Effect of a high-fat diet on 24-hour pattern of circulating adipocytokines in rats.

We have shown a significant disruption of 24-h pattern of plasma pituitary, adrenal, and gonadal hormones in high-fat-fed rats. Our objective was to assess the effect of a high-fat diet (35% fat) on mean levels and 24-h pattern of several adipocytokines in rats. A normal diet-fed rats (4% fat) were used as controls. When body weight of high-fat-fed rats attained values about 25% higher than controls (after 66 days of treatment), the animals were killed at six different time intervals throughout a 24-h cycle. Plasma concentrations of insulin, adiponectin, interleukin (IL)-1, leptin, ghrelin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured in a multianalyte profiling by using the Luminex-100 system. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A significant hyperglycemia developed in high-fat-fed rats, together with a significant increase in plasma insulin. Mean levels of plasma adiponectin, IL-1, IL-6, TNFalpha, and leptin augmented, and ghrelin decreased, in high-fat-fed rats. The normal daily pattern of plasma insulin, adiponectin, IL-1, IL-6, TNFalpha, leptin, ghrelin, and MCP-1 became disrupted in high-fat-fed rats. The results indicate that a high-fat diet may bring about signs of insulin resistance and mild inflammation in rats, together with the disruption in daily variations of circulating insulin and ghrelin, and of several adipocytokines including leptin, adiponectin, IL-1, IL-6, TNFalpha, and MCP-1.

Effect of a high-fat diet on 24-h pattern of circulating levels of prolactin, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, corticosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone and glucose, and pineal melatonin content, in rats.

Circadian rhythmicity is affected in obese subjects. This article analyzes the effect of a high-fat diet (35% fat) on 24-h changes circulating prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, corticosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and glucose, and pineal melatonin content, in rats. When body weight of rats reached the values of morbid obesity, the animals were sacrificed at six different time intervals throughout a 24-h cycle, together with age-matched controls fed a normal diet (4% fat). Plasma hormone levels were measured by specific radioimmunoassays and glucose concentration by an automated glucose oxidase method. In rats under a high-fat diet, a significant disruption of the 24-h pattern of plasma TSH, LH, and testosterone and a slight disruption of prolactin rhythm were found. Additionally, high-fat fed rats showed significantly lower total values of plasma TSH and testosterone and absence of correlation between testosterone and circulating LH levels. Plasma corticosterone levels increased significantly in high-fat fed rats and their 24-h variation became blunted. In obese animals, a significant hyperglycemia developed, individual plasma glucose values correlating with circulating corticosterone in high-fat fed rats only. The amplitude of the nocturnal pineal melatonin peak decreased significantly in high-fat fed rats. The results underlie the significant effects that obesity has on circadian organization of hormone secretion.

Antioxidants restore aortic ring relaxation in pancreatectomized rats.

Vascular response was assessed in rats made diabetic by subtotal pancreatectomy (PPx). Adult male Wistar rats submitted to PPx eight weeks earlier, and exhibiting altered levels of fasting glucose and an abnormal tolerance glucose test, were used. Sham-operated laparotomized rats were employed as controls. Dose-response curves for acetylcholine-induced, endothelium-related relaxation of aortic rings (after previous exposure to phenylephrine) were conducted in a high glucose solution (44 mmol/L). PPx decreased significantly acetylcholine-induced relaxation only in the presence of a high glucose solution (p<0.00001). Tiron, superoxide dismutase (SOD) or melatonin restored altered aortic relaxation. Melatonin, SOD or Tiron were equally effective in restoring the impaired sodium nitroprusside-induced vasorelaxation in endothelium-denuded aortic rings of PPx rats. The results support the evidence about the ability of antioxidants to restore altered vascular reactivity of aortic rings in PPx rats, probably through the scavenging property of superoxide anion accumulation.

Effect of melatonin on vascular responses in aortic rings of aging rats.

