Escala de estrategias de enfrentamento para cuidadores primarios informales de pacientes con cáncer / Scale for coping strategies for informal caregivers of patients with cancer

Objetivo: Analizar propiedades psicométricas de un nuevo instrumento válido y confiable, que evalúa las estrategias de enfrentamiento en cuidadores primarios informales (CPI) de pacientes oncológicos. El Instrumento de Estrategias de Enfrentamiento en Cuidadores Primarios Informales (IEECPI), consta de 2 factores (Dirigido a la emoción) y 3 indicadores (Dirigido al problema). Método: Se evaluó a 20 CPI de pacientes oncológicos mediante un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas, para obtener información sobre la conceptualización de las dimensiones teóricas de las estrategias de enfrentamiento obteniendo 216 indicadores, agrupados en dos categorías (Dirigido a la emoción y al problema), de los cuales se generaron 55 reactivos que se aplicaron a 255 CPI. Una vez obtenidos los datos se siguió el procedimiento propuesto por Nunnally y Bernstein (1994) y el de Reyes-Lagunes, García y Barragán (2008) que consiste en: Análisis de frecuencia de cada reactivo, para conocer el tipo de distribución predominante, discriminación y direccionalidad de los reactivos, confiabilidad inicial, análisis de correlación, análisis factorial y confiabilidad total y por factores. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que de los 55 reactivos iniciales, posterior al análisis estadístico, finalmente se obtuvieron 15 reactivos divididos en 2 factores (Dirigido a la emoción evitativo y Dirigido a la emoción emocional negativo) y 3 indicadores (Dirigido al problema directo, Dirigido al problema revaluación cognitiva positiva y Revaluación cognitiva negativa). Conclusión: El IEECPI, es un instrumento válido, confiable y culturalmente relevante para evaluar estrategias de enfrentamiento en CPI de pacientes oncológicos y detectar necesidades con necesidad de intervención (AU)

Objective: Analize the psychometric properties of a new instrument valid and reliable instrument, which assesses the coping strategies in informal primary caregivers (IPC) of patients with cancer. The Instrument of Coping Strategies in Primary Informal Caregivers (IEECPI), consists in 2 factors (EmotionFocused) and 3 indicators (Problem-Focused). Method: Has been evaluated 20 IPC cancer patients with a questionnaire of open questions, to get information about the conceptualization of the theoretical dimensions of the coping strategies, been getting 216 indicators, that were grouped in two categories: Focused emotion and Focused problem, of which 55 reagents that were applied to 255 IPC were generated. Once the data proposed by Nunnally and Bernstein (1994) y el de Reyes-Lagunes, García y Barragán (2008) procedure is followed: frequency analysis of each item, to determine the predominant type of distribution, discrimination and directionality item, starting reliability, correlation analysis, factor analysis and full and reliability factors. Results: The results show that the 55 items at the begging, after statistical analysis, finally 15 items divided into two factors (Appraisal Focused strategies to the avoidant emotion and focused to the negative emotion emotional) and 3 indicators (Focused- problem were obtained focused problem positive and negative cognitive, appraisal cognitive). Conclusion: The IEECPI, it is a valid, reliable and culturally relevant to evaluate coping strategies in ICP of cancer patients and identify needs of intervention instrument (AU)

[Face-to-face education to optimize knowledge in patients initiating oral anticoagulant treatment (OAT)]. / Intervención educativa individualizada (IEI) cara a cara para optimizar el conocimiento de pacientes que inician tratamiento anticoagulante oral (TAO).

BACKGROUND: Insufficient knowledge of patients about oral anticoagulants that they have been prescribed is recognized as a risk factor for adverse effects. Education of patients under oral anticoagulation may improve quality and control of anticoagulant treatment; limitations of educational interventions include lack of assessment of patients' knowledge. Our goal was to determine the effect of an individualized educational intervention on knowledge of patients who recently started treatment with oral anticoagulants, to assess patients' knowledge, and to analyze factors associated with knowledge acquisition. METHODS: In 49 consecutive patients attending a thrombosis clinic who initiated or re-initiated oral anticoagulant treatment, knowledge about the treatment was assessed by means of a validated questionnaire, before an individualized, face-to-face educational intervention, and at least four weeks after. Educational intervention started after the questionnaire had been answered by patients for the first time. RESULTS: Knowledge level increased by about 50%; the improvement was higher in patients with more years in school. DISCUSSION: Timely acquisition of knowledge about oral anticoagulant drugs is optimized with interventions provided earlier during the patients' treatment. Assessment of knowledge should be performed and instruction should be adapted to patient characteristics such as level of education and availability to receive education.

