Left Posterior Thoracic Acoustic Window: A Forgotten Approach for Aortic Stenosis Assessment.

Accurate diagnosis of severe aortic stenosis is important for timely valve replacement. Peak aortic velocity and gradient recordings require optimal aortic jet-ultrasound beam alignment, which may be challenging in patients with poor acoustic windows due to obesity, lung disease, chest deformities, skin lesions, or surgical scars. In these clinical settings, alternative acoustic windows, notably the posterior thoracic window, can be helpful. However, in order to use the posterior thoracic window, some degree of left pleural effusion must be present.

Le diagnostic précis de la sténose aortique sévère est important pour procéder au remplacement de la valve dans un délai approprié. Les enregistrements du gradient et de la vélocité aortique maximale exigent un alignement optimal entre le flux aortique et le faisceau d'ultrasons, mais il peut s'avérer difficile chez les patients dont les fenêtres acoustiques sont mauvaises en raison de l'obésité, d'une pneumopathie, de déformations thoraciques, de lésions cutanées ou de cicatrices chirurgicales. Dans ces contextes cliniques, d'autres fenêtres acoustiques, notamment la fenêtre thoracique postérieure, peuvent être utiles. Toutefois, pour utiliser la fenêtre thoracique postérieure, un certain degré d'épanchement pleural gauche doit être présent.

Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump and Ischemic Cardiogenic Shock May Still Be a Valuable Association.

The IABP gives rise to greater myocardial perfusion by increasing the coronary pressure gradient from the aorta to the coronary circulation at a time when the aortic valve is closed [...].

Prehospital arterial hypercapnia in acute heart failure is associated with admission to acute care units and emergency room length of stay: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Acute Heart Failure (AHF) is a common condition that often presents with acute respiratory distress and requires urgent medical evaluation and treatment. Arterial hypercapnia is common in AHF and has been associated with a higher rate of intubation and non-invasive ventilation in the Emergency Room (ER), but its prognostic value has never been studied in the prehospital setting. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on the charts of all patients taken care of by a physician-staffed prehospital mobile unit between June 2016 and September 2019 in Geneva. After approval by the ethics committee, charts were screened to identify all adult patients with a diagnosis of AHF in whom a prehospital arterial blood gas (ABG) sample was drawn. The main predictor was prehospital hypercapnia. The primary outcome was the admission rate in an acute care unit (ACU, composite of intensive care and high-dependency units). Secondary outcomes were ER length of stay (LOS), orientation from ER (intensive care unit, high-dependency unit, general ward, discharge home), intubation rate at 24 h, hospital LOS and hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 106 patients with a diagnosis of AHF were analysed. Hypercapnia was found in 61 (58%) patients and vital signs were more severely altered in this group. The overall ACU admission rate was 48%, with a statistically significant difference between hypercapnic and non-hypercapnic patients (59% vs 33%, p = 0.009). ER LOS was shorter in hypercapnic patients (5.4 h vs 8.9 h, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant association between prehospital arterial hypercapnia, acute care unit admission, and ER LOS in AHF patients.

The dynamic effect of coronary artery bypass grafting on the instantaneous wave-free ratio in the collateral donor artery of a patient with chronic total occlusion.

Physiological assessment is challenging in patients with multivessel disease (MVD) with a chronic total occlusion (CTO) and may result in inappropriate treatment decisions. We report herein, for the first time to our knowledge, on the dynamic changes of the instantaneous wave-free ratio in the CTO collateral donor artery before and after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Our case highlights the paramount importance of collateral circulation when interpreting invasive indices of coronary stenosis severity to guide decision-making for CABG in MVD patients with a CTO. This may be particularly relevant to reduce the risk of early graft failure in patients with MVD undergoing CABG.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute coronary syndromes.