In old animals a marked reduction in endothelium-dependent relaxation occurs. Since there is evidence that the endothelial dysfunction associated with aging may be partly related to the local formation of reactive oxygen species, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the natural antioxidant melatonin (10(-5)mol/l) on in vitro contractility of aged aortic rings under conditions of increased oxidative stress (40 m mol/l glucose concentration in medium). Experiments were carried out in 18-20 months old, Wistar male rats, using adult (6-7 months old) animals as controls. A higher plasma lipid peroxidation was found in aged rats as compared to the younger ones. In a first experiment, dose-response curves for acetylcholine-induced relaxation of aortic rings were conducted. Analyzed as a main factor in a factorial ANOVA, age decreased and melatonin augmented the relaxing response to acetylcholine. melatonin's restoring effect on aortic ring relaxation was found in aged aortic rings only and was more pronounced in the presence of a high glucose medium. In a second experiment, the effect of melatonin on the contractility response to phenylephrine of intact or endothelium-denuded aortic rings obtained from aged or control rats was examined in normal or high glucose medium. A main factor analysis in the factorial ANOVA indicated that age and operation augmented, and melatonin decreased, aortic ring contractility response to phenylephrine. Melatonin's restoring effect on aortic contractility was seen in aged aortic rings. The effect of age or a high glucose medium on phenylephrine-induced contractility was more pronounced in the absence of an intact endothelium. Aging did not affect the relaxant response of intact or endothelium-denuded rings to sodium nitroprusside. The results support the improvement by melatonin of vascular response in aging rats, presumably via its antioxidant activity.

Melatonin restores endothelium-dependent relaxation in aortic rings of pancreatectomized rats.

In rats turned hyperglycemic by a subtotal pancreatectomy, a decreased relaxation response of aortic rings to acetylcholine (ACh) was found; this effect was amplified by preincubation in a high glucose medium (44 mmol/L). The relaxation response to ACh did not occur in endothelium-denuded rings or after the aortic rings were exposed to l-nitro-arginine methyl ester [L-NAME, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor]. Incubation with the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) restored the impaired relaxation response seen in endothelium-denuded or L-NAME-treated aortic rings. Pancreatectomy decreased the vasorelaxation of aortic rings caused by SNP. Only in pancreatectomized rats, incubation in a high glucose medium impaired the relaxation effect of SNP. To assess whether melatonin preincubation reversed the impaired relaxation response to ACh (intact endothelium aortic rings) or to SNP (endothelium-denuded or L-NAME-treated rings) in hyperglycemic rats, cumulative dose-response curves were performed in the presence of 10(-5) mol/L melatonin. Melatonin preincubation did not modify ACh-induced relaxation of aortic rings in a normal glucose concentration but was highly effective in preventing the impairment of relaxation caused by a high glucose solution. Melatonin was also effective in restoring the impaired SNP-induced vasorelaxation seen in endothelium-denuded or L-NAME-treated aortic rings from hyperglycemic rats. The results further support the improvement by melatonin of the endothelial-mediated relaxation in blood vessels of diabetic rats.

24-hour pattern of circulating prolactin and growth hormone levels and submaxillary lymph node immune responses in growing male rats subjected to social isolation.

To assess the effect of social isolation of growing rats on 24-h rhythmicity of circulating prolactin and growth hormone (GH) levels and submaxillary lymph node immune responses, male Wistar rats were either individually caged or kept in groups (4-5 animals per cage) for 30 d starting on d 35 of life. Plasma prolactin and GH levels, and submaxillary lymph node lymphocyte subset populations, interferon (IFN)-gamma release and mitogenic responses to concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were determined at six time intervals during the 24 h span. Social isolation brought about changes in mean values and 24-h pattern of plasma prolactin and GH levels and lymph node immune responses. After isolation, prolactin and GH mean values decreased, and lymph node T, B, non T-non B, CD8+, and CD4+-CD8+ cells augmented, whereas lymph node CD4+/CD8+ ratio, IFN-gamma release and mitogenic responses decreased. Social isolation resulted in disruption of 24 h rhythmicity of every immune parameter tested. CD4+/CD8+ ratio, IFN-gamma release and Concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responses correlated significantly with plasma prolactin or GH levels while T/B ratio correlated with plasma prolactin levels only. B, non T-non B, and CD4+-CD8+ cells correlated negatively with plasma prolactin. Modifications in mean value and 24-h rhythmicity of plasma prolactin and GH levels are presumably involved in the effect of social isolation on immune responsiveness.

Effect of melatonin on vascular reactivity in pancreatectomized rats.

