Asociación entre nivel de conocimiento sobre higiene postural, satisfacción laboral e incapacidad prolongada en pacientes con lumbalgia / Association between level of knowledge about postural hygiene, job satisfaction and prolonged disability in patients with low back pain

Objetivo: Determinar la satisfacción laboral y el nivel de conocimiento sobre higiene postural como factores asocia-dos a incapacidad prolongada en lumbalgia.Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico en pacientes con incapacidad temporal de trabajo por lumbalgia, se inte-graron dos grupos, pacientes con incapacidad prolongada y pacientes con incapacidad no prolongada. El tamaño de la muestra fue 120 por grupo. La satisfacción laboral se evaluó mediante el instrumento adaptado basado en el cuestionario s21/26 y S4/82, para la higiene postural se utilizó el cuestionario sobre higiene postural de Borrás. El análisis estadístico incluyó t student, mann whitney y Chi2. Resultados: No se encontró asociación entre incapacidad prolongada y satisfacción laboral, en el grupo con in-capacidad prolongada 42.5% refieren estar bastante satisfechos y en el grupo sin incapacidad prolongada la pre-valencia es 35.0% (p=0.154). En el grupo con incapacidad prolongada el nivel de conocimiento bajo sobre higiene postural es 87.5% y en el grupo sin incapacidad prolongada el porcentaje es 68.5% (p=0.000). Conclusión: La satisfacción laboral no es factor asociado con incapacidad prolongada por lumbalgia, el nivel de conocimiento sobre higiene postural es factor asociado a incapacidad prolongada por lumbalgia (AU)

Objective: To determine job satisfaction and the level of knowledge about postural hygiene as factors associated with prolonged disability in low back pain.Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study in patients with temporary work disability due to low back pain, two groups were integrated, patients with prolonged disability and patients with non-prolonged disability. The sample size was 120 per group. Job satisfaction was evaluated using the adapted instrument based on the s21/26 and S4/82 questionnaire, for postural hygiene the Borrás postural hygiene questionnaire was used. Statistical analysis includ-ed t student, Mann Whitney and Chi2.Results: No significant association was found between prolonged disability and job satisfaction. In the group with prolonged disability, 42.5% reported being quite satisfied, and in the group without prolonged disability, the prev-alence was 35.0% (p=0.154).In the group with prolonged disability, the low level of knowledge about postural hygiene is 87.5% and in the group without prolonged disability, the percentage is 68.5%, a statistically significant difference (p=0.000).Conclusion: Job satisfaction is not a factor associated with prolonged disability due to low back pain, the level of knowledge about postural hygiene is a factor associated with prolonged disability due to low back pain (AU)

Determinants of self-reported health status during COVID-19 lockdown among surveyed Ecuadorian population: A cross sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors with depression, anxiety, and self-reported health status during the COVID-19 lockdown in Ecuador. We also assessed the differences in these associations between women and men. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey between July to October 2020 to adults who were living in Ecuador between March to October 2020. All data were collected through an online survey. We ran descriptive and bivariate analyses and fitted sex-stratified multivariate logistic regression models to assess the association between explanatory variables and self-reported health status. RESULTS: 1801 women and 1123 men completed the survey. Their median (IQR) age was 34 (27-44) years, most participants had a university education (84%) and a full-time public or private job (63%); 16% of participants had poor health self-perception. Poor self-perceived health was associated with being female, having solely public healthcare system access, perceiving housing conditions as inadequate, living with cohabitants requiring care, perceiving difficulties in coping with work or managing household chores, COVID-19 infection, chronic disease, and depression symptoms were significantly and independently associated with poor self-reported health status. For women, self-employment, having solely public healthcare system access, perceiving housing conditions as inadequate, having cohabitants requiring care, having very high difficulties to cope with household chores, having COVID-19, and having a chronic disease increased the likelihood of having poor self-reported health status. For men, poor or inadequate housing, presence of any chronic disease, and depression increased the likelihood of having poor self-reported health status. CONCLUSION: Being female, having solely public healthcare system access, perceiving housing conditions as inadequate, living with cohabitants requiring care, perceiving difficulties in coping with work or managing household chores, COVID-19 infection, chronic disease, and depression symptoms were significantly and independently associated with poor self-reported health status in Ecuadorian population.

Family with systemic arterial hypertension: epidemiological profile. / Familia con hipertensión arterial sistémica: perfil epidemiológico.

The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological profile of the family with systemic arterial hypertension. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 268 families with this disease, the epidemiological profile included seven dimensions, sociodemographic, economic, family functionality, life cycle, family roles, health and use of services. The mean age of the families was 49.09 (SD: 15.57) years; 47.0% of the families had paid economic activity, 65.0% were functional, 52.4% were in the retirement and death stages, 43.1% presented obesity, in 50.0% the predominant role of the hypertensive patient was assumed by the mother, and the average annual number of family medicine consultations was 10.37 (SD: 4.31). The family with arterial hypertension is functional, although most of them are in the stage of retirement and death.

