The Effect of Geoclimatic Factors on the Distribution of Paracoccidioidomycosis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

The incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) varies in Latin America, and it is influenced by environmental factors. This study evaluated the distribution of PCM acute/subacute form (AF) cases and their correlation with geoclimatic factors in the Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) state. The study included 81 patients diagnosed with the PCM/AF at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul between January 1980 and February 2022. Geographic coordinates, health microregion of patient's residence, compensated average temperature, relative air humidity (RH), El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and average global temperature were analyzed. The highest incidence was observed in the Aquidauana (7/100,000 inhabitants), while Campo Grande, the state's capital, had the highest number (n = 34; 42.4%) and density (4.4 cases/km2) of cases. The number of cases increased during extended periods of the El Niño phenomenon. A positive correlation was found between higher RH and PCM/AF cases. Most PCM/AF cases were found in areas with loamy soils and RH ranging from 60.8 to 73.6%. In MS, the health microregions of PCM/AF patients are characterized by deforestation for agricultural and pasture use, coupled with loamy soils and specific climatic phenomena leading to higher soil humidity.

The effect of geoclimatic factors on the distribution of paracoccidioidomycosis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

The incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) varies in Latin America, and it is influenced by environmental factors. This study evaluated the distribution of PCM acute/subacute form (AF) cases and their correlation with geoclimatic factors in the Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) state. The study included 81 patients diagnosed with the PCM/AF at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul between January 1980 and February 2022. Geographic coordinates, health microregion of patient's residence, compensated average temperature, relative air humidity (RH), El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and average global temperature were analyzed. The highest incidence was observed in the Aquidauana (7/100,000 inhabitants), while Campo Grande, the state's capital, had the highest number (n = 34; 42.4%) and density (4.4 cases/km2) of cases. The number of cases increased during extended periods of the El Niño phenomenon. A positive correlation was found between higher RH and PCM/AF cases. Most PCM/AF cases were found in areas with loamy soils and RH ranging from 60.8 to 73.6%. In MS, the health microregions of PCM/AF patients are characterized by deforestation for agricultural and pasture use, coupled with loamy soils and specific climatic phenomena leading to higher soil humidity.

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and incidence of sexually transmitted infections in Brazil, 2018 to 2022: An ecological study of PrEP administration, syphilis, and socioeconomic indicators.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is one of the pillars of a combination prevention strategy for reducing the risk of new infections caused by HIV. The daily use of antiretroviral drugs by individuals who are not infected with HIV is required to prevent infection. Although its efficacy has been well established in the literature, in recent years, the decreased supply of antiretroviral drugs has been associated with an increase in the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and changes in the social determinants of health. An ecological study was conducted covering a five-year period (2018-2022), starting from the year of initiation of PrEP administration in Brazilian state capitals. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Descriptive analysis was performed, and the spatial distribution of study data was taken into account. Correlation analysis was used to assess the association between PrEP administration, the incidence and detection rate of STI, and socioeconomic data. The southern region showed the highest incidence rates of STI, but the northern and northeastern regions demonstrated the worst socioeconomic indicators, especially those related to illiteracy and basic sanitation. PrEP administration was significantly correlated with illiteracy (ρ = -0.658), per capita income (ρ = 0.622), public garbage collection (ρ = 0.612), syphilis (ρ = 0.628) and viral hepatitis (ρ = 0.419) incidences. Further, all STI were significantly associated with illiteracy and per capita income. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings highlight the need to continue exploring PrEP use and rising syphilis rates. In terms of policy, PrEP administration appears to be inversely associated with regions of greater social vulnerability. Further efforts should focus on the social determinants and health needs of this population to improve access to PrEP and reduce social disparities.