The present study was undertaken to assess whether the improvement of contractile performance of aortic rings by melatonin described in streptozotocin diabetic rats also occurs in another model of type I diabetes, the pancreatectomized rats. Adult male Wistar rats submitted to a subtotal pancreatectomy and exhibiting altered levels of fasting glucose and an abnormal tolerance glucose test, were used. Sham-operated laparotomized rats were employed as controls. Dose-response curves for acetylcholine-induced, endothelium-related relaxation of aortic rings (after previous exposure to phenylephrine) and for phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction were conducted. This protocol was repeated with rings pre-incubated in a high glucose solution (44 mmol/l). Pancreatectomy decreased significantly acetylcholine-induced relaxation of aortic rings, but not phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction, the effect being amplified by preincubation in high glucose solution. The deleterious effect of a high glucose medium was more pronounced in pancreatectomized rats. Melatonin (10(-5) M) did not modify acetylcholine-induced relaxation in normal glucose concentration but was effective to prevent the impairment of relaxation brought about by exposure to high glucose solution. The contractile response to phenylephrine of aortic rings obtained from pancreatectomized rats was not affected by melatonin. The results further support the improvement by melatonin of endothelial-mediated relaxation in blood vessels of diabetic rats.

d24-hour changes in circulating prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone in male rats subjected to social isolation.

BACKGROUND: This work analyzes the effect of social isolation (a mild stressor) on the 24-h variation of pituitary-testicular function in young Wistar rats, assessed by measuring circulating levels of prolactin, FSH, LH and testosterone. METHODS: Animals were either individually caged or kept in groups (4-5 animals per cage) under a 12:12 h light-dark cycle (lights on at 0800 h) for 30 days starting on day 35 of life. Rats were killed at 4-h intervals during a 24-h cycle, beginning at 0900 h. RESULTS: Isolation brought about a decrease in prolactin, LH and testosterone secretion and an increase of FSH secretion. In isolated rats the 24-h secretory pattern of prolactin and testosterone became modified, i.e., the maximum in prolactin seen in control animals at the beginning of the activity span was no longer detected, whereas the maximum in circulating testosterone taking place at 1700 h in controls was phase-delayed to 2100 h in isolated rats. CONCLUSION: Social isolation affects the 24-h variation of pituitary-testicular function in young rats. Secretion of prolactin, LH and testosterone decreases, and secretion of FSH increases, in isolated rats. The maximum in prolactin seen in group-caged rats at the beginning of the activity span is not observed in isolated rats. The maximum in circulating testosterone taking place at the second part of the rest span in controls is phase-delayed to the light-dark transition in isolated rats.

Effect of ethanol on 24-hour hormonal changes in peripubertal male rats.

We analyzed the effect of chronic (4 weeks) ethanol feeding on 24-h variation of pituitary-testicular function in peripubertal male Wistar rats by measuring circulating concentrations of prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and thyrotropin. Animals were maintained under a 12-h light: 12-h dark photoperiod and received a liquid diet for 4 weeks, starting on day 35 of life. The ethanol-fed group received a diet similar to that provided to control animals, except that maltose was replaced isocalorically with ethanol. Ethanol replacement provided 36% of the total caloric content of the diet. Rats were killed at one of six times around the clock, beginning at zeitgeber time (ZT) 1 (ZT 0 = lights on). In ethanol-fed rats globally, secretion of prolactin was augmented, whereas secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and thyrotropin was decreased. Significant changes in the 24-h secretory pattern of circulating hormones occurred in rats receiving ethanol, including the appearance of two peaks (at ZT 1 and ZT 9), rather than one peak, of follicle-stimulating hormone during the inactive phase of the daily cycle, suppression of the maximum plasma luteinizing hormone concentration during the first part of the inactive phase, and appearance of a second peak of testosterone and prolactin during the second part of the inactive phase (at ZT 5 and ZT 9, respectively) and of a second peak of plasma thyrotropin during the first part of the active phase (at ZT 13). The significant positive correlation between testosterone and individual luteinizing hormone and prolactin concentrations in control animals was no longer observed after ethanol administration. Chronic ethanol administration presumably affects the endogenous clock that modulates the circadian variation of the pituitary-gonadal axis and thyrotropin release in growing male rats.