El objetivo fue determinar el perfil epidemiológico de grupos familiares con hipertensión arterial sistémica. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo en 268 familias con esta enfermedad, el perfil epidemiológico incluyó siete dimensiones: sociodemográfico, económico, funcionalidad familiar, ciclo de vida, roles familiares, salud y uso de servicios. La edad promedio de las familias fue de 49,09 (DE: 15,57) años. El 47,0% de las familias tuvieron actividad económica remunerada; el 65,0% son funcionales; en el 52,4% predominó la etapa de jubilación y muerte; en el 50,0% la madre asumió el rol predominante del paciente con hipertensión; el 43,1% de las familias presentaron obesidad y el promedio anual de consultas de medicina familiar fue de 10,37 (DE: 4,31). La familia con hipertensión arterial es funcional, no obstante la mayoría se encuentra etapa de jubilación y muerte.

La ciberviolencia en parejas jóvenes y factores predictores / Cyberviolence in young couples and predictors

Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron analizar la presencia de laciberviolencia en parejas jóvenes, explorar las asociaciones entre la ciberviolencia,la dependencia emocional, la empatía y las relaciones filio parentales, e identificarfactores predictores de la ciberviolencia. Para ello, se seleccionó una muestra deconveniencia compuesta por 469 estudiantes universitarios. Estos completaron la“Escala de violencia de pareja en las redes sociales en adolescentes” el“Instrumento de vínculo parental”, el de “Dependencia emocional en el noviazgode jóvenes y adolescentes” y la “Escala de empatía básica”. El 51,9% de la muestraafirmaba haber sufrido ciberviolencia y el 56,6% admitía haberla ejercido. Loschicos puntuaron más alto que las chicas en ciberviolencia y cibervictimización. Seencontró que a mayor nivel de estudios menos ciberviolencia y, a mayor númerode parejas, mayor posibilidad de sufrir ciberviolencia. La escasa evidencia empíricaacerca de los factores relacionados con la ciberviolencia apunta a la importancia deseguir investigando más profundamente sobre variables individuales y familiares. (AU)

The aims of this research were to analyze the presence of cyberviolence inyoung couples, to explore the associations between cyberviolence, emotionaldependence, empathy, and filioparental relationships, and to identify predictors ofcyberviolence. For this purpose, a convenience sample consisting of 469 universitystudents was selected. They completed the following measures: The AdolescentSocial Network Partner Violence Scale, the Parental Bonding Instrument, the DatingEmotional Dependence in Youth and Adolescents, and the Basic Empathy Scale.51.9% of the sample admitted to having suffered cyber-violence, and 56.6%admitted to having perpetrated it. Boys scored higher than girls on cyberviolenceand cybervictimization. It was found that the higher the level of education, thelower level of cyberviolence and the higher the number of partners, the greater thepossibility of suffering cyberviolence. The scarce empirical evidence about thefactors related to cyberviolence points to the need of further research on individualand family variables. (AU)

Familia con hipertensión arterial sistémica: perfil epidemiológico / Family with systemic arterial hypertension: epidemiological profile

RESUMEN El objetivo fue determinar el perfil epidemiológico de grupos familiares con hipertensión arterial sistémica. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo en 268 familias con esta enfermedad, el perfil epidemiológico incluyó siete dimensiones: sociodemográfico, económico, funcionalidad familiar, ciclo de vida, roles familiares, salud y uso de servicios. La edad promedio de las familias fue de 49,09 (DE: 15,57) años. El 47,0% de las familias tuvieron actividad económica remunerada; el 65,0% son funcionales; en el 52,4% predominó la etapa de jubilación y muerte; en el 50,0% la madre asumió el rol predominante del paciente con hipertensión; el 43,1% de las familias presentaron obesidad y el promedio anual de consultas de medicina familiar fue de 10,37 (DE: 4,31). La familia con hipertensión arterial es funcional, no obstante la mayoría se encuentra etapa de jubilación y muerte.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological profile of the family with systemic arterial hypertension. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 268 families with this disease, the epidemiological profile included seven dimensions, sociodemographic, economic, family functionality, life cycle, family roles, health and use of services. The mean age of the families was 49.09 (SD: 15.57) years; 47.0% of the families had paid economic activity, 65.0% were functional, 52.4% were in the retirement and death stages, 43.1% presented obesity, in 50.0% the predominant role of the hypertensive patient was assumed by the mother, and the average annual number of family medicine consultations was 10.37 (SD: 4.31). The family with arterial hypertension is functional, although most of them are in the stage of retirement and death.