Hidropsia fetal em dois filhotes da raça Buldogue Inglês / Fetal hydrops in two English Bulldog puppies

A hidropsia fetal é uma anomalia congênita, caracterizada pelo acúmulo excessivo de fluidos no espaço extravascular do feto, sendo denominada anasarca, quando o excesso de fluidos ocorre de forma generalizada, causando edema no tecido subcutâneo. Dessa forma, o aumento exagerado no tamanho do feto é esperado, podendo resultar em uma distocia obstrutiva, durante o parto. Os cães da raça Buldogue são mais susceptíveis a essa enfermidade, devido às características braquicefálicas; portanto, deve-se redobrar os cuidados durante a gestação, como utilizar a ultrassonografia para avaliar periodicamente os fetos, com o objetivo de preservar a saúde, tanto da gestante, quanto dos fetos. Vale evidenciar que, geralmente, essa enfermidade possui prognóstico de reservado a grave. Este presente trabalho relata o parto de uma cadela de 3 anos de idade, da raça Buldogue Inglês, que deu entrada em uma clínica veterinária, na cidade de Ourinhos/SP, com aproximadamente 62 dias de gestação, fruto de inseminação artificial, estando em trabalho de parto há aproximadamente 5 horas. A partir da realização dos exames físico e ultrassonográfico, foi observado que dois dos seis fetos apresentavam edema generalizado, estavam sem reflexos e com batimentos cardíacos diminuídos e abafados. A paciente foi submetida a cesariana de emergência. Os filhotes hidrópicos vieram a óbito, após tentativa de tratamento. Diante do exposto, conclui-se que a utilização da ultrassonografia deve ser priorizada, não apenas para diagnóstico, mas para acompanhamento da evolução da gestação e dos fetos, permitindo a visibilização de possíveis fetos hidrópicos e o agendamento da cesariana, procedimento cirúrgico mais indicado na presença dessa anomalia fetal.

Fetal hydrops is a congenital anomaly characterized by excessive accumulation of fluids in the extravascular space of the fetus, being called anasarca when excess fluid occurs in a generalized way, causing edema in the subcutaneous tissue. Thus, an exaggerated increase in the size of the fetus is expected, which may result in obstructive dystocia during birth. Bulldog dogs are more susceptible to this disease due to their brachycephalic characteristics; therefore, care should be redoubled during pregnancy, such as using ultrasound to periodically evaluate the fetuses to preserve the health of both pregnant and fetuses. It is worth noting that this disease usually has a reserved to severe prognosis. This present work reports the birth of a 3-year-old female English Bulldog that was admitted at a veterinary clinic in the city of Ourinhos/SP, with approximately 62 days of gestation, as a result of artificial insemination, being in labor for approximately 5 hours. From the physical and ultrasound examinations, it was observed that two of the six fetuses had generalized edema, had no reflexes, and presented reduced and muffled heartbeats. The patient underwent an emergency cesarean section. The hydropic puppies s died after an attempted treatment. Thus, it is concluded that the use of ultrasound should be prioritized not only for diagnosis, but for monitoring pregnancy evolution and fetuses, allowing the visualization of possible hydropic fetuses and scheduling of the cesarean section, which is the most indicated surgical procedure in the presence of this fetal anomaly.

Redução de hemoglobina: risco para lesão renal aguda após revascularização do miocárdio / Hemoglobin decrease: risk for acute kidney injury after myocardial revascularization / Reducción de la hemoglobina: riesgo de lesión renal aguda después de la revascularización miocárdica

Objetivo: verificar se a redução da taxa de hemoglobina no pós-operatório de revascularização do miocárdio interfere na função renal dos pacientes. Método: estudo observacional e prospectivo, desenvolvido entre fevereiro e junho de 2016, com 51 pacientes que realizaram cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio em um hospital especializado em cardiologia do Distrito Federal. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um instrumento estruturado. O teste exato de Fisher, Qui-quadrado e Kruskal Wallis foram empregados para análise estatística. Considerou-se significativo resultados com p≤0,05. Projeto de pesquisa aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética, protocolo 44999215.9.0000.0026. Resultados: entre os pacientes, 45 (78,9%) evoluíram com lesão renal aguda após revascularização do miocárdio. Idade mais elevada (64±9 anos, p=0,05), tempo de circulação extracorpórea (p=0,05), índice de massa corporal (p=0,02), uso de antibióticos (p=0,03) e redução da taxa de hemoglobina (p=0,04), contribuíram para lesão renal aguda. Conclusão: a redução da taxa de hemoglobina foi associada estatisticamente à lesão renal aguda após revascularização do miocárdio.