In vitro effect of melatonin on oxygen consumption in liver mitochondria of rats.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the in vitro effect of melatonin on rat mitochondrial liver respiration. METHODS: Oxygen consumption by liver mitochondria was measured polarographically in the presence of one of the following Krebs' cycle substrates: Lsuccinate, DL-3- beta-hydroxybutyrate or L-malate. Respiratory velocities at rest (state 4) and during rapid respiration in the presence of substrate and adenosine diphosphate (state 3) were measured in the presence of 10 (-9)-10(-3) M concentrations of melatonin. RESULTS: In vitro melatonin (10(-7)-10(-3) M) reduced state 3 mitochondrial respiration. Basal, state 4 respiration was not affected by melatonin. Consequently, control respiratory index (i.e., the ratio of state 3 to state 4 respiration) was inhibited by melatonin with a threshold at 10(-7) M concentration. CONCLUSION: The ability of melatonin to curtail acutely the stimulation of oxygen consumption in liver mitochondria may protect the mitochondria from excessive oxidative damage.

Vascular reactivity in diabetic rats: effect of melatonin.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro contractile response of rat aorta in mild and severe type I diabetes and the effect of melatonin on it. Aortic rings were obtained from male Wistar rats injected with streptozotocin 8-12 wks earlier. Rats were divided into three groups: non-diabetic rats (NDR), mildly diabetic rats (MDR) and severely diabetic rats (SDR). Dose-response curves for acetylcholine-induced, endothelium-related relaxation of aortic rings (after previous exposure to phenylephrine) and for serotonin-induced vasoconstriction were conducted in the presence or absence of 10-5 mol/L melatonin. This protocol was repeated with rings preincubated in a high glucose solution (44 mmol/L). The contractile response to phenylephrine decreased in SDR, an effect counteracted by preincubation with high glucose. Melatonin decreased phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction in MDR and counteracted the effect of high glucose in SDR. Acetylcholine-evoked relaxation decreased significantly after exposure to a high glucose in SDR, this effect being counteracted by melatonin. Serotonin-induced vasoconstriction decreased in SDR and augmented in MDR, but only after exposure to high glucose. Melatonin reduced the maximal tension of aortic contraction after serotonin in MDR, both under basal conditions and after preincubation in a high glucose solution. The results support the existence of differences in vasomotor responses as a function of the diabetes state and of an improvement of contractile performance in diabetic rats after exposure to melatonin at a pharmacological concentration (in terms of circulating melatonin levels but not necessarily for some other fluids or tissues).

Nighttime changes in norepinephrine and melatonin content and serotonin turnover in pineal glands of young and old rats injected with Freund's adjuvant.

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to search for changes in rat pineal function attributed to age and immunization with Freund's adjuvant. METHODS: Young (2 months) and old (18-20 months) Wistar rats were injected s.c. with Freund's adjuvant or its vehicle. Eighteen days later, at the acute phase of arthritis, pineal concentration of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), norepinephrine (NE) and melatonin was measured by high pressure liquid chromatography at 4 different time intervals throughout the nocturnal activity span. RESULTS: Old rats had the lowest pineal 5-HT and 5-HIAA content, the decrease in 5-HIAA exceeding that of 5-HT; consequently, old rats had the lowest 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio, an index of pineal 5-HT turnover. Although immunization did not affect globally pineal 5-HT or 5-HIAA levels, significant interactions "immunization x age" and "immunization x time" were found, i.e., immunization augmented pineal 5-HT content at the beginning of the activity span in young rats and at second half of the activity span in young and old rats, and increased pineal 5-HIAA concentration in young rats at the second part of the activity span only. Freund's adjuvant treatment increased pineal 5-HT turnover exclusively in old rats, an effect mainly seen during the second part of the activity span. Old rats exhibited the lowest pineal NE and melatonin levels, immunization further depressing them. CONCLUSION: The effect of immunization with Freund's adjuvant on a number of pineal pre- and postsynaptic parameters are age-dependent.

Effect of aging on 24-hour changes in dopamine and serotonin turnover and amino acid and somatostatin contents of rat corpus striatum.