Validación Psicométrica de la Adaptación Mexicana del Child Feeding Questionnaire / Psychometric Validation of the Mexican Adaptation of the Child Feeding Questionnaire

Resumen: El cuestionario de alimentación infantil (CFQ) desarrollado por Birch, Fisher, Grimm-Thomas, Markey, y Sawyer, (2001) es un instrumento ampliamente utilizado para evaluar las creencias, actitudes y prácticas alrededor de la alimentación infantil, sin embargo no se conocen sus propiedades psicométrias en población mexicana. El objetivo del presente estudio fue probar la confiabilidad y validez de constructo de la versión modificada del CFQ en población mexicana. Previo a la evaluación de las características psicométricas, la escala fue traducida al español, usando el método de traducción retraducción, a partir del cual se hicieron modificaciones a algunos ítems, para hacerlos culturalmente adecuados y se agregaron tres nuevos ítems. Participaron un total de 1157 mujeres con hijos de 5 a 12 años de edad. Se obtuvo una confiabilidad a través del coeficiente alpha de Cronbach de .858. Se confirmó la validez de constructo, a través del análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación varimax, del cual se obtuvieron ocho factores que explican 59.99% de varianza. Se obtuvo un KMO de .785 y una Chi-cuadrada de 6400.172, p<.001. La presente versión muestra ser lingüística, culturalmente y psicométricamente apropiada para evaluar las prácticas, creencias y actitudes parentales hacia la alimentación infantil en madres mexicanas de niños de 5 a 11 años de edad.

Abstract: The Child Feeding Questionnaire developed by Birch, Fisher, Grimm-Thomas, Markey, & Sawyer, (2001) is a widely used mesurement to assess beliefs, actitudes and practices around child feeding. However, the psychometric characteristics of the CFQ for use with Mexican populations are unknown. The pupose of this stuydy was to test the reliability and validity of a modified version of the CFQ in mexican population. Prior to testing psychometric characteristics, the questionnaire was traslated into spanish usign a traslation-back-traslation method. Some adaptation were made, in order to make them culturally appropriate. Also three new items were added. The questionnaire was administered to 1157 mexican mothers of children aged 5-12 years. Constuct validity was assessed by principal componet factor analysis with varimax rotation, revealed the presence of eight major factors, which explain 59.99% of variance. Reliability was tested by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and was aceptable for the eigth factors (a: .858). This modified eight factor CFQ appears to be a linguistically, and culturally appropriate instrument for assessing practices, attitudes and parental feeding beliefs in Mexican mother of 5 to12 years children.

Sentido de comunidad en el barrio: una propuesta para su medición / Sense of community: A proposal for its assessment

Resumen El sentido de comunidad es un constructo en torno al cual existen importantes discusiones en la actualidad. Los estilos de vida, prácticas de consumo y cambios culturales en las ciudades globales cuestionan las nociones tradicionales de comunidad y plantean el reto de una restructuración teórica. Las nociones tradicionales del sentido de comunidad no parecen ser consonantes con las percepciones de la gente y sus maneras de relacionarse con los demás en las ciudades. Es importante hacer una revisión del marco teórico, realizar estudios exploratorios y proponer instrumentos de medición para comprender y explicar la naturaleza de las comunidades en las ciudades contemporáneas. Hiernaux (2001) y Krause (2001) proponen reconsiderar las nociones de comunidad y sentido de comunidad y redefinir dichos constructos de forma operacional y útil. Krause (2001) propuso una estrutura mínima del sentido de comunidad que incluye como componentes la pertenencia, la interrelación y la cultura común. El propósito de este estudio es contribuir desde la psicometría al abordaje del sentido de comunidad en la Ciudad de México. Se diseñó y validó psicométricamente una escala de 39 reactivos con opciones de respuesta tipo Likert. Se llevaron a cabo análisis para conocer el poder discriminativo de los reactivos, se calculó el índice de confiabilidad y la estructura factorial válida para la población de la Ciudad de México. Se trabajó con 2 muestras, una para el análisis factorial exploratorio (N = 202) y otra para el análisis factorial confirmatorio (N = 218). Se concluyó con una escala culturalmente relevante, con validez de constructo, constituida por 9 reactivos organizados unifactorialmente, con un índice de confiabilidad α = 0.95 y una varianza explicada del 46.11%.

Abstract Sense of community is a subject rounded by a lot of discussions about. Nowadays, lifestyles, consumption practices and cultural changes in global cities make difficult to define sense of community. Traditional notions seem not to agree with people's perceptions and ways of connect with each other in the city. It is necessary to review theoretical framework, to conduct exploratory studies and to propose assessment scales in order to understand and explain the nature of the communities in contemporary cities. Hiernaux (2001) and Krause (2001) propose to reconsider community and sense of community notions and redefine it in an operational and useful way. A minimal structure for sense of community has been defined by Krause (2001) which includes belonging, interconnection and common culture. Considering Krause's proposal and results of a previous exploratory study in Mexico City a Likert scale was developed. The main purpose is to contribute to evaluation of sense of community in the city. The original 39 items scale was applied to a sample of 202 Mexico City's in habitants to obtain its psychometrical validation, 50% were woman and 50% were men from 143 different neighborhoods. A proper analysis took place to learn about items discriminative power, reliability and valid factorial structure. Subsequently a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to verify if the structure obtained from the Principal Component Analysis was correct, and a good fit was achieved (df = 26, x2 = 37.57, p = .066; CFI = .981; RMSEA = .045), the sample for the confirmatory factor analysis was of 218 Mexico City's inhabitants, 50% were woman and 50% were men from 90 different neighborhoods. Final scale is constitute for 9 items structured in a single factor with a reliability index of α= .85. Neighborhood's sense of community scale is a brief, with criteria validity and culturally outstanding scale.