AIM: To assess the impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute coronary syndromes and on the delay from symptom onset to first medical contact among patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), as well as to investigate whether there were patient-related reasons related to COVID-19 for delaying first medical contact. METHODS AND RESULTS: All patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at the Geneva University Hospitals for acute coronary syndromes (ACS) during the first COVID-19 wave were compared with a control group consisting of all ACS patients who underwent PCI during the same period in 2019 and those treated in the period immediately preceding the pandemic. The primary outcome measure was the difference in the delay from symptom onset to first medical contact in the setting of STEMI between the COVID-19 period and the control period. Secondary outcome measures were the difference in ACS incidence and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients’ decisions to call the emergency services, assessed using a questionnaire. Delay from symptom onset to first medical contact was longer among patients suffering from STEMI in the COVID-19 period compared with the control period (112 min vs 60 min, p = 0.049). The incidence rate of ACS was lower during the COVID-19 period (incidence rate ratio 0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.449–0.905). ACS patients delayed their call to the emergency services mainly because of fear of contracting or spreading COVID-19 following hospital admission, as well as of adding burden to the healthcare system. CONCLUSION: We observed prolonged delays from symptom onset to first medical contact and a decline in overall ACS incidence during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a higher threshold to call for help among ACS patients.

Pathophysiology of the aortic regurgitation Doppler signal end-diastolic notching: "A-dip insight".

A 76-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with symptoms of severe decompensated heart failure. Initial echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, grade II diastolic dysfunction, and mild-to-moderate aortic regurgitation. The aortic regurgitant Doppler signal exhibited an end-diastolic notching, called an A-dip. After intravenous diuretic therapy and 3 kg weight loss, a new echocardiogram was performed showing a grade I diastolic dysfunction and complete abolishment of the A-dip. Aortic A-dip is a rare finding denoting increased LV filling pressures. Conditions that favor its occurrence are increased LV stiffness, low diastolic blood pressure, and preserved left atrial contractility.

Infective endocarditis of an aortic bioprosthesis causing life-threatening incessant junctional tachycardia: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis with paravalvular abscess can be complicated by atrioventricular block (AVB), but junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) has as yet never been described. CASE SUMMARY: A 68-year-old male recently admitted with Staphylococcal aureus endocarditis of his aortic valve bioprosthesis, presented with a regular tachycardia at 240 b.p.m. with a pre-existent right bundle branch block pattern. Haemodynamic collapse necessitated electrical cardioversion, following which high-grade AVB was observed. Multiple recurrences of the same tachycardia required repeated electrical cardioversions and emergent electrophysiological study, which indicated JET. The tachycardia was unresponsive to overdrive pacing, adenosine and intravenous amiodarone, and external cardioversions. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atrioventricular node was performed emergently with interruption of the tachycardia. A temporary external pacemaker was implanted via a jugular route. The tachycardia recurred after 48 h at a slower rate, and the patient underwent redo ablation. Transoesophageal echocardiography revealed a pseudoaneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva probably corresponding to an evacuated abscess. A permanent pacemaker was implanted after active infection had been ruled out. At 3 months of follow-up, the patient had complete AVB, without arrhythmia recurrence. DISCUSSION: This is the first case report of JET complicating a paravalvular abscess of the aortic valve with concomitant AVB. Junctional ectopic tachycardia is very rare arrhythmia which is usually seen in children as a congenital arrhythmia or following surgical correction of paediatric heart disease. The differential diagnosis is discussed in detail in the article.

Stuck Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Management of an Entrapped Rotablator Burr.

Burr entrapment remains a serious complication of rotational atherectomy. This report describes an advanced technique for the management of entrapped atherectomy burrs. Commonly strategies were unsuccessful. A chronic total occlusion angioplasty technique was used successfully: the subintimal dilation and "external crushing" plaque modification technique. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).

[Post-myocardial infarction ventricular septal defect]. / Communication interventriculaire postinfarctus du myocarde : mise au point.