This study examined the 24-hour changes in a number of transmitters in the corpus striatum of young and middle-aged male Wistar rats. The contents of excitatory amino acids (glutamate, aspartate) and inhibitory amino acids (gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA; taurine, glycine) and of somatostatin were measured in 2-month- and 18- to 20-month-old rats killed at six different time points along the 24-hour cycle. The striatal serotonin and dopamine turnover was also measured. Both young and middle-aged rats showed significant 24-hour variations in striatal glutamate and aspartate contents; only in young rats these variations fitted a cosine function, with acrophase during the first part of rest span. Mesor values of striatal excitatory amino acid contents were lowest in middle-aged rats. Significant 24-hour variations in striatal contents of GABA, taurine, and glycine occurred in young rats, while only striatal GABA exhibited 24-hour changes in middle- aged rats (acrophases during the first part of rest span). For every inhibitory transmitter, the mesor values in middle-aged rats were significantly lower than in young rats. The 24-hour variation of the striatal somatostatin content showed acrophase during the first part of rest span, mesor values and amplitude being lowest in middle-aged rats. Aging rats exhibited significantly higher mesor values of striatal serotonin turnover (34% increase) and lower mesor values of dopamine turnover (69% decrease) than their younger counterparts. Some of the circadian modifications of motor function seen in aging rats could be related to the striatal transmitter changes reported herein.

Regulación de la ventilación durante la anestesia: efectos de los agentes anestésicos / Ventilatory regulation during anaesthesia: effects of anesthetic drugs

La finalidad del presente trabajo consiste en brindar una visión actualizada sobre los mecanismos fisiológicos de control de la función respiratoria durante el estado de vigilia, el sueño fisiológico y la anestesia general, y los efectos de la premedicación, los anestésicos generales y otras drogas empleadas en la práctica anestésica sobre la regulación ventilatoria. El mejor conocimiento de los procesos mencionados permite prevenir situaciones que, eventualmente, colocan en riesgo la salud y la vida del paciente.

Regulación de la ventilación durante la anestesia: efectos de los agentes anestésicos / Ventilatory regulation during anaesthesia: effects of anesthetic drugs

La finalidad del presente trabajo consiste en brindar una visión actualizada sobre los mecanismos fisiológicos de control de la función respiratoria durante el estado de vigilia, el sueño fisiológico y la anestesia general, y los efectos de la premedicación, los anestésicos generales y otras drogas empleadas en la práctica anestésica sobre la regulación ventilatoria. El mejor conocimiento de los procesos mencionados permite prevenir situaciones que, eventualmente, colocan en riesgo la salud y la vida del paciente. (AU)

Activación cardiocirculatoria en ratas anestesiadas con Ketamina: efectos de la premedicación con Diazepam / Cardiostimulatory activation in rats anesthetized with Ketamine: effects of premedication with Diazepam

La anestesia con ketamina (A-Kt) provoca un aumento de la presión arterial (PA) y de la frecuencia cardíaca (FC), por activación del sistema nervioso simpático. En este estudio se evalúo el efecto de la medicación con diazepam (DZ), flumazenil (FZ), picrotoxina (PTX), y PK11195, sobre la respuesta cardiovascular observada durante la A-Kt. Se emplearon ratas Wistar machos, divididas en 9 grupos (n=10): I- A-Kt; II- A-Kt y DZ; III- A-Kt e inyectado con FZ; IV- A-Kt, inyectado con FZ y DZ; V- A-Kt e inyectado con PTX, VI- A-Kt, inyectado con PTX y DZ; VII- A-Kt e inyectado con PK11195; VIII- A-Kt, DZ e inyectado con PK11195; IX- Controles despiertos. La A-Kt provocó en las ratas de los grupos I y IV un aumento de la PA y FC (P<0,01) y en el grupo VII (P<0,01); (IV-VII vs I P>0,05). En los animales del grupo II no se registró respuesta presora (P>0.05), pero aumentó la FC 45 min después de la inyección de Kt (P<0,05). En los grupos V y VI se incrementó la PA (P<0.01; V vs VI P>0,05), y la FC (P<0,01) respectivamente. La inyección de PK11195 no antagonizó la acción del DZ (grupo VIII) en los animales A-Kt. La ausencia de variaciones significativas en la PA en el grupo II, asociado al aumento observado en los grupos I, III, IV, V, VI, VII y VIII sugieren que receptores GABA A modularían la estimulación simpática cardiovascular evocada por la Kt. Posiblemente, tanto los efectos de diazepam como los de la Kt involucrarían a estructuras tromboencefálicas que intervienen en los mecanismos de regulación central de la actividad cardiocirculatoria. (AU)

