Nematodes of Proceratophrys ararype (Anura: Odontophrynidae), an endemic frog from the Araripe Plateau, northeastern Brazil / Nematódeos de Proceratophrys ararype (Anura: Odontophrynidae), um sapo endêmico do Planalto do Araripe, nordeste do Brasil

Abstract: Parasites are an important component of the global biomass, having significant roles in several regulatory mechanisms in the ecosystem. Parasitism is one of the most common ecological interactions on the planet. Studies have shown that the helminth fauna of only 8% of amphibian species in Brazil have been studied, and this percentage is lower for the Odontophrynidae family, with only four of the 50 species kown to occur in Brazil having been investigated. Here, we present the helminth fauna of Proceratophrys ararype, an anuran endemic to the "Brejo de Altitude" Chapada do Araripe (Araripe Plateau), northeastern Brazil. The infection parameters analyzed were prevalence, mean intensity of infection and mean abundance of parasites. We used the Pearson's linear correlation coefficient to check the correlations between the abundance of the parasites with the snout-vent length (SVL) of hosts. To verify the degree of aggregation of parasites in hosts, we used the dispersion index. Out of 40 specimens examined, 19 specimens were infected with at least one parasite. The overall prevalence was 47.5% with a mean infection intensity of 18.93 ± 10.77. The endoparasitic community associated with P. ararype consisted of six species of parasites, with Falcaustra mascula having the highest prevalence (25%). Most parasites had a uniform dispersion index in the hosts and their abundance was unrelated to host size. Here, we also present a compilation of all parasites associated with host species of the genus Proceratophrys from South America. Overall, we found 23 species of parasites associated with five host species (P. ararype, P. appendiculata, P. boiei, P. cristiceps, P. mantiqueira). Of these, two species of parasites (Oswaldocruzia mazzai and Strongyloides sp.) represent new records for the genus Proceratophrys. Our results demonstrate the lack of studies on amphibian helminth fauna and fill an important knowledge gap on the diversity of parasites of Proceratophrys ararype, an endemic frog from the Araripe Plateau, northeastern Brazil.

Resumo: Os parasitas são um componente importante da biomassa global, tendo papel significativo em vários mecanismos reguladores no ecossistema. O parasitismo é uma das interações ecológicas mais comuns no planeta. Estudos demonstraram que somente 8% da fauna de helmintos das espécies de anfíbios que ocorrem no Brasil foi estudada, sendo esta porcentagem mais baixa para a família Odontophrynidae, tendo sido investigadas apenas quatro das 50 espécies com ocorrência conhecida para o Brasil. Aqui, apresentamos a helmintofauna de Proceratophrys ararype, um anuro endêmico do "Brejo de Altitude" Chapada do Araripe, nordeste do Brasil. Os parâmetros de infecção analisados foram prevalência, intensidade média de infecção e abundância média de parasitas. Utilizamos o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson para verificar as correlações entre a abundância dos parasitas com o comprimento rostro-cloacal dos hospedeiros. Para verificar o grau de agregação dos parasitas nos hospedeiros, utilizamos o índice de dispersão. Dos 40 espécimes examinados, 19 estavam infectados com pelo menos um parasita. A prevalência geral foi de 47.5% com intensidade média de infecção de 18.93 ± 10.77. A comunidade endoparasitária associada a P. ararype constituiu de seis espécies de parasitas, com Falcaustra mascula tendo a maior prevalência (25%). A maioria dos parasitas apresentaram índice de dispersão uniforme nos hospedeiros e sua abundância não esteve relacionada ao tamanho do hospedeiro. Aqui, nós também apresentamos uma compilação de todos os parasitas associados as espécies de hospedeiros do gênero Proceratophrys na América do Sul. No geral, nós encontramos 23 espécies de parasitas associadas a cinco espécies de hospedeiros (P. ararype, P. appendiculata, P. boiei, P. cristiceps, P. mantiqueira). Destas, duas espécies de parasitas (Oswaldocruzia mazzai e Strongyloides sp.) representam novos registros para o gênero Proceratophrys. Nossos resultados demonstram a carência de estudos sobre a helmintofauna de anfíbios e preenchem uma importante lacuna de conhecimento sobre a diversidade de parasitas de Proceratophrys ararype, um sapo endêmico do Planalto do Araripe, nordeste do Brasil.

