Cyclosporine A - Induced gingival overgrowth and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in experimental periodontitis.

The most important microscopic characteristic of Cyclosporine A-induced gingival overgrowth is fibroepithelial hyperplasia. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate the influence of previous exposure to Cyclosporine A over gingival epithelium in experimental periodontitis in rats. METHODS: Twenty Wistar rats with 12 weeks-old were divided into four groups with 5 animals each: Control Group (CG); Cyclosporine Group (CsAG); Ligature group (LG) and Cyclosporine and Ligature Group (CsALG). Daily doses of CsA (10 mg/kg) were applied to CsAG and CsALG during 60 days since the beginning of the experiment and, a ligature was placed in LG and CsALG 30 days after the beginning of the experiment. After 60 days, animals were euthanized and gingival tissue was processed to histomorphometric analysis of epithelial thickness (mm2), immunohistochemical expression of PCNA (%) and inflammatory response. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney at 0.05 significance level. RESULTS: Considering epithelial thickness, CG was thinner than all groups, CsALG was the largest and CsAG and LG were similar between each other. Regarding the PCNA expression CG (16.46 ± 9.26) was similar to CsAG (34.47