Activación cardiocirculatoria en ratas anestesiadas con Ketamina: efectos de la premedicación con Diazepam / Cardiostimulatory activation in rats anesthetized with Ketamine: effects of premedication with Diazepam

La anestesia con ketamina (A-Kt) provoca un aumento de la presión arterial (PA) y de la frecuencia cardíaca (FC), por activación del sistema nervioso simpático. En este estudio se evalúo el efecto de la medicación con diazepam (DZ), flumazenil (FZ), picrotoxina (PTX), y PK11195, sobre la respuesta cardiovascular observada durante la A-Kt. Se emplearon ratas Wistar machos, divididas en 9 grupos (n=10): I- A-Kt; II- A-Kt y DZ; III- A-Kt e inyectado con FZ; IV- A-Kt, inyectado con FZ y DZ; V- A-Kt e inyectado con PTX, VI- A-Kt, inyectado con PTX y DZ; VII- A-Kt e inyectado con PK11195; VIII- A-Kt, DZ e inyectado con PK11195; IX- Controles despiertos. La A-Kt provocó en las ratas de los grupos I y IV un aumento de la PA y FC (P<0,01) y en el grupo VII (P<0,01); (IV-VII vs I P>0,05). En los animales del grupo II no se registró respuesta presora (P>0.05), pero aumentó la FC 45 min después de la inyección de Kt (P<0,05). En los grupos V y VI se incrementó la PA (P<0.01; V vs VI P>0,05), y la FC (P<0,01) respectivamente. La inyección de PK11195 no antagonizó la acción del DZ (grupo VIII) en los animales A-Kt. La ausencia de variaciones significativas en la PA en el grupo II, asociado al aumento observado en los grupos I, III, IV, V, VI, VII y VIII sugieren que receptores GABA A modularían la estimulación simpática cardiovascular evocada por la Kt. Posiblemente, tanto los efectos de diazepam como los de la Kt involucrarían a estructuras tromboencefálicas que intervienen en los mecanismos de regulación central de la actividad cardiocirculatoria.

Efecto de la anestesia general endovenosa con Ketamina o Propofol sobre la glucemia de la rata / Blood sugar concentrations during ketamine or propofol anaesthesia in rats with or without Ó and ß adrenergic blockade

La glucemia se encuentra controlada por complejos mecanismos neuroendócrinos, que pueden alterarse en situaciones de estrés. La finalidad del presente trabajo fue estudiar los efectos de la anestesia con ketamina (kt) y propofol (pf) sobre los niveles glucémicos de la rata. La glucemia se determinó en ratas despiertas y anestesiadas: 1) durante una prueba de tolerancia endovenosa a la glucosa (PTEG) y 2) bloqueadas con fentolamina/propranolol durante la realización de una PTEG. La anestesia se realizó con kt (Dosis de inducción: 40 mg . kg-1; dosis de infusión: 1 mg . kg-1 . min-1) o pf (Dosis de inducción: 15 mg . kg-1; dosis de infusión: 0.8 mg . kg-1 . min-1), 30 min antes del comienzo de la PTEG. El propanolol y la fentolamina se administraron luego, a una dosis de: 2 mg . kg-1 ip, y 0.015 mg . min-1 endovenosa continua. Durante la PTEG, las ratas anestesiadas mostraron una respuesta hiperglucémica moderada a la sobrecarga de glucosa (Kt: P < 0.01 entre los 5-10 min; P < 0.05 a los 20 min; Pf: p < 0.05 entre los 5-20 min). La mayor respuesta hiperglucemiante con kt fue abolida por el bloqueo adrenérgico (P < 0.01 entre los 5-10 min). lo que no ocurrió con pf (P > 0.05 entre los 5-10 min). Estos resultados sugieren la existencia de un tono inhibitorio de la secreción de insulina (efecto glucogenolítico) en las ratas anestesiadas con kt, de naturaleza adrenérgica, que no se observa en los animales anestesiados con pf. Por lo expuesto, la acción hiperglucemiante hallada debería ser tenida en cuenta al utilizar la kt, y en menor grado al pf, como inductor anestésico endovenoso en pacientes añosos o diabéticos (sometidos a situaciones agudas de estrés) en donde la descompensación metabólica es mucho más frecuente.