Infestation by Chiggers ( Hannemania sp.) of Miranda's White-lipped Frog ( Leptodactylus macrosternum) from a Semiarid, Neotropic Region of Brazil.

We identified Miranda's white-lipped frog ( Leptodactylus macrosternum) as a new host for chiggers ( Hannemania sp.). A total of 57 larvae of Hannemania sp. were found on 31 frogs examined from a semiarid region of northeastern Brazil.

Helminth parasites of Phyllodactylidae and Gekkonidae lizards in a Caatinga ecological station, northeastern Brazil / Helmintos parasitas de lagartos Phyllodactylidae e Gekkonidae em estação ecológica na Caatinga, nordeste do Brasil

Abstract We investigated the parasites of five lizard species belonging to Phyllodactylidae (Phyllopezus pollicaris and Gymnodactylus geckoides) and Gekkonidae (Hemidactylus agrius, Lygodactylus klugei and Hemidactylus brasilianus) families in a semiarid region of Brazil. Six nematode species were identified: Parapharyngodon alvarengai and Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis (Pharyngodonidae), Physaloptera lutzi (Physalopteridae), Skrjabinelazia intermedia (Seuratidae), Trichospirura sp. (Rhabdochonidae) and Piratuba sp. (Onchocercidae), and a cestode species, Oochoristica sp. (Linstowiidae). The most prevalent species were Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis, which infected P. pollicaris (75%), and Parapharyngodon alvarengai, which infected G. geckoides (29%). South American lizards were identified as being new hosts for the Trichospirura genus (a usual parasite of mammals), and there were 16 new occurrences of parasite species in the five lizard species studied herein.

Resumo Nós investigamos os parasitas de cinco espécies de lagartos pertencentes às famílias Phyllodactylidae (Phyllopezus pollicaris e Gymnodactylus geckoides) e Gekkonidae (Hemidactylus agrius, Lygodactylus klugei e Hemidactylus brasilianus) em região semiárida do Brasil. Seis espécies de nematoides foram encontrados: Parapharyngodon alvarengai e Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis (Pharyngodonidae), Physaloptera lutzi (Physalopteridae), Skrjabinelazia intermedia (Seuratidae), Trichospirura sp. (Rhabdochonidae), Piratuba sp. (Onchocercidae) e uma espécie de cestódeo, Oochoristica sp. (Linstowiidae). As espécies de maiores prevalências foram S. oxkutzcabiensis, a qual infectou P. pollicaris (75%) e P. alvarengai a qual infectou G. geckoides (29.%). Nós documentamos novo registro de hospedeiro para lagartos na América do Sul pertencente ao gênero Trichospirura, o qual é comum em mamíferos, e 16 novas ocorrências de espécies parasitas nas cinco espécies de lagartos aqui estudadas.

Spatial-temporal variation of parasites in Cnemidophorus ocellifer (Teiidae) and Tropidurus hispidus and Tropidurus semitaeniatus (Tropiduridae) from Caatinga areas in northeastern Brazil.

Parasites are natural regulators of their host populations. Despite this, little is known about variations in parasite composition (spatially or temporally) in environments subjected to water-related periodic stress such as the arid and semiarid regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial-temporal variation in endoparasite species' abundance and richness in populations of Neotropical Cnemidophorus ocellifer, Tropidurus hispidus, and Tropidurus semitaeniatus lizards in the semiarid northeast of Brazil. The location influenced the abundance of parasites in all analyzed lizard species, while season (dry and rainy) only influenced the total abundance for T. hispidus. In all seasons, males significantly showed more endoparasites than females in all lizard species, although for T. hispidus, this difference was only found in the dry season. Seasonal variations affect the abundance patterns of parasites. Likely, variables include environmental variations such as humidity and temperature, which influence the development of endoparasite eggs when outside of the host. Further, the activity of the intermediate hosts and the parasites of heteroxenous life cycles could be affected by an environmental condition. The variation in the abundance of parasites between the sampling areas could be a reflection of variations in climate and physiochemical conditions. Also, it could be due to differences in the quality of the environment in which each host population lives.