Older adult psychopathology: international comparisons of self-reports, collateral reports, and cross-informant agreement.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct international comparisons of self-reports, collateral reports, and cross-informant agreement regarding older adult psychopathology. PARTICIPANTS: We compared self-ratings of problems (e.g. I cry a lot) and personal strengths (e.g. I like to help others) for 10,686 adults aged 60-102 years from 19 societies and collateral ratings for 7,065 of these adults from 12 societies. MEASUREMENTS: Data were obtained via the Older Adult Self-Report (OASR) and the Older Adult Behavior Checklist (OABCL; Achenbach et al., ). RESULTS: Cronbach's alphas were .76 (OASR) and .80 (OABCL) averaged across societies. Across societies, 27 of the 30 problem items with the highest mean ratings and 28 of the 30 items with the lowest mean ratings were the same on the OASR and the OABCL. Q correlations between the means of the 0-1-2 ratings for the 113 problem items averaged across all pairs of societies yielded means of .77 (OASR) and .78 (OABCL). For the OASR and OABCL, respectively, analyses of variance (ANOVAs) yielded effect sizes (ESs) for society of 15% and 18% for Total Problems and 42% and 31% for Personal Strengths, respectively. For 5,584 cross-informant dyads in 12 societies, cross-informant correlations averaged across societies were .68 for Total Problems and .58 for Personal Strengths. Mixed-model ANOVAs yielded large effects for society on both Total Problems (ES = 17%) and Personal Strengths (ES = 36%). CONCLUSIONS: The OASR and OABCL are efficient, low-cost, easily administered mental health assessments that can be used internationally to screen for many problems and strengths.

Vida saludable perdida por discapacidad aguda, crónica y muerte prematura en hipertensión arterial / Disability adjusted life years lost due to acute, chronic disability and premature death in arterial hypertension

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la vida saludable perdida por hipertensión arterial sin diabetes mellitus. Método: La vida saludable perdida se determinó a partir de la discapacidad crónica (enfermedad renal crónica, cardiopatía y evento vascular cerebral), la discapacidad aguda (crisis hipertensiva y emergencia hipertensiva) y la muerte prematura. Se identificaron la edad del diagnóstico, la edad de la complicación, la prevalencia de la complicación, la duración del evento agudo, el número de eventos agudos, el tiempo vivido con hipertensión, la edad de la muerte y la esperanza de vida. En todos los casos se aplicó una tasa de descuento del 3%. La estimación se realizó por 100,000. Resultados: Cuando se utilizó como referencia el total de mujeres, la vida saludable perdida en ellas es de 198,498.28. Empleando como referencia el total de hombres, el valor para ellos es de 204,232.13. Si el referente es el total de la población, para las mujeres la vida saludable perdida es de 102,028.11 y para los hombres es de 99,256.98. Conclusiones: La vida sWaludable perdida por hipertensión arterial sin diabetes es diferente en hombres y mujeres; no obstante, tiene muchas aristas que deben abordarse.

Abstract Objective: To determine the disability adjusted life years in arterial hypertension without diabetes mellitus. Method: Disability adjusted life years was determined from chronic disability (chronic kidney disease, heart disease and cerebral vascular event), acute disability (hypertensive crisis and hypertensive emergency) and premature death. Age of diagnosis, age of the complication, prevalence of the complication, duration of the acute event, number of acute events, time lived with hypertension, age of death and life expectancy were identified. In all cases a 3% discount rate was applied, the estimate was made per 100,000. Results: When the total of women was used as a reference, the disability adjusted life years in women is 198,498.28. In men, using the total number of men as a reference, the value is 204,232.13. If the referent is the total population, in women the disability adjusted life years is 102,028.11 and in men 99,256.98. Conclusions: The disability adjusted life years in arterial hypertension without diabetes is different for men and women; the topic has many edges that must be studied.

Disability adjusted life years lost due to acute, chronic disability and premature death in arterial hypertension / Vida saludable perdida por discapacidad aguda, crónica y muerte prematura en hipertensión arterial

Objective: To determine the disability adjusted life years in arterial hypertension without diabetes mellitus. Method: Disability adjusted life years was determined from chronic disability (chronic kidney disease, heart disease and cerebral vascular event), acute disability (hypertensive crisis and hypertensive emergency) and premature death. Age of diagnosis, age of the complication, prevalence of the complication, duration of the acute event, number of acute events, time lived with hypertension, age of death and life expectancy were identified. In all cases a 3% discount rate was applied, the estimate was made per 100,000. Results: When the total of women was used as a reference, the disability adjusted life years in women is 198,498.28. In men, using the total number of men as a reference, the value is 204,232.13. If the referent is the total population, in women the disability adjusted life years is 102,028.11 and in men 99,256.98. Conclusions: The disability adjusted life years in arterial hypertension without diabetes is different for men and women; the topic has many edges that must be studied.

Objetivo: Determinar la vida saludable perdida por hipertensión arterial sin diabetes mellitus. Método: La vida saludable perdida se determinó a partir de la discapacidad crónica (enfermedad renal crónica, cardiopatía y evento vascular cerebral), la discapacidad aguda (crisis hipertensiva y emergencia hipertensiva) y la muerte prematura. Se identificaron la edad del diagnóstico, la edad de la complicación, la prevalencia de la complicación, la duración del evento agudo, el número de eventos agudos, el tiempo vivido con hipertensión, la edad de la muerte y la esperanza de vida. En todos los casos se aplicó una tasa de descuento del 3%. La estimación se realizó por 100,000. Resultados: Cuando se utilizó como referencia el total de mujeres, la vida saludable perdida en ellas es de 198,498.28. Empleando como referencia el total de hombres, el valor para ellos es de 204,232.13. Si el referente es el total de la población, para las mujeres la vida saludable perdida es de 102,028.11 y para los hombres es de 99,256.98. Conclusiones: La vida sWaludable perdida por hipertensión arterial sin diabetes es diferente en hombres y mujeres; no obstante, tiene muchas aristas que deben abordarse.