Objective: to determine whether decreased hemoglobin rate after myocardial revascularization surgery interferes with patients' renal function. Method: this prospective, observational study was conducted between February and June 2016 with 51 patients who underwent myocardial revascularization surgery at a specialist cardiology hospital specializing in the Federal District. Data were collected using a structured instrument. The Fisher's exact, Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis. Results were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05. The research project was approved by the research ethics committee (Protocol 44999215.9.0000.0026). Results: it was observed that 45 patients (78.9%) developed acute kidney injury after myocardial revascularization. Oldest age (64 ± 9 years, p = 0.05), cardiopulmonary bypass time (p = 0.05), body mass index (p = 0.02), use of antibiotics (p = 0.03), and decreased hemoglobin rate (p = 0.04) contributed to acute kidney injury. Conclusion: decreased hemoglobin rate was statistically associated with acute kidney injury following myocardial revascularization.

Objetivo: verificar si la reduciendo la tasa de hemoglobina en el postoperatorio de revascularización miocárdica interfiere con la función renal de los pacientes. Método: estudio observacional prospectivo realizado entre febrero y junio de 2016 con 51 pacientes que se sometieron a una cirugía de revascularización miocárdica en un hospital especializado en cardiología en el Distrito Federal. Los datos fueron recolectados utilizando un instrumento estructurado. La prueba exacta de Fisher, Chicuadrado y Kruskal-Wallis se utilizaron para el análisis estadístico. Los resultados se consideraron significativos con p≤0.05. Proyecto de investigación aprobado por el Comité de Ética, protocolo 44999215.9.0000.0026. Resultados: se observó que 45 (78,9%) pacientes desarrollaron lesión renal aguda después de la revascularización miocárdica. Edad avanzada (64 ± 9 años, p = 0.05), tiempo de circulación corporal extra (p = 0.05), índice de masa corporal (p = 0.02), uso de antibióticos (p = 0.03) y tasa de hemoglobina reducida (p = 0.04), contribuyó a lesión renal aguda. Conclusión: reduciendo la tasa de hemoglobina contribuyó a lesión renal aguda después de la revascularización miocárdica.

The expression of neotectonics in the Pantanal da Nhecolândia, State of Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil.

Pantanal da Nhecolândia is one of the most well-preserved areas in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Located in the southern part of the Taquari River megafan, it is in tectonic contact with the fault escarpments of the Maracaju-Campo Grande plateaus to the east and with the fault escarpments of the Bodoquena plateau to the west, which continue to north. To the south and to the north, the limits are marked respectively by the lineaments of the Negro and Taquari Rivers. Nhecolândia is characterized by the existence of at least 17,631 lagoons, 17,050 (96.70 %) of which are of fresh water (baías) and 577 (3.3 %) of salty water (salinas). Studies based on (Landsat) satellite images and use of free software (QGIS, version 2.8.3) and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) revealed that the major axes of the lagoons are aligned along two directions, NE (62.49 %) and NW (37.51 %), with modes concentrated between N30-40E and N30-40W, suggesting in both cases the role played by tectonic control (neotectonics) in their formation. Evidences of fluvial origin are presented for these groups of lagoons, as well as for their tectonic alignment.

[Sexual violence against adolescents in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil]. / Violência sexual contra adolescentes em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the situation of sexual violence against adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with spatial analysis, covering 172 reporting forms, from January 2009 to January 2013, in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Data were grouped by neighborhood for spatial analysis. The statistical analysis was descriptive. RESULTS: Adolescents in situations of violence were mostly girls (94.8%) and white (37.8%). Domestic violence prevailed (51.7%) and with one perpetrator (66.9%). Pregnancy (8.7%) was one of the consequences. The cases were evenly distributed in the city without a preferential spatial pattern and regardless of social background. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the underreporting of sexual violence cases, the frequency and the individual and collective consequences of this are serious enough to make it a public health issue.