[Motivation and learning strategies in pediatric residents]. / Motivación y estrategias de aprendizaje en residentes de pediatría.

BACKGROUND: Motivation is an internal mood that moves individuals to act, points them in certain directions, and maintains them in activities, playing a very important role in self-regulated learning and academic performance. Our objective was to evaluate motivation and self-regulation of knowledge in pediatric residents in a third-level hospital, and to determine if there are differences according to the type of specialty and sociodemographic variables. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All residents who agreed to participate responded to the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. Cronbach alpha was performed to determine reliability. The mean value of each subscale was compared with Student's t test or ANOVA, correlation of subscales with Pearson test. A value of p≤0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: We included 118 residents. The questionnaire was highly reliable (α=0.939). There were no significant differences in motivation or learning strategies according to sex, marital status, or age. Those residents studying a second or third specialization had significantly higher scores in elaboration, critical thinking, and peer learning. There were significant correlations between intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy with the development of knowledge strategies such as elaboration, critical thinking, and metacognitive self-regulation. CONCLUSIONS: Our students present average-to-high scores of motivation and knowledge strategies, with a significant difference according to type of specialization. There is a high correlation between motivation and knowledge strategies.

Adaptation of the BDI-II in Mexico / Adaptación del IDB-II en México

BACKGROUND: The number of Spanish-speaking individuals and immigrants in the United States has risen dramatically and is projected to continue to rise. The availability of appropriately translated and validated measurement instruments, such as the Beck Depression Inventory, is a priority for researchers and clinicians in the U.S. and Mexico, where the first edition of the BDI is still prominently used.OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to pilot a Mexican adaptation of the BDI-II and report its initial psychometric characteristics.METHOD: Two samples were used: students from across Mexico and community adults from Mexico City. Descriptives and internal consistency, in addition to convergent, discriminant, and structural validity were considered.RESULTS: Results indicated that the translation was easily understood by most individuals. It had an adequate internal consistency, a three-factor structure (negative attitude, performance difficulties, and somatic elements) and the best fit.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Implications and future directions for use with Spanish speakers of Mexican origin are discussed.

ANTECEDENTES: El número de hispanohablantes en los Estados Unidos ha aumentado drásticamente y va a seguir aumentando. El desarrollo de instrumentos de medición, como el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (IDB) es una prioridad para los investigadores y clínicos en los Estados Unidos. Este es también una prioridad en México, donde la primera edición del IDB, debidamente traducida y validada, se utiliza todavía de manera prominente.OBJETIVO: El propósito de este estudio fue desarrollar una traducción mexicana del IDB-II e informar de sus características psicométricas.MÉTODO: Fueron utilizadas dos muestras: estudiantes de todo México y adultos de la comunidad del Distrito Federal. Las estadísticas incluyeron descriptivos, consistencia interna, validez convergente, validez discriminante y validez estructural.RESULTADOS: Los resultados indicaron que la mayoría de los individuos entendió fácilmente la traducción. Ésta tuvo una consistencia interna adecuada, una estructura de tres factores (actitud negativa, dificultades de rendimiento y elementos somáticos) y un mejor ajuste.DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: Se discuten las implicaciones para el uso con hispanohablantes de origen mexicano.

Coping strategies for health and daily-life stressors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout: STROBE-compliant article.

This article aims to identify the strategies for coping with health and daily-life stressors of Mexican patients with chronic rheumatic disease. We analyzed the baseline data of a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and gout. Their strategies for coping were identified with a validated questionnaire. Comparisons between health and daily-life stressors and between the 3 clinical conditions were made. With regression analyses, we determined the contribution of individual, socioeconomic, educational, and health-related quality-of-life variables to health status and coping strategy. We identified several predominant coping strategies in response to daily-life and health stressors in 261 patients with RA, 226 with AS, and 206 with gout. Evasive and reappraisal strategies were predominant when patients cope with health stressors; emotional/negative and evasive strategies predominated when coping with daily-life stressors. There was a significant association between the evasive pattern and the low short-form health survey (SF-36) scores and health stressors across the 3 diseases. Besides some differences between diagnoses, the most important finding was the predominance of the evasive strategy and its association with low SF-36 score and high level of pain in patients with gout. Patients with rheumatic diseases cope in different ways when confronted with health and daily-life stressors. The strategy of coping differs across diagnoses; emotional/negative and evasive strategies are associated with poor health-related quality of life. The identification of the coping strategies could result in the design of psychosocial interventions to improve self-management.

Adaptation of the BDI-II in Mexico.

The number of Spanish-speaking individuals and immigrants in the United States has risen dramatically and is projected to continue to rise. The availability of appropriately translated and validated measurement instruments, such as the Beck Depression Inventory, is a priority for researchers and clinicians in the U.S. and Mexico, where the first edition of the BDI is still prominently used. The purpose of this study was to pilot a Mexican adaptation of the BDI-II and report initial psychometric characteristics. Two samples were used: students from across Mexico and community adults from Mexico City. Results indicated that the translation was easily understood by most individuals, had adequate internal consistency, and a three-factor structure (negative attitude, performance difficulties, and somatic elements) had the best fit. Implications for use with Mexican-origin Spanish speakers are discussed.