Proyecto MAPEC-Salta: una nueva modalidad de atención para pacientes hipertensos en el primer nivel de atención de la ciudad de Salta, Argentina / MAPEC-Salta Project: a new care model for hypertense patients in primary health care of Salta city, Argentine

RESUMEN Introducción: La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es la primera causa de morbimortalidad cardiovascular. A menudo es una enfermedad mal controlada porque los sistemas de salud están más orientados a atender enfermedades agudas. El Ministerio de Salud de Argentina propuso un nuevo modelo de atención para pacientes hipertensos conocido como MAPEC, basado en el Modelo de cuidados crónicos. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la implementación del MAPEC en el control de la presión arterial (PA), el cuidado de las medidas higiénico-dietéticas, el conocimiento de la enfermedad y la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes hipertensos asistidos en tres centros de atención primaria de la ciudad de Salta, Argentina. Material y Métodos: Se midió la PA con tensiómetro digital automático; se evaluó el conocimiento de la HTA y la adherencia al tratamiento con los test de Batalla y Morisky-Green-Levine, respectivamente. Resultados: Se estudiaron 232 pacientes. Hubo diferencias significativas (p <0,0001) luego de la intervención en el control de la PA, el conocimiento de la enfermedad, la adherencia al tratamiento y las medidas higiénico-dietéticas. También en los promedios de PA, con una disminución de 12,97 (IC95: 9,52-16,42) mmHg en la presión sistólica y de 6,93 (IC95: 4,70-9,16) mmHg en la presión diastólica. Conclusiones: Fue evidente la mejoría en los parámetros de salud analizados en los pacientes con la implementación del MAPEC. Este modelo es de fácil aplicación y bajo costo. Además, está en consonancia con los objetivos 25×25 de la OMS, mediante los que se busca una reducción del 25% de las muertes prematuras por enfermedades cardiovasculares hacia el año 2025.

ABSTRACT Background: blood hypertension is the first cause of worldwide cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, it is a poorly controlled disease, largely because health care systems are oriented to the attention of acute diseases. The Argentine Ministry of Health proposed a new care model for hypertensive patients called MAPEC, based on the Chronic Care Model. Objective: to evaluate the impact made by the implementation of MAPEC to improve the blood pressure control, the treatment adherence and changes in life style, and disease awareness, in three primary health centers of Salta city Argentine. Methods: the blood pressure was measured with automated device, Batalla and Morisky-Green-Levine were used to evaluate the disease awareness and treatment adherence, respectively. Results: 232 patients were included. After model implementation, significant difference (p<0,0001) were found in blood pressure control, disease awareness, treatment adherence and changes in life style. There was a decrease in blood pressure average with reduction of 12,97 (IC 95: 9,52-16,42) mm Hg and 6,93 (IC 95: 4,70-9,16) mm Hg in sistolic and diastolic pressure, respectively. Conclusions: there was evident improvement in the analyzed health parameters after MAPEC implementation. This can be easily adapted for primary health centers and with low cost. This is in order with WHO 25×25 target to reduce 25% cardiovascular premature deaths in 2025.

Antecedente heredofamiliar de hipertensión (padre-madre), factor de riesgo para familia hipertensa (hijos) / Hereditary family history of hypertension (father-mother), risk factor of hypertensive family (children)

OBJETIVO: Identificar el antecedente heredofamiliar de hipertensión (padre-madre) como factor de riesgo para familia hipertensa (hijos).Diseño: Estudio de casos y controles. PARTICIPANTES: Familias con hijos mayores de 18 años, definiendo a la familia como el conjunto de hijos (unidad de análisis). MEDICIONES PRINCIPALES: Se consideró caso a la familia con al menos un hijo hipertenso (familia hipertensa); y control a la familia con hijos sin diagnóstico (familia no hipertensa). Se estudiaron 102 casos y 151 controles. El antecedente heredofamiliar de hipertensión se integró en cuatro categorías: padre hipertenso, madre hipertensa, padre y madre hipertensos y, padre y madre sin hipertensión (grupo de comparación). El análisis incluyó regresión logística múltiple y cálculo de probabilidad. RESULTADOS: El modelo que mejor explicó la hipertensión incluye antecedente heredofamiliar (padre y madre) y edad de la familia (p = 0,001) y= -7,754 +1,428 (padre y madre hipertensos) +0,144 (edad de la familia). Cuando el promedio de edad de la familia es 50 años y existe el antecedente de padre y madre con hipertensión, la probabilidad de que al menos uno de los hijos tenga hipertensión es 70,6 %, con la ausencia de padre y madre hipertensos la probabilidad es 36,5 %. CONCLUSIONES: El antecedente de padre y madre hipertensos asociados con la edad promedio de la familia (hijos) es un factor de riesgo para familia hipertensa (hijos)