Violência sexual contra adolescentes em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul / Violencia sexual contra adolescentes en Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil / Sexual violence against adolescents in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a situação da violência sexual contra adolescentes. Métodos Estudo transversal com análise espacial, abrangendo 172 fichas de notificação, de janeiro de 2009 a janeiro de 2013, em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Para a análise espacial, os dados foram agrupados por bairro. A análise estatística dos dados foi descritiva. Resultados Os adolescentes em situação de violência foram majoritariamente meninas (94,8%) e de cor branca (37,8%). Predominou a violência intrafamiliar (51,7%) e com um perpetrador (66,9%). A gravidez (8,7%) foi uma das consequências. Os casos tiveram distribuição homogênea no município, sem padrão espacial preferencial e sem distinção de estrato social. Conclusões Apesar da subnotificação de casos de violência sexual, a frequência e as consequências individuais e coletivas desta são suficientemente graves para torná-la uma questão de saúde pública.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la situación de la violencia sexual contra adolescentes. Métodos Estudio transversal mediante análisis espacial abarcando 172 fichas de notificación de enero de 2009 a enero de 2013, en la ciudad de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Para el análisis espacial se reunieron los datos por barrios, con un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados Los adolescentes en situación de violencia eran en su mayor parte muchachas (un 94,8%) y blancas (un 37,8%). Predominó la violencia intrafamiliar (un 51,7%) y con un perpetrador (un 66,9%). El embarazo (un 8,7%) fue una de las consecuencias. Los casos tuvieron distribución homogénea en el municipio, sin un patrón espacial de preferencia o distinciones por estrato social. Conclusión Pese a la subnotificación de episodios de violencia sexual, la frecuencia y las consecuencias individuales y colectivas son lo suficientemente graves como para transformarla en una cuestión de salud pública.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the situation of sexual violence against adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study with spatial analysis, covering 172 reporting forms, from January 2009 to January 2013, in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Data were grouped by neighborhood for spatial analysis. The statistical analysis was descriptive. Results Adolescents in situations of violence were mostly girls (94.8%) and white (37.8%). Domestic violence prevailed (51.7%) and with one perpetrator (66.9%). Pregnancy (8.7%) was one of the consequences. The cases were evenly distributed in the city without a preferential spatial pattern and regardless of social background. Conclusions Despite the underreporting of sexual violence cases, the frequency and the individual and collective consequences of this are serious enough to make it a public health issue.

Spatial distribution and environmental factors associated to phlebotomine fauna in a border area of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Mato Grosso do Sul has been undergoing a process of urbanization which results in loss of native vegetation. This withdrawal makes vectors of man and domestic animals closer, causing changes in the epidemiology of diseases such as American Visceral Leishmaniasis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the phlebotomine fauna and environmental issues related to the transmission of AVL in Ponta Porã, Mato Grosso do Sul, between 2009 and 2010. METHODS: Vegetation of the urban area was evaluated by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). RESULTS: The results showed that the phlebotomine fauna of the city consists of five species, especially Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva, 1912), the vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Predominance of males was observed. The insects were captured in greater quantity in the intradomicile. Lu. longipalpis was the most frequent and abundant species, present throughout the year, with a peak population after the rainy season. Vectors can be found in high amounts in forest and disturbed environments. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of Lu. longipalpis in regions with little vegetation and humidity suggests that the species is adapted to different sorts of environmental conditions, demonstrating its close association with man and the environment it inhabits. The tourist feature of Ponta Porã reinforces its epidemiological importance as a vulnerable city. The geographical location, bordering Paraguay through dry border, makes possible the existence of a corridor of vectors and infected dogs between the two countries.