El número de Hispano-hablantes en los Estados Unidos ha aumentado dramáticamente y va a seguir aumentando. El desarrollo de instrumentos de medición, como el inventario de depresión de Beck (IDB), debidamente traducido y validado, es una prioridad para los investigadores y los clínicos en los Estados Unidos. Esta es también una prioridad en México, como la primera edición del IDB es todavía prominentemente utilizada. El propósito de este estudio fue desarrollar una traducción mexicana del IDB-II e informar de las características psicométricas. Dos muestras fueron utilizados: estudiantes de todo México y adultos de la comunidad en el Distrito Federal. Los resultados indicaron que la traducción se entendió fácilmente por la mayoría de los individuos, tenía una consistencia interna adecuada, y una estructura de tres factores (actitud negativa, dificultades de rendimiento, y elementos somáticos) tuvo un mejor ajuste. Implicaciones para el uso con Hispano-hablantes de origen mexicano se discuten.

Orientación Religiosa, Identidad Grupal y Religiosidad como Predictores del Fundamentalismo Religioso / Religious Orientation, Group Identity and Religiosity as Predictors of Religious Fundamentalism

Resumen: El fundamentalismo religioso es clave para entender situaciones de discriminación y violencia que se viven alrededor del mundo, conocer qué es lo que se encuentra detrás de esta característica psicosocial de las personas, puede ayudar a entender y prevenir este tipo de comportamientos nocivos. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el papel que desempeñan las variables de orientación religiosa, identidad grupal y religiosidad como predictores del fundamentalismo religioso. La muestra estuvo integrada por 533 personas residentes del Distrito Federal y del estado de Guanajuato, pertenecientes a alguna de las cuatro principales ideologías religiosas presentes en México, Católicos (160), Testigos de Jehová (142), Cristianos Evangélicos (115) y no religiosos (116), 50.3% de los cuales fueron mujeres. Los resultados, obtenidos mediante el análisis de regresión, revelan que los tres tipos de orientación religiosa: Orientación Religiosa Intrínseca (ORI), Orientación Religiosa Extrínseca Social (ORES) y Orientación Religiosa Extrínseca Individual (OREI), así como la Identidad Grupal Negativa (IGN) y la Religiosidad son buenos predictores de los componentes del fundamentalismo religioso.

Abstract: Religious fundamentalism is key to understanding existing discrimination and violence worldwide. Knowing what is behind this psychosocial characteristic can help understand and prevent this type of harmful behavior. The aim of this study was to determine how religious orientation (RO), group identity (Gl), and religiosity predict religious fundamentalism. The sample consisted of 533 residents of México City and the state of Guanajuato (50.3% women; Mean age = 36), that belonged to one of four major Mexican religious ideologies: Catholic (n = 160), Jehova's Witnesses (n = 142), Evangelical Christian (n = 115) and non-religious (n = 116). Four psychological scales were used: 1) Fundamentalism Scale, which consists of two subscales: Orthodoxy and Conservatism; 2) the Religious Orientation Scale, which consists of three subscales: Intrinsic Religious Orientation (IRO), Extrinsic Personal (EPRO), and Extrinsic Social (ORES); 3) Group Identity Scale, which consists of twosubscales: Positive Group Identity (PGI) and Negative Group Identity (NGI); and 4) Religiosity Scale. The regression results revealed that IRO, Religiosity, NGI and ORES were positively related to Orthodoxy. ORI, IGN and Religiosity were positively related to Conservatism. EPRO was negatively related to Conservatism. The results indícate that Religious Orientation, Religiosity, and Group Identity are strong significant predictors of religious fundamentalism.

Traducción y Adaptación al Español del Cuestionario de Satisfacción Laboral para Profesores / Spanish Translation and Adaptation of the Teachers' Job Satisfaction Questionnaire

Resumen: En este trabajo se presenta el proceso de traducción al español, adaptación y validación del Teachers Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (Lester, 1987). Se aplicaron 66 reactivos en escala Likert con cinco opciones de respuesta en una muestra de 392 profesores mexicanos de educación básica, media superior y superior; 188 mujeres y 204 hombres. A través del análisis de discriminación, confiabilidad y estructura factorial de los reactivos se obtuvieron 33 válidos con un alfa de Cronbach de .910, agrupados en siete factores: Supervisión, Actitudes negativas hacia la docencia, Progreso, Responsabilidad, Trabajo en sí mismo, Clima social y Condiciones laborales.

Abstract: In this paper, the Spanish translation, adaptation, and validation processes of the Teachers Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (Lester, 1987) are described. 66 items with a five-option answer Likert scale were applied to 392 Mexican teachers (188 female, 204 male). Discrimination, reliability, and factor analyses were undertaken to obtain 33 items in seven factors: Supervision, Negative attitudes to teaching, Progress, Responsibility, Work itself, Social climate, and Working conditions. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was calculated (coefficient alpha) in .91 for the total score.