OBJECTIVE: To identify the hereditary family history of hypertension (father-mother) as a risk factor for hypertensive family (children). Design: Case-control study. PARTICIPANTS: Families with children over 18, defining the family as the group of children (unit of analysis). MAIN MEASURES: We considered case families when at least one child was hypertensive (hy-pertensive family). We considered control families those whose children had no diagnosis (non-hypertensive family). 102 cases and 151 controls were studied. The hereditary family history of hypertension was divided into four categories: hypertensive father, hypertensive mother, hyper-tensive father and mother, and non-hypertensive father and mother (comparison group). The analysis included multiple logistic regression and probability estimates. RESULTS: The model that best explained hypertension includes hereditary family history (father and mother) and age of the family (p=0.001). y= -7.754 + 1.428 (hypertensive father and mother) +0.144 (age of the family). When the average age of the family is 50 and there is a history of hypertensive father and mother, the probability that at least one of the children is hypertensive is 70.6 %; in the case of non-hypertensive father and mother, the probability is 36.5 %. CONCLUSIONS: A history of hypertensive father and mother associated with the average age of the family (children) is a risk factor for hypertensive family (children)

The generalizability of Older Adult Self-Report (OASR) syndromes of psychopathology across 20 societies.

OBJECTIVES: As the world population ages, psychiatrists will increasingly need instruments for measuring constructs of psychopathology that are generalizable to diverse elders. The study tested whether syndromes of co-occurring problems derived from self-ratings of psychopathology by US elders would fit self-ratings by elders in 19 other societies. METHODS/DESIGN: The Older Adult Self-Report (OASR) was completed by 12 826 adults who were 60 to 102 years old in 19 societies from North and South America, Asia, and Eastern, Northern, Southern, and Western Europe, plus the United States. Individual and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) tested the fit of the seven-syndrome OASR model, consisting of the Anxious/Depressed, Worries, Somatic Complaints, Functional Impairment, Memory/Cognition Problems, Thought Problems, and Irritable/Disinhibited syndromes. RESULTS: In individual CFAs, the primary model fit index showed good fit for all societies, while the secondary model fit indices showed acceptable to good fit. The items loaded strongly on their respective factors, with a median item loading of .63 across 20 societies, and 98.7% of the loadings were statistically significant. In multigroup CFAs, 98% of items demonstrated approximate or full metric invariance. Fifteen percent of items demonstrated approximate or full scalar invariance, and another 59% demonstrated scalar invariance across more than half of societies. CONCLUSIONS: The findings supported the generalizability of OASR syndromes across societies. The seven syndromes offer empirically based clinical constructs that are relevant for elders of different backgrounds. They can be used to assess diverse elders and as a taxonomic framework to facilitate communication, services, research, and training in geriatric psychiatry.

Zinc Supplementation Promotes a Th1 Response and Improves Clinical Symptoms in Fewer Hours in Children With Pneumonia Younger Than 5 Years Old. A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Background: Pneumonia caused 704,000 deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2015. Zinc is an important micronutrient due to its role in immune function. Since 2004, WHO recommends zinc supplementation for children with diarrhea to shorten the duration and decrease severity. Zinc supplementation for children with pneumonia is controversial. Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted, and 103 children 1 month to 5 years old with pneumonia were included. Zinc or placebo was given during hospitalization. Clinical symptoms were recorded, and a blood draw was obtained to determine serum zinc levels, lymphoproliferation, and cytokines at hospitalization and at discharge of the patient; a nasal wash was obtained to detect viral or bacterial pathogens by multiplex RT-PCR. Results: Zinc supplementation improved in fewer hours the clinical status (76 ± 7 vs. 105 ± 8, p = 0.01), the respiratory rate (37 ± 6 vs. 57 ± 7, p = 0.04), and the oxygen saturation (53 ± 7 vs. 87 ± 9, p = 0.007) compared to the placebo group. An increase in IFNγ and IL-2 after treatment in the zinc group was observed. Conclusions: Zinc supplementation improved some clinical symptoms in children with pneumonia in fewer hours and induced a cellular immune response. Clinical Trial Registration: The trial was retrospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03690583, URL https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03690583?term=zinc+children&cond=Pneumonia&draw=2&rank=1.

Relación entre hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores / Relationship between hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2 with cognitive impairment of older adults

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con el deterioro cognitivo de adultos mayores de un centro comunitario en Chile. Método: Estudio correlacional de corte transversal. La muestra correspondió a 80 adultos mayores. Se aplicó un cuestionario recolector de datos y el instrumento Mini-Examen del Estado Mental (MMSE). Resultados: la puntuación media obtenida en el MMSE fue de 25,04 ± 3,84 puntos. Se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre la puntuación obtenida en el MMSE con las variables edad, sexo, nivel socioeconómico, nivel educacional, situación de pareja y tener diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Conclusión: Es importante que el equipo sanitario pueda proteger el acceso a la atención médica en este grupo etario, favoreciendo la adherencia a los controles y tratamientos, tanto de enfermedades no transmisibles como evaluaciones del estado mental, con derivaciones oportunas, favoreciendo instancias de estimulación cognitiva