Gravidez na adolescência: estudo ecológico nas microrregiões de saúde do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil – 2008* / Adolescent pregnancy: an ecological study in the health micro-regions of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil – 2008

Objetivo: descrever a proporção de nascidos vivos e a taxa de fecundidade de mães de 15 a 19 anos de idade e analisar sua correlação com indicadores socioeconômicos, nas microrregiões de saúde do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: estudo ecológico com medidas agregadas por microrregião, calculadas a partir de (i) dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc) para o ano de 2008 e de (ii) indicadores de desenvolvimento social e econômico. Resultados: do total de 40.867 nascidos vivos, 22 por cento eram de mães adolescentes; as taxas específicas de fecundidade (15 a 19 anos) variaram de 73 a 116 por mil habitantes, entre as microrregiões de saúde estudadas; verificou-se correlação significativa entre taxas específicas de fecundidade e índice de responsabilidade social (r=0,646; p=0,032) e analfabetismo funcional (r=0,7180; p=0,013). Conclusão: a fecundidade das mulheres adolescentes tende a ser maior nas microrregiões com piores indicadores de escolaridade e desenvolvimento socioeconômico.

Objective: to describe the proportion of live births and the fertility rate of mothers aged 15-19 years and correlation with socio-economic indicators in the health micro-regions of Mato Grosso do Sul State. Methods: an ecological study using indicators aggregated by micro-region, calculated based on 2008 data from the Live Birth Information System and regional indicators of social and economic development. Results: teenage mothers accounted for 22 per cent of the total of 40,867 live births. Specific fertility rates (15-19 age group) ranged from 73 to 116 per thousand inhabitants in the health micro-regions studied. There was significant correlation between specific fertility rates and Social Responsibility Index (r = 0.646 p = 0.032) and functional illiteracy (r = 0.7180 p = 0.013). Conclusion: female adolescent fertility tends to be higher in micro-regions with the worst education and socio-economic development indicators.

A study of structural lineaments in Pantanal (Brazil) using remote sensing data.

This paper presents a study of the structural lineaments of the Pantanal extracted visually from satellite images (CBERS-2B satellite, Wide Field Imager sensor, a free image available in INTERNET) and a comparison with the structural lineaments of Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks surrounding the Cenozoic Pantanal Basin. Using a free software for satellite image analysis, the photointerpretation showed that the NS, NE and NW directions observed on the Pantanal satellite images are the same recorded in the older rocks surrounding the basin, suggesting reactivation of these basement structural directions during the Quaternary. So the Pantanal Basin has an active tectonics and its evolution seems to be linked to changes that occurred during the Andean subduction.

Biotic factors and occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

The relationships between environmental exposure to risk agents and health conditions have been studied with the aid of remote sensing imagery, a tool particularly useful in the study of vegetation cover. This study aims to evaluate the influence of environmental variables on the spatial distribution of the abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis and the reported canine and human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases at an urban area of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The sandfly captures were performed in 13 residences that were selected by raffle considering four residences or collection station for buffer. These buffers were generated from the central house with about 50, 100 and 200 m from it in an endemic area of VL. The abundance of sandflies and human and canine cases were georreferenced using the GIS software PCI Geomatica. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percentage of land covered by vegetation were the environmental variables extracted from a remote sensing IKONOS-2 image. The average NDVI was considered as the complexity of habitat and the standard deviation as the heterogeneity of habitat. One thousand three hundred sixty-seven specimens were collected during the catch. We found a significant positive linear correlation between the abundance of sandflies and the percentage of vegetation cover and average NDVI. However, there was no significant association between habitat heterogeneity and the abundance of these flies.

Biotic factors and occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

The relationships between environmental exposure to risk agents and health conditions have been studied with the aid of remote sensing imagery, a tool particularly useful in the study of vegetation cover. This study aims to evaluate the influence of environmental variables on the spatial distribution of the abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis and the reported canine and human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases at an urban area of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The sandfly captures were performed in 13 residences that were selected by raffle considering four residences or collection station for buffer. These buffers were generated from the central house with about 50, 100 and 200 m from it in an endemic area of VL. The abundance of sandflies and human and canine cases were georreferenced using the GIS software PCI Geomatica. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percentage of land covered by vegetation were the environmental variables extracted from a remote sensing IKONOS-2 image. The average NDVI was considered as the complexity of habitat and the standard deviation as the heterogeneity of habitat. One thousand three hundred sixty-seven specimens were collected during the catch. We found a significant positive linear correlation between the abundance of sandflies and the percentage of vegetation cover and average NDVI. However, there was no significant association between habitat heterogeneity and the abundance of these flies.