La percepción de los padres sobre la crianza de los hijos / Parents' perception about child rearing / A percepção dos pais sobre a criação dos filhos

El objetivo del estudio fue elaborar una escala para evaluar los estilos de crianza utilizados por padres y madres. La muestra fue no probabilística y estuvo conformada por 790 participantes, 350 padres y 440 madres de la ciudad de México, con un promedio de edad de 36.34 años. La edad de los hijos fue de 6 a 12 años. Se elaboró una escala Likert con seis opciones de respuesta (totalmente en desacuerdo-totalmente de acuerdo). Los participantes respondieron la escala de manera voluntaria. Después de realizar el análisis psicométrico a los reactivos (sesgo, correlación ítem total, t de Student para grupos extremos, análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación ortogonal, alpha de Cronbach) la escala quedó integrada por 24 reactivos distribuidos en cinco factores: castigo, permisivo, emocional negativo, control conductual, y cognición negativa. Se concluye que se obtuvo una escala válida y confiable para evaluar los estilos de crianza empleados por padres y madres.

The aim of the study was to develop a scale to assess parenting styles used by mothers and fathers. The sample was nonprobabilistic and consisted of 790 participants, 350 mothers and 440 fathers of the city of Mexico, with an average age of 36.34 years. The age of the children ranged from 6 to 12 years. A Likert scale with six response options (strongly disagree-strongly agree) was developed. Participants responded the scale in a voluntary manner. After performing the psychometric analysis of the items (bias, total item correlation, Student's t test for extreme groups, factorial analysis of main components with orthogonal rotation, Cronbach's alpha) the scale was composed of 24 items divided into five factors: punishment, permissive, negative emotional, behavioral control, and negative cognition. It was concluded that a valid and reliable scale was obtained for assessing parenting styles used by mothers and fathers.

O objetivo do estudo foi elaborar uma escala para avaliar os estilos de criação utilizados por pais e mães. A mostra foi não probabilística e estevo formada por 790 participantes, 350 pais e 440 mães da cidade do México, com uma média de idade de 36.34 anos. A idade dos filhos foi de 6 a 12 anos. Elaborou-se uma escala Likert com seis opções de resposta (totalmente em desacordo-totalmente de acordo). Os participantes responderam a escala de maneira voluntária. Depois de realizar a análise psicométrica aos reativos (desvio, correlação item total, t de Student para grupos extremos, análise fatorial de componentes principais com rotação ortogonal, alpha de Cronbach) a escala ficou integrada por 24 reativos distribuídos em cinco fatores: castigo, permissivo, emocional negativo, controle conductual, e cognição negativa. Conclui-se que se obteve uma escala válida e confiável para avaliar os estilos de criação empregados por pais e mães.

Adaptación y validación psicométrica de la Escala de Clima Social Organizacional (WES) de Moos en México / Adaptation and Psychometric Validation of the Moos' Work Environmental Scale (WES) in Mexico

El propósito de este estudio fue generar un instrumento que permita medir el clima social organizacional en el entorno mexicano de manera confiable y válida. Para lo cual, se adaptó la Escala de Clima Social Organizacional (WES) versión en español (Moos, 2008), conformada por 90 reactivos con 6 opciones de respuesta; para realizar su validación psicométrica se aplicó a 490 trabajadores mexicanos, de entre 18 y 66 años de edad, 261 mujeres y 229 hombres con diferentes grados de escolaridad. Se llevaron a cabo análisis para conocer el poder discriminativo de los reactivos; la confiabilidad y la estructura factorial válida para la población laboral nacional. La escala final estuvo constituida por 18 reactivos, organizados en tres factores y un indicador: Clima laboral, Aspectos físicos, Normatividad organizacional y el indicador Cambio.

The objective of this research was to generate a standardized that assessed organization social climate in Mexican population. Was used The Work Environmental Scale, Spanish version (Moos, 2008), to be adapted. The scale include 90 items, with six options for answers. The scale was applied to 490 Mexican employees in order to obtain its psychometrical validation. The distribution was as follow: age between 18 and 66; 261 women and 229 men; diverse school levels. A proper analysis took place in order to learn about the items discriminative power, reliability and valid factorial structure for the Mexican worker population. The final scale was conformed by 18 items organized by three factors and one indicator as follow: 1) work environment, 2) physical aspects of the work place, 3) organization rules and regulations and 4) the change indicator.

Preferencias alimentarias y su asociación con alimentos saludables y no saludables en niños preescolares / Association between Food Preferences and Healthy and Unhealthy Food Intake in Preschoolers

La obesidad infantil es uno de los problemas graves de salud pública en México y a nivel mundial, el estudio de las preferencias alimentarias en niños pequeños pueden ser la base para prevenir la selección de alimentos no saludables que en los últimos años se incrementado su consumo. Se contó con la participación de 127 niños en edad de 3 a 6 años con una χ‾=5.0 y una D.E.= 0.69, cursando el nivel preescolar de 1er a 3er grado. Con el objetivo explorar las preferencias alimentarias de niños preescolares asi como identificar si los niños son capaces de distinguir entre alimentos saludables y no saludables. Se diseño una lámina conformada por 88 imágenes de alimentos que fueron clasificados en once grupos de alimentos. Se trabajó de manera individual en un tiempo aproximado de 15 min se les pidió que seleccionaran los alimentos que más les gustan, los saludables y los no saludables. Se encontró que los niños prefieren el grupo de azúcares y frutas. No les gustan las verduras e identifican como alimentos saludables a las frutas y verduras, y como alimentos no saludables los azúcares y las grasas.

Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem in Mexico and worldwide. The study of food preferences in young children can help prevent selection of unhealthy food, which in recent years has increased. The goal of the study was to explore the food preferences of a sample of preschoolers and to determine whether they were able to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy food. We sampled 127 preschoolers between 3 and 6 years of age (M = 5.0, SD = .69). Participants were asked to classify 88 types of food into 11 categories. They were also asked to indicate the types of food that they like and that are healthy and unhealthy. Participants indicated that they preferred the sugars (candy, ice cream) and fruits (apples, melon) groups and disliked vegetables. They identified fruits and vegetables as healthy and sugars and fats as unhealthy food.

Desarrollo y validación psicométrica de la Escala de Privacidad en la Vivienda / Construction and Psychometric Validation of the Dwelling's Privacy Scale

El propósito de este estudio fue generar un instrumento que permita medir la privacidad en las viviendas urbanas de México de manera confiable y válida. Para lo cual se construyó una escala conformada por 20 reactivos con cinco opciones de respuesta; para realizar su validación psicométrica se aplicó a 200 habitantes de la Ciudad de México, de entre los 14 y 75 años de edad, 110 mujeres y 90 hombres con diferentes ocupaciones y grados de escolaridad. Se llevaron a cabo análisis para conocer el poder discriminativo de los reactivos; la confiabilidad y la estructura factorial válida para la población de la Ciudad de México. La escala final estuvo constituida por 11 reactivos, organizados en tres factores Control de Acceso a la Información, Control de Acceso a la Persona e Intimidad.

The main objective of this research was to generate a reliable and valid scale that assessed dwelling privacy in Mexico City's population. A scale was developed specifically for this purpose. The scale included 20 items with five options for answers (Never, few times, sometimes, frequently and always). The scale was applied to a sample of 200 Mexico City's inhabitants in order to obtain its psychometrical validation. The distribution of the participants was as follow: age between 14 to 75; 110 women and 90 men: diverse occupations and school levels. A proper analysis took place in order to learn about the items discriminative power, reliability and valid factorial structure. The final scale was conformed by 11 items organized by three factors as follow: 1) Information Access Control, 2) Person Access Control and 3) Intimacy it explains 68% of variance and has a reliability of Cronbach Alpha =0.89. Afterwards a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to verify if the structure obtained from the Principal Component Analysis was correct, and a good fit was achieved (df=39, x2= 48.07, p=.151; CFI= .987; RMSEA= .032).

Escala de felicidad en la pareja: Desarrollo y validación / Happiness Scale in the Couple: Development and Validation

La felicidad humana es compleja, y en términos interpersonales, particularmente en la relación de pareja, existen muchos elementos vinculados (Argyle, 1987). Sin embargo no existe una escala que mida la felicidad en la pareja. Por ello, el objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar y validar una escala de felicidad en la pareja, culturalmente adecuada y confiable. La investigación se realizó dos fases. En la primera fase, se elaboró la escala de felicidad en la pareja y se obtuvo validez y confiabilidad; en la segunda fase, se realizó un análisis factorial de segundo orden con los factores. Los resultados muestran una escala valida y confiable que mide la evaluación de la felicidad en la pareja así como los elementos que necesita una pareja para ser feliz.

Human happiness is complex, and in interpersonal terms, particularly in a relationship, there are many elements involved (Argyle, 1987). But there is no scale to measure happiness in the couple, therefore, the objective was to develop and validate a scale of happiness in the couple, culturally appropriated and reliable. The research was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a scale for happiness in the couple was developed and reliability and validity were obtained; in the second phase, we performed a second-order factor analysis. The results showed a valid and reliable scale that measures the evaluation of happiness in the couple as well as the elements needed for a couple to be happy.

Adaptación y validación psicométrica del Cuestionario de Consecuencias Funcionales del Dormir (Functional Outcomes Sleep Questionnaire [FOSQ]) en habitantes de la Ciudad de México / Adaptation and psychometric validation of the functional outcomes sleep questionnaire (FOSQ) in México City habitants

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a highly disabling sleep disorder related to alterations in behavioral performance, work injuries and vehicle accidents. A high prevalence of EDS (from 16% to 32%) in the general population has been reported. The Functional Outcomes Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) is an instrument that measures the impact of EDS in a patient's functional state in different sleep disorders. This questionnaire has been validated in different countries (Norway, Turkey, Spain). Therefore, the objective of this study was to obtain the cultural validation, the internal consistency, construct validity and factor congruence of the adapted questionnaire for the inhabitants of Mexico City (FOSQ-México). In the first part of the study we translated the questionnaire using the standard methodological process. The FOSQ cultural adaptation was made by the Natural Modified Semantic Networks technique in a sample of 78 participants. In the second part, the adapted FOSQ was applied to 152 participants to test items discrimination, internal consistency, factor analysis by principal-components and factorial congruence with the original version. The principal-components analysis of the FOSQ yielded six meaningful factors that explained 67.2% of the total variance, an average a coefficient between 0.85 to 0.94 for the six factors. The factorial congruence coefficients ranged from 0.360 to 0.969 between the original and the FOSQ-México version. This study demonstrated that the FOSQ version for inhabitants of Mexico City is reliable, valid and conceptually equivalent to the American version.