Efecto de la anestesia general endovenosa con Ketamina o Propofol sobre la glucemia de la rata / Blood sugar concentrations during ketamine or propofol anaesthesia in rats with or without O and ß adrenergic blockade

La glucemia se encuentra controlada por complejos mecanismos neuroendócrinos, que pueden alterarse en situaciones de estrés. La finalidad del presente trabajo fue estudiar los efectos de la anestesia con ketamina (kt) y propofol (pf) sobre los niveles glucémicos de la rata. La glucemia se determinó en ratas despiertas y anestesiadas: 1) durante una prueba de tolerancia endovenosa a la glucosa (PTEG) y 2) bloqueadas con fentolamina/propranolol durante la realización de una PTEG. La anestesia se realizó con kt (Dosis de inducción: 40 mg . kg-1; dosis de infusión: 1 mg . kg-1 . min-1) o pf (Dosis de inducción: 15 mg . kg-1; dosis de infusión: 0.8 mg . kg-1 . min-1), 30 min antes del comienzo de la PTEG. El propanolol y la fentolamina se administraron luego, a una dosis de: 2 mg . kg-1 ip, y 0.015 mg . min-1 endovenosa continua. Durante la PTEG, las ratas anestesiadas mostraron una respuesta hiperglucémica moderada a la sobrecarga de glucosa (Kt: P < 0.01 entre los 5-10 min; P < 0.05 a los 20 min; Pf: p < 0.05 entre los 5-20 min). La mayor respuesta hiperglucemiante con kt fue abolida por el bloqueo adrenérgico (P < 0.01 entre los 5-10 min). lo que no ocurrió con pf (P > 0.05 entre los 5-10 min). Estos resultados sugieren la existencia de un tono inhibitorio de la secreción de insulina (efecto glucogenolítico) en las ratas anestesiadas con kt, de naturaleza adrenérgica, que no se observa en los animales anestesiados con pf. Por lo expuesto, la acción hiperglucemiante hallada debería ser tenida en cuenta al utilizar la kt, y en menor grado al pf, como inductor anestésico endovenoso en pacientes añosos o diabéticos (sometidos a situaciones agudas de estrés) en donde la descompensación metabólica es mucho más frecuente. (AU)

Efecto inhibitorio de la hipnosis con tiopental sódico por infusión continua sobre la secreción córtico-suprarrenal / Inhibitory effect of hypnosis with thiopentone by continuous infusion over adrenocortical secretion

Teniendo presente la acción inhibitoria de los barbitúricos sobre la conducción nerviosa y la secreción de catecolaminas, estudiamos el efecto de la anestesia con tiopental sódico (TS) sobre las concentraciones plasmáticas de ACTH y cortisol en condiciones basales y durante las siguientes pruebas funcionales: A-adrenocorticotrofina (ACTH) y B-corticoliberina (CRH) administradas en forma endovenosa. Se emplearon 14 perros controles despiertos y 14 perros anestesiados divididos en 4 grupos de 7 animales cada uno, según el siguiente esquema (entre paréntesis se menciona el número de perros): 1- Prueba de estimulación con ACTH: a)Sin anestesia: (7), b)Con anestesia (7); 2- Prueba de estimulación con CRH: a)Sin anestesia (7), b)Con anestesia (7). La anestesia se indujo con una dosis de TS de 12 mg. kg-1 y se mantuvo con el mismo agente anestésico mediante una infusión endovenosa continua (20-25 mg. kg-1. h-1) durante 2 horas. La respiración se asistió mecánicamente. Se controlaron: la presión arterial, la frecuencia cardíaca y respiratoria. Los valores de PaO2 y CO3H- plasmático no variaron entre los 60 y 120 min de la inducción. Durante la prueba de CRH la respuesta de la ACTH plasmática no experimentó modificaciones significativas entre los perros controles y los anestesiados (81 ñ 5 vs 72 ñ 5 pg. ml-1, P ò0.05); mientras que las concentraciones de cortisol sérico se incrementaron en mayor grado en los animales controles (6.9 ñ 0.5 vs 4.9 ñ 0.4 µg. ml-1; P ó 0.01). En los perros anestesiados disminuyó la respuesta del cortisol sérico a la administración de ACTH comparada con la de los controles (P ó0.001 a los 45 min de la inyección de ACTH)