Objective: To determine the relationship between hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus with the cognitive deterioration of older adults of a community center in Chile. Methods: Cross-sectional correlation study. The sample corresponded to 80 older adults. A data collection questionnaire and the MiniMental State Examination (MMSE) were applied. Results: The average score obtained in the MMSE was 25.04 ± 3.84 points. We found statistically significant relationship between scores obtained in the MMSE with the variables age, sex, socioeconomic level, educational level, partner situation and possess diabetes mellitus type 2. Conclusion: It is important that the health team can protect the access of healthcare in this age group, favoring the adherence to the controls and treatments, both of noncommunicable diseases, as assessments of the mental state, with derivations Opportune, favoring instances of cognitive stimulation

Costo directo de la atención médica en pacientes con gonartrosis / Direct cost of medical care in patients with gonarthrosis

OBJETIVO: Determinar el costo de la atención médica en pacientes con gonartrosis. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de costos en pacientes mayores de 40 años con diagnóstico de gonartrosis realizado de acuerdo a la clasificación radiológica de Kellgren y Lawrence. El costo promedio anual (euros) construido a partir del costo unitario y el uso promedio se estimó para medicina familiar, pruebas de imagen, laboratorio, electrodiagnóstico, ortopedia, hospitalización, terapia física, quirófano, nutrición, valoración prequirúrgica y medicamentos. Se realizaron proyecciones basadas en supuestos para 3 escenarios. RESULTADOS: Predomina el grado 2 de gonartosis con 39,7% (IC 95%; 33,8-45,6). El costo anual de la atención del paciente con gonartrosis en el escenario promedio es 108.87 euros (€), en el escenario bajo 86.73€ y en el escenario alto 132.60€. Para una población de 119.530.753 habitantes, con 10.937.064 pacientes que cursan con gonartrosis, el costo anual en el escenario promedio es 1.190.685,273€ y representa el 4,48% del gasto en salud. CONCLUSIÓN: El costo promedio anual de la gonartrosis es relativamente bajo, pero al relacionarlo con la prevalencia y la tendencia de la prevalencia se puede convertir en un serio problema para los servicios de salud

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost of medical care in patients with gonarthrosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cost study in patients over 40 years of age with gonarthrosis, diagnosed according to the radiological classification of Kellgren and Lawrence. The average annual cost (euros) was estimated taking the unit cost plus average use of services such as family medicine, imaging, laboratory, electrodiagnosis, orthopedics, hospitalization, physical therapy, surgery, nutrition, preoperative assessment and medication. Projections based on assumptions were made for three scenarios. RESULTS: Grade 2 gonarthrosis predominated at 39.7% (95% confidence interval, 33.8 - 45.6). The annual cost of care for a patient with gonarthrosis was €108.87 in the intermediate scenario, €86.73 in the lower cost scenario and €132.60 in the higher cost scenario. For a population of 119,530,753 inhabitants, with 10,937,064 gonarthrosis patients, the annual cost in the intermediate scenario was €1,190,685,273 and represented 4.48% of the health expenditure. CONCLUSION: The average annual cost of gonarthrosis is relatively low, but when related to prevalence and prevalence trends, it can become a serious problem for health services

Direct cost of medical care in patients with gonarthrosis. / Costo directo de la atención médica en pacientes con gonartrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost of medical care in patients with gonarthrosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cost study in patients over 40 years of age with gonarthrosis, diagnosed according to the radiological classification of Kellgren and Lawrence. The average annual cost (euros) was estimated taking the unit cost plus average use of services such as family medicine, imaging, laboratory, electrodiagnosis, orthopedics, hospitalization, physical therapy, surgery, nutrition, preoperative assessment and medication. Projections based on assumptions were made for three scenarios. RESULTS: Grade 2 gonarthrosis predominated at 39.7% (95% confidence interval, 33.8 - 45.6). The annual cost of care for a patient with gonarthrosis was €108.87 in the intermediate scenario, €86.73 in the lower cost scenario and €132.60 in the higher cost scenario. For a population of 119,530,753 inhabitants, with 10,937,064 gonarthrosis patients, the annual cost in the intermediate scenario was €1,190,685,273 and represented 4.48% of the health expenditure. CONCLUSION: The average annual cost of gonarthrosis is relatively low, but when related to prevalence and prevalence trends, it can become a serious problem for health services.

Cravings, sugar and fat consumption as determinant factors of obesity in young adults in Juarez City.

INTRODUCTION: obesity is a global health epidemic and understanding its causes is essential for successful treatment and prevention. Cravings have been associated with the excessive consumption of sugars and fats, and addictive eating behavior. OBJECTIVE: to determine the strength of the relationship between cravings, the consumption of sugar and fat, and its impact on body composition as determined via body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP) and waist circumference (WC) in a sample of Mexicans who reside close to the México-U.S. border. METHODS: the sample was comprised of 159 young adults with a mean age of 27.96 ± 6.19, 45.9% of which were male, and all residents of Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Cravings were measured using Trait and State Food Cravings Questionnaires. The consumption of sugars and fats was determined via a 24-hour recall of foods consumed and a food consumption frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: it was demonstrated that BMI and BFP were positively associated with responses to the craving questionnaires and WC with fat consumption. Additionally, higher fat consumption was positively associated with higher rates of obesity. CONCLUSIONS: the results demonstrate the need to identify the presence of cravings and integrate such measures for effective prevention and treatment of obesity.