La Somnolencia Diurna Excesiva (SDE) es uno de los problemas de sueño más incapacitantes ya que se relaciona con déficits en la ejecución conductual, accidentes laborales y vehiculares. Se estima una prevalencia en la población general de entre 16% y 32%. El Functional Outcomes Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) es el cuestionario más utilizado para medir el impacto de la SDE en el estado funcional de pacientes con diferentes trastornos del dormir, el cual se ha validado en distintos países. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar culturalmente el FOSQ y obtener la confiabilidad, la validez de constructo y los coeficientes de congruencia factorial para la versión FOSQ-México. En una primera fase se tradujo el cuestionario utilizando el procedimiento metodológico estándar. También se hizo la adaptación cultural de los reactivos mediante la técnica de Redes Semánticas Naturales Modificadas en una muestra de 78 participantes. En una segunda fase, el cuestionario adaptado se aplicó a 152 participantes para determinar la discriminación entre reactivos, la consistencia interna, el análisis factorial con rotación ortogonal con un método de componentes principales y comprobar la congruencia factorial. Los resultados indicaron que los 30 reactivos del FOSQ se agruparon en seis factores que explican el 67.2% de la varianza total, con un coeficiente a total de 0.94 y de 0.85 promedio para los factores. Se obtuvieron coeficientes de congruencia factorial de 0.360 a 0.969 entre la versión original y el FOSQ-México. Se demostró que la versión adaptada del FOSQ para habitantes de la Ciudad de México es confiable, válida y equivalente conceptualmente con la versión norteamericana.

La comunicación en pareja: desarrollo y validación de escalas / Couple's Communication: Scale Construction and Validation

El proceso de comunicar involucra dos aspectos: la cognición, lo que se piensa antes de emitir cualquier mensaje, y el comportamiento, las acciones conductuales que se utilizan al comunicarse. La investigación sobre comunicación de pareja se ha centrado en la observación de procesos de interacción en situaciones establecidas que pueden no reflejar la realidad, por lo que se sugieren las escalas de autoinforme para abarcar otros contextos, además se ha dejado a un lado la evaluación del proceso cognoscitivo que permite o impide la comunicación en una relación, por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar y validar escalas que midan la interacción de forma bidireccional y los procesos cognoscitivos de la comunicación en pareja. Participaron 351 adultos que vivían en pareja. La primera escala se nombró facilitadores de la comunicación con cuatro factores (varianza explicada=61.58% y =.959); la segunda se denominó barreras de la comunicación, compuesta por seis factores (varianza explicada=66.02% y =.951); y la tercera evaluó la comunicación en la interacción con tres factores (varianza explicada=42.69% y =.881).

Communication revolves around two aspects: cognition, what is thought before giving a message, and the behavioral action used during communication. Research on couples communication has centered on observing interaction in pre-established contexts and situations that may not reflect reality. An alternative is to use self administered reports that can include multiple settings. However, the issue of evaluating the cognitive process that facilitate or hinder communication has still to be resolved. In response, the objective of this research project was to develop and validate a psychometric instrument that will measure communication in a bidirectional fashion, with emphasis on the cognitive process that occur during such interaction. 351 adults cohabiting with their couple participated. The first scale named communication facilitators yielded four conceptually clear and statistically robust factors (explained variance=61.58% & =.959); the second scale refers to barriers to communication and has six factors (explained variance66.02% & =.951); and the third evaluates communication in the interaction has three factors (explained variance=42.69% & =.881).

La autoridad personal en el sistema familiar: adaptación y validación a la población mexicana / Adaptation and validation of the Mexican Spanish version of Personal Authority in Family System Questionnaire

El propósito este estudio fue el obtener un instrumento estandarizado de autoridad personal para la población mexicana. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de Autoridad Personal en el Sistema Familiar y se examinó su estructura factorial. Los participantes fueron 600 personas voluntarias, mayores de edad, casadas o en unión libre residentes del Distrito Federal y área metropolitana con número de hijos y ocupaciones variables. Las dimensiones propuestas en el cuestionario original fueron distintas para la población mexicana. Los resultados sugieren una solución de 16 factores para explicar el fenómeno y uno adicional correspondiente a un estudio exploratorio preliminar. Entre las diferencias, se encontraron factores por separado para el padre y la madre relacionados con la intimidad e intimidación intergeneracional en lugar de dimensiones unificadas. También se observaron factores exclusivos para describir la importancia de las expectativas de la madre hacia los hijos resaltando el impacto de la estructura de la familia mexicana en la obtención de los resultados. El análisis factorial de segundo orden muestra la conformación de cinco dimensiones que subyacen a la autoridad personal.