Post-myocardial infarction ventricular septal defect corresponds to the rupture of the ventricular septum between the healthy and infarcted parts. It is a rare complication still associated with a high mortality rate. Its diagnostic should be evoked in case of pathologic cardiac auscultation and confirmed by emergent transthoracic echocardiography. Hemodynamic stabilisation, mainly with the insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump is the first step in the management. The subsequent modality of closure, either surgical or transcatheter, as well as the ideal timing should be discussed in the Heart team. Successful closure decreases the 30-day mortality rate to 30-40 %.

La communication interventriculaire postinfarctus du myocarde correspond à la rupture du septum interventriculaire au niveau de la transition entre les tissus sain et infarci. C'est une complication rare mais mortelle après un infarctus du myocarde. Le diagnostic est avant tout clinique et doit être évoqué en cas d'auscultation cardiaque pathologique et confirmé par une échocardiographie transthoracique réalisée en urgence. La stabilisation hémodynamique, dans la majorité des cas à l'aide d'un ballon de contre-pulsion intra-aortique, est la première étape de la prise en charge. Ensuite, la décision d'une fermeture chirurgicale ou percutanée et son timing doivent être évalués au sein du Heart team. La fermeture chirurgicale ou percutanée permet de diminuer la mortalité à 30-40 % à 30 jours.

Pre-hospital alarm activation for STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the era of transradial procedures.

BACKGROUND: Transradial access (TRA) improves outcome compared with trans-femoral access for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes. In this setting, it is unknown whether the activation of a pre-hospital alarm system (PHAS) confers additional benefit for the prognosis of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of patients with a first STEMI who underwent a primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) at a single center within a prospective cohort of acute coronary syndrome patients (SPUM-ACS). TRA was used in 85% of patients. We assessed how PHAS (n=165) vs. no-PHAS (n=166) activation was associated with the composite outcome of all-cause mortality and recurrence of myocardial infarction (MI) at 1-year follow-up. As secondary outcomes, the individual clinical endpoints were separately assessed for association. RESULTS: Compared with no-PHAS patients, patients in the PHAS group were predominantly women, and presented more frequently with dyslipidemia and cardiac arrest. A significant reduction in the composite outcome of all-cause mortality and recurrent MI at 1-year was observed in the PHAS group, compared with no-PHAS (3.6% vs. 8.5%, p=0.027). When adjusted for age, sex and resuscitation status, PHAS activation remained associated with decreased all-cause mortality and recurrent MI (HR: 0.36 [95% CI: 0.13-0.95]; p=0.040). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the benefit of PHAS activation in STEMI patients undergoing PPCI persists also in the era of TRA.

The peak of blood lactate during the first 24h predicts mortality in acute coronary syndrome patients under extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

BACKGROUND: Parameters allowing for outcome discrimination of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) complicated by refractory cardiogenic shock (CS) and/or cardio-respiratory arrest (CA) remain elusive. We aimed at evaluating the potential prognostic roles of blood and procedural parameters associated with 30-day mortality following ECMO. METHODS AND RESULTS: A group of 29 patients with ACS complicated by CS and/or CA, who underwent ECMO at a single center, was retrospectively analyzed. Eighteen patients (62%) died at 30-day follow up. "Survivors" and "non-survivors" had similar demographics, clinical and biochemical characteristics at admission, except for blood lactate peak in the first 24h that was increased in non-survivors. Procedural characteristics of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and ECMO were comparable in either group. The peak of blood lactate concentration predicted 30-day mortality independently of age, sex and ECMO duration. The cutoff value, determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, was found at 11mmol/l. CONCLUSIONS: The peak of serum lactate under ECMO in the first 24h predicted 30-day mortality in patients with ACS complicated with CS and CA.

Sharp Potential in Cavo-tricuspid Isthmus Targeted during Typical Atrial Flutter Radiofrequency Ablation.

The aim of this study was to define atrial electrograms (EGM) morphology, which could predict a conduction gap in cavo-tricuspid isthmus (CTI) during typical atrial flutter (AF) radiofrequency ablation. One hundred atrial EGM were retrospectively analysed. We demonstrated that recognising a sharp potential (short duration and high amplitude) is useful for quickly achieving CTI bi-directional block during typical AF ablation.