Cravings, sugar and fat consumption as determinant factors of obesity in young adults in juarez city / Craving, ingesta de azúcares y grasas como determinantes de la obesidad en adultos jóvenes de Ciudad Juárez

Introduction: obesity is a global health epidemic and understanding its causes is essential for successful treatment and prevention. Cravings have been associated with the excessive consumption of sugars and fats, and addictive eating behavior. Objective: to determine the strength of the relationship between cravings, the consumption of sugar and fat, and its impact on body composition as determined via body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP) and waist circumference (WC) in a sample of Mexicans who reside close to the México-U.S. border. Methods: the sample was comprised of 159 young adults with a mean age of 27.96 ± 6.19, 45.9% of which were male, and all residents of Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Cravings were measured using Trait and State Food Cravings Questionnaires. The consumption of sugars and fats was determined via a 24-hour recall of foods consumed and a food consumption frequency questionnaire. Results: it was demonstrated that BMI and BFP were positively associated with responses to the craving questionnaires and WC with fat consumption. Additionally, higher fat consumption was positively associated with higher rates of obesity. Conclusions: the results demonstrate the need to identify the presence of cravings and integrate such measures for effective prevention and treatment of obesity

Introducción: la obesidad es una enfermedad heterogénea, por lo que reconocer su origen es esencial para el tratamiento. El craving ha sido relacionado con el consumo excesivo de azúcares y grasas y conductas alimentarias adictivas. Objetivo: investigar la relación entre el craving y la ingesta de azucares y grasas, así como su impacto sobre la composición corporal, determinada por el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC) y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Método: la muestra estuvo constituida por 159 adultos jóvenes, hombres (45.9%) y mujeres (54.1%), residentes de Ciudad Juárez, cuya media de edad fue de 27.96 ± 6.19. Se utilizó el Food Cravings Questionnaires Trait y State para determinar la presencia de craving. Para el análisis de la dieta se utilizaron recordatorio de 24 horas y cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que el IMC y el PGC se relacionan con conductas de craving y la CC, con el consumo de grasa. Además, el consumo de grasa se mostró como un factor de riesgo para la obesidad. Conclusiones: se sugiere la necesidad de determinar la presencia de craving y el consumo de grasas para prevenir o tratar eficazmente la obesidad

Manejo terapéutico de la sintomatología climatérica

La menopausia ha sido definida por la Sociedad Internacional de Menopausia como el cese permanente de la menstruación en la mujer, suceso determinado por la disminución de la producción hormonal. Trae consigo, por una parte, una sintomatología que interfiere en la calidad de vida de la mujer, la cual incluye síntomas vasomotores, psíquicos, atrofia urogenital; y, por otra, cambios metabólicos que implican aumento del riesgo de enfermedades crónicas como las enfermedades cardiovasculares y la osteoporosis. Con el progresivo aumento de la esperanza de vida, los grupos de mayor edad comienzan a ser parte importante de la población mundial. Por lo tanto, el manejo clínico de la posmenopausia pasa a ser un problema relevante de salud pública. Tiene como objetivo mejorar la calidad de vida y disminuir el riesgo de enfermedades crónicas. Para medir la existencia de síntomas y signos asociados a la menopausia se puede utilizar la Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), escala que permite evaluar la intensidad de la sintomatología. Se debe valorar además el riesgo cardiovascular y de osteoporosis. El tratamiento incluye mejorar los estilos de vida, el uso de terapia hormonal y de terapias para las comorbilidades. Estas orientaciones tienen como objetivo ser una ayuda para el médico al momento de evaluar a una mujer en este periodo de la vida. Se han basado principalmente en las 'Orientaciones Técnicas para la atención integral de la mujer en edad de climaterio en el nivel primario de red de salud' del Programa de Salud de la Mujer, Ministerio de Salud, Chile. Sin embargo, son solo orientaciones; cada decisión terapéutica debe ser siempre individualizada acorde a las características particulares de cada paciente.

Menopause has been defined by the International Menopause Society as the permanent cessation of menstruation in women, an event determined by the decrease in hormonal production. On one hand, the associated symptomatology interferes with the quality of life of the woman, and includes vasomotor and psychic symptoms and urogenital atrophy; on the other hand, metabolic changes that imply an increase in the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. With the progressive increase in life expectancy, the older groups begin to be an important part of the world population. Therefore, the clinical management of the postmenopause becomes a relevant public health problem. Its objective is to improve the quality of life and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) is a scale to assess the existence and intensity of symptoms. Cardiovascular risk and osteoporosis should also be assessed. Treatment includes improving lifestyle, the use of hormonal therapy and therapies for comorbidities. These guidelines are intended to be an aid to the physician when evaluating a woman in this period of life. They have been based mainly on the "Technical Guidelines for the comprehensive care of women of climacteric age at the primary level of the health network" of the Women's Health Program, Ministry of Health, Chile. However, they are only orientations. Every therapeutic decision should be individualized according to the particular characteristics of each patient.

