interest of the physician is reflected by individualising each patient case because regardless of having the same disease, knowing that not all can be addressed or treated equally. "From insignificant to terrifying" shows that the network of experiences, experiences, emotions, and desires that make up part of the physician, are reflected in the compassion that he has for patient with depression, a situation that makes him confront as a human being before the suffering of others. In contrast appears the "my hands are tied" with a health system that prevents proper care of these patients, and generates problems for the treating physician. CONCLUSIONS: The malleable and unfinished scenario where the physicians interact with the depressive syndrome, allows them to understand their humanity while reflecting on the possibilities, limitations, meanings, attitudes and actions that they have about this disorder that is reflected in the ability of general physicians to diagnose and treat depression that is not necessarily associated with age or experience in practice. However, errors in care can be reduced with sufficient knowledge and an appropriate approach to mental illness.

Arteria Lusoria, reporte de un caso clínico / Lusory Artery, a clinical case report / Artéria Lusória, relato de um caso clínico

Introducción. Los anillos vasculares son una rara malformación congénita del arco aórtico que se configura alrededor de la tráquea o del esófago. La arteria subclavia derecha aberrante hace parte de estas malformaciones y se presenta en forma de anillo incompleto, por lo que cursa de manera asintomática. Hasta el momento, no se han descrito factores predisponentes o de riesgo que puedan poner en alarma al profesional de la salud sobre esta patología. El diagnóstico se basa, principalmente, en imágenes que evidencian los trayectos anómalos de la arteria. El tratamiento puede ser quirúrgico o conservador, dependiendo de cada paciente. Objetivo. Presentación de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura, para plantear una discusión sobre la importancia del diagnóstico de arteria subclavia derecha aberrante según sea el caso y evitar diagnósticos equívocos y demoras en el tratamiento. Presentación de caso. Paciente de sexo femenino de tres meses de edad, quien empieza con episodios de vómito postprandial asociado a tos seca, atoramiento y disfagia para líquidos. El diagnóstico inicial fue de enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico; sin embargo, después de once meses de evolución clínica desfavorable y de realización de estudios complementarios, se pudo llegar a diagnosticar arteria subclavia derecha aberrante. Conclusiones. No existen, hasta el momento, estudios que evalúen el rendimiento de las pruebas diagnósticas para esta patología; sin embargo, la angiotomografía o la angioresonancia magnética de tórax son los métodos diagnósticos más utilizados. El conocimiento de esta patología es clave para evitar diagnósticos errados y posibles complicaciones asociadas a la patología y/o los tratamientos instaurados. [Suárez-Mantilla S, Rey-Ayala M, Rodríguez-Restrepo L, Lubinus-Badillo FG. Arteria Lusoria, reporte de un caso clínico. MedUNAB. 2018;21(1):122-129. doi: 10.29375/01237047.2611].

Introduction. Vascular rings are a rare congenital malformation of the aortic arch that surrounds the trachea or the esophagus. The aberrant right subclavian artery makes part of this kind of malformations. It has a u-shape that makes it to be asymptomatic for the patient. Up until now, predisposing or risk factors that might alarm the health care provider, have not been discovered. This malformation diagnosis is based on imaging that highlights artery's abnormal course. Depending on the patient, Treatment procedures for aberrant right subclavian artery can either be surgical or conservative. Objective. To present a clinical case and a literature review so to open a discussion regarding the importance of aberrant right subclavian artery diagnosis. This discussion must be created according to each patient case and its objective is to avoid misdiagnosis and treatment delays. Case presentation. A three-month-old female patient whose starting symptoms are postprandial vomit episodes caused by dry cough, choking and dysphagia to liquids. Initial diagnosis indicated that the patient suffered from gastroesophageal reflux disease. However, after eleven months of treatment, patient's clinical progress was still being unfavorable. Thus, complementary studies were required in order to discover and diagnose the aberrant right subclavian artery condition in the patient. Conclusions. So far, there are no relevant studies that evaluate the efficiency of diagnostic tests for this pathology. Nevertheless, computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography of the thorax have been the most common diagnostic methods used by health care providers. Knowledge about this pathology can be the key to avoid misdiagnosis and possible health complications associated with either this pathology and/or with previously deployed treatments. [Suárez-Mantilla S, Rey-Ayala M, Rodríguez-Restrepo L, Lubinus-Badillo FG. Lusory Artery, a clinical case report. MedUNAB. 2018;21(1):122-129. doi: 10.29375/01237047.2611].