The aim of this study was to propose a standardized measure that assessed personal authority in Mexican population. The Personal Authority in Family System Questionnaire (PAFS-Q) was used. The sample consisted of 600 adult volunteers who were married or who lived with a formal partner at the time of the research. They were Mexico City's or metropolitan area residents with different occupations and from different age groups. The PAFS-Q factor structure was examined. Findings suggest a sixteen-factor solution plus a one-factor preliminary exploratory study with important differences from those reported when the PAFS-Q was developed and standardized for Americans. The main differences were that this study found separate Father and Mother Intimacy and Intimidation factors instead of single Intergenerational Intimacy and Intergenerational Intimidation dimensions. By the way, there were also found two additional factors for describing Mother's expectations that should be fulfilled by her adult children. This might be explained by the impact of Mexican culture in traditional family structure. A second- order factor analysis provided a further explanation of Personal Authority dimensions.

Desarrollo y validación de un instrumento para la evaluación de distorsiones cognitivas en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal / Development and validation of a questionnaire for the assessment of cognitive distortions among Mexican patients with end-stage renal disease

Background Psychological disturbances are common in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). From the cognitive-behavioral theoretical perspective, they may be due largely to specific cognitive distortions (CD) that are likely to be modified by brief interventions. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an instrument for evaluation of specific CD among patients with CRF. Method A questionnaire with an encouraging phrase for each of five categories of CD (catastrophizing, dichotomous thinking, outside self-worth, negative self-labeling, and perfectionism) was developed. This was applied to 21 patients with CRF (11 women and 10 men). Based on the technique of natural semantic networks, a set of responses (defining words) with greater semantic weight to each sentence stimulus (core network) were identified and a pilot instrument was developed. This one was applied along with Beck's inventories of anxiety and depression among 255 patients with CRF (118 women, 137 men) attended in four different hospitals. Results The pilot questionnaire was composed of 46 items with greater semantic weight between 343 original defining words. Sixteen items were discarded for lack of ability to discriminate (1), low internal reliability (8) and duplicated in more than one factor (7). The final instrument of 30 items had an internal consistency of 0.93 for the total scale and more than 0.75 in all subscales. The five factors correlated positively and significantly with each other and with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Conclusions The instrument that is presented is a valid and reliable measure to assess five CD associated with depression and anxiety in Mexican patients with CRF. It is suggested as a useful tool for the design and evaluation of cognitive behavioral interventions for depression and anxiety among patients with CRF.

Antecedentes Las alteraciones psicológicas son frecuentes en los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal (IRC). Desde la perspectiva teórica cognitivo-conductual, éstas pueden deberse en gran medida a distorsiones cognitivas específicas (DC), que son susceptibles de ser modificadas mediante intervenciones breves. El objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar y validar un instrumento de evaluación de las DC de pacientes con IRC. Método Se integró un cuestionario con una frase estímulo para cada una de cinco categorías de DC: catastrofismo, pensamiento dicotómico, autovalorización externa, autoetiquetización negativa y perfeccionismo. Éste se aplicó a 21 pacientes con IRC (11 mujeres y 10 hombres). Con base en la técnica de redes semánticas naturales, se identificó el conjunto de respuestas (palabras definidoras) con mayor peso semántico para cada frase estímulo (núcleo de la red), con las que se construyó el instrumento piloto. Éste se aplicó junto con los Inventarios de Ansiedad y Depresión de Beck a 255 pacientes con IRC (118 mujeres, 137 hombres) de cuatro centros hospitalarios. Resultados El cuestionario piloto se integró con 46 reactivos con mayor peso semántico de entre 343 palabras definidoras originales. Se descartaron 16 reactivos por falta de capacidad de discriminación (1), baja confiabilidad interna (8) y duplicidad en más de un factor (7). El instrumento final de 30 reactivos tuvo una consistencia interna de 0.93 para el total y mayor a 0.75 en todas las subescalas. Los cinco factores se correlacionaron positiva y significativamente entre sí y con los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión. Conclusiones El instrumento que se presenta es una medida válida y confiable para evaluar cinco DC asociadas con depresión y ansiedad en pacientes mexicanos con IRC. La medida se sugiere útil para el diseño y valoración de intervenciones cognitivo-conductuales para la depresión y ansiedad de los pacientes con IRC.

[The professional differentiation in medical practice. A theoretical model of the process of changing]. / Diferenciación profesional de la práctica médica. Un modelo del proceso de cambio.

The structure of the change process on medical professionalization has not being studied enough. The physicians are made aware of the necessity of changing their medical practice in ways that also affect their personal life. A change involves the need to plan, evaluate possibilities and resources with efficacy and outline competencies. The aim is to contribute in the design of educational strategies that promote professional change and an understanding of change, as an evolution; we describe a theoretical-schematic model based on five consecutive ordained scopes: background, intentions, planning and making decisions, carrying out decisions and achieving the goal.