Zootherapeutics utilized by residents of the community Poço Dantas, Crato-CE, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Animals have been used as a source of medicine in Brazil since ancient times, and have played a significant role in healing practices. Specifically in Northeast Brazil, zootherapy is a very common practice, and together with medicinal plants, it plays an important role as a therapeutic alternative. In the state of Ceara, no works have been carried out on rural communities with regard to use of zootherapeutics, even though the practice of zootherapy is common in this region. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the use of medicinal animals in a rural community (Poco Dantas) in the municipality of Crato, Ceara, Brazil. METHODS: The field survey was carried out from October 2008 to January 2009 by conducting interviews using structured questionnaires with 72 people (33 men and 39 women), who provided information on animal species used as remedies, body parts used to prepare the remedies, and ailments for which the remedies were prescribed. We calculated the informant consensus factor (ICF) to determine the consensus over which species are effective for particular ailments, as well as the species use value (UV) to determine the extent of utilization of each species. RESULTS: A total of 29 species, distributed in 17 families were categorized as having some medicinal property. The taxa most represented were: mammals (9), insects (7), reptiles and birds (4). Progne chalybea, a species not previously recorded as being of medicinal use, was cited in the present work, where it is utilized in the treatment of alcoholism. The animals are used in the treatment of 34 diseases or symptoms, where sore throat, inflammations and cough are the ailments with the greatest number of citations. CONCLUSION: The data show that zootherapy represents an important therapeutic alternative for the inhabitants of the community. New studies on medicinal fauna should be conducted with the aim of determining the exploitation level of the species utilized, promoting sustainable development of medicinal species that are eventually threatened, and preserving and disseminating the knowledge developed by traditional individuals of the community.

Animal-based folk remedies sold in public markets in Crato and Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Human communities consistently develop a detailed knowledge of the therapeutical and medicinal properties of the local flora and fauna, and these folk remedies often substitute medicines produced by the pharmaceutical industry. Animals (and their derived products) are essential ingredients in the preparation of many traditional remedies. The present work prepared an inventory of the animals sold in public markets in the cities of Crato and Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará State, Brazil. METHODS: Information was obtained through the use of semi-structured questionnaires in interviews held with 27 merchants of medicinal animals (18 in the municipality of Juazeiro do Norte [11 men and 7 women] and 9 people in the municipality of Crato [6 men and 3 women]). We calculated the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) to determine the consensus over which species are effective for particular ailments, as well as the species Use Value (UV) to determine the extent of utilization of each species. RESULTS: A total of 31 animal species, distributed among 21 families were identified as being used medicinally. The taxa most represented were: insects (8 species), mammals (7), fish (5), reptiles (5) and birds (4). The animals sold in these markets are used to treat a total of 24 ailments, with rheumatism, asthma, and inflammations having the largest numbers of citations. Three species not previously reported as having medicinal use were encountered: Leporinus steindachneri (utilized for treating cholesterol problems), Gryllus assimilis (utilized in treating urinary infections), and Phrynops tuberosus (used to treat asthma, rheumatism and bruises). CONCLUSION: The composition of the local fauna, the popular culture, and commercial considerations are factors that maintain and drive the market for therapeutic animal products - and the lack of monitoring and regulation of this commerce is worrisome from a conservationist perspective. A detailed knowledge of the fauna utilized in alternative medicine is fundamental to the conservation and rational use of the Brazilian fauna.