Introdução. Os anéis vasculares são uma malformação congênita rara do arco aórtico que se forma ao redor da traquéia ou do esôfago. A artéria subclávia direita aberrante faz parte dessas malformações e é apresentada como um anel incompleto, razão pela qual é assintomática. Até o momento, fatores predisponentes ou de risco que possam alertar o profissional de saúde sobre essa patologia não foram descritos. O diagnóstico é baseado, principalmente, em imagens que mostram as trajetórias anômalas da artéria. O tratamento pode ser cirúrgico ou conservador, dependendo de cada paciente. Objetivo. Apresentação de um caso clínico e revisão da literatura para levantar uma discussão sobre a importância do diagnóstico de artéria subclávia direita aberrante, conforme o caso, e para evitar diagnósticos equivocados e atrasos no tratamento. Apresentação de caso. Paciente do sexo feminino, com três meses de idade, que comença com episódios de vômito pós-prandiais associados à tosse seca, engasgos e disfagia para líquidos. O diagnóstico inicial foi de refluxo gastroesofágico; entretanto, após onze meses de evolução clínica desfavorável e realização de estudos complementares, foi possível diagnosticar uma artéria subclávia direita aberrante. Conclusões. Até o momento, não existem estudos que avaliem o desempenho de testes diagnósticos para essa patologia; no entanto, a angiotomografia ou a angiografia por ressonância magnética do tórax são os métodos diagnósticos mais utilizados. O conhecimento desta patologia é fundamental para evitar erros de diagnóstico e possíveis complicações associadas à patologia e/ou aos tratamentos estabelecidos. [Suárez-Mantilla S, Rey-Ayala M, Rodríguez-Restrepo L, Lubinus-Badillo FG. Artéria Lusória, relato de um caso clínico. MedUNAB. 2018;21(1):122-129. doi: 10.29375/01237047.2611].

Diseño de un programa basado en la promoción del desarrollo positivo en la infancia para la prevención temprana de la violencia en Colombia.

Aunque algunos informes identifiquen a Colombia como ejemplo de un país que ha logrado revertir los niveles crecientes de violencia, estos siguen siendo altos. Por este motivo se han convocado acciones de promoción de la convivencia y prevención de la violencia, a las cuales responde el programa que presentamos en este artículo. Este programa está basado en la perspectiva contextual-evolutiva del modelo ecológico y en la educación para la salud, tendiente al cuidado de sí en los padres o cuidadores, y al ejercicio de una crianza, centrada en los derechos de los niños, el desarrollo infantil y la promoción de la salud mental, con el fin de promover el desarrollo saludable y prevenir comportamientos agresivos en los niños; éste es presentado como una alternativa de orientación psicosocial para el fortalecimiento de estrategias y programas dirigidos a la primera infancia.

Understanding the thermal [1s,5s] hydrogen shift isomerization of ocimene.

α-Ocimene, ß-ocimenes and alloocimenes are isomeric monoterpenes occurring naturally as oils within several plants and fruits. These thermally unstable compounds are employed in the pharmaceutical and fine-chemicals industries due to their natural plant defense properties and pleasant odors. In this work, and in the context of a recent revival in attention on the subject, we provide new theoretical insights concerning the nature of the electronic reorganization driving the decomposition of cis-ß-ocimene to alloocimene. Our findings support the experimental proposal of a rearrangement via a six-membered cyclic transition state in a one-step concerted and highly synchronic process.