Incidencia de infecciones cervicovaginales diagnosticadas por citología y no tratadas médicamente / Incidence of cervicovaginal infections diagnosed by cytology and not treated medically

Resumen ANTECEDENTES El principal cometido de la citología cervicovaginal es la detección de células malignas seguido del diagnóstico de infecciones cervicovaginales. OBJETIVO Determinar la incidencia de infecciones cervicovaginales diagnosticadas por citología y no tratadas médicamente. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Estudio transversal y descriptivo, efectuado en pacientes de una unidad médica de la ciudad de Querétaro, México, con diagnóstico de infección cervicovaginal establecido mediante citología. Parámetros de medición, bacterias detectadas, prescripción o no de tratamiento y seguimiento médico. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron intervalos de confianza y el cálculo de la probabilidad de ocurrencia del evento mediante distribución binomial. RESULTADOS En la unidad médica se registraron 260 reportes de citología cervicovaginal. El promedio de gérmenes por reporte de citología fue de 1.9 (IC95%: 1.8-1.9), sobre todo bacterias 98.1% (IC95%: 96.4-99.8). No se entregaron resultados a 81.9% (IC 95%; 77.2-86.6) de las pacientes, ni recibieron tratamiento 84.9% (IC95%; 80.5-89.3). De 10 estudios de citología con resultado de infección cervicovaginal, la probabilidad de que a 3 pacientes no se les entreguen resultados es de 17.5% y que no reciban o se establezca tratamiento de 13.1%. CONCLUSIÓN La incidencia de infecciones cervicovaginales diagnosticadas por citología y no tratadas médicamente es alta.

Abstract BACKGROUND The main objective of cervicovaginal cytology is detection of malignant cells, however it has also proved very useful in the diagnosis of cervicovaginal infections. OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of cervicovaginal infections diagnosed by cytology and not treated medically. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional descriptive study in women with cervicovaginal cytology who reported infection. The sample size was 260 reports, and the sampling technique was randomized systematized. The delivery of the result, the presence of treatment and the follow-up were identified. Statistical analysis included averages, percentages, confidence intervals and calculation of probability of occurrence. RESULTS The average of germs found in each cytology report is 1.9 (95%CI: 1.8-1.9), bacteria are the most frequent germ 98% (95%CI: 96.4-99.8). Results were not given to 81.9% (95%CI: 77.2-86.6) of the population and did not receive treatment in 84.9% (95%CI: 80.5-89.3). In a group of 10 cervicovaginal cytology studies with infection results, the probability that exactly 3 patients will not be given the results is 17.5%, and the probability that exactly 3 patients will not be treated is 13.1%. CONCLUSION The incidence of cervicovaginal infections diagnosed by cytology and untreated medically is high.

Proyecto MAPEC-Salta / MAPEC-Salta project

INTRODUCCIÓN La HTA crónica no está bien atendida por el sistema de salud. El Ministerio de Salud de la Nación propuso un nuevo modelo para la atención de las personas con enfermedades crónicas (MAPEC). OBJETIVOS Evaluar el impacto de la implementación del MAPEC en pacientes hipertensos de 3 Centros de Atención Primaria de la Salud (CAPS) de Salta, de junio-2018 a enero-2019. METODOS Estudio cuasi experimental de serie de medidas repetidas, con un control externo no equivalente (3 CAPS No MAPEC). Los pacientes fueron hipertensos medicados (≥18 años), excluyendo embarazadas e HTA secundaria. Se implementaron los 6 componentes del MAPEC (CAPS MAPEC). La PA se midió con tensiómetros digitales validados según las guías de práctica clínica. RESULTADOS Grupo MAPEC; 232 pacientes (Edad media 58,01 ± 10,7 años; 35,34% masculinos); grupo No MAPEC; 342 pacientes (Edad media 61,58 ± 13,7 años; 53,5% masculinos). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en todas las variables, antes y después del MAPEC, salvo en sobrepeso/obesidad. Hubo diferencias significativas en el control de la PA, entre MAPEC y No MAPEC (76,72% vs 57,6%; p <0,0001). Entre MAPEC inicio y final, hubo una disminución del promedio de PA sistólica (PAS) de 12,97 mm de Hg; y del promedio de PA diastólica (PAD) de 6,94 mm de Hg. Entre MAPEC final y No MAPEC esta disminución fue de 7,18 mm de Hg y de 1,17 mm de Hg. DISCUSIÓN Hubo diferencias significativas en el control de la PA y las variables analizadas luego de 8 meses de la implementación del MAPEC. Esto se reforzó por el hallazgo de diferencias significativas en la PA controlada con respecto a los CAPS No MAPEC. Los resultados pueden estar influenciados por sesgos y por la pérdida de seguimiento (28%), sin embargo las pruebas estadísticas tuvieron la potencia suficiente para detectar diferencias significativas entre grupos. La implementación del MAPEC fue posible con los recursos de los CAPS y puede constituir un gran aporte para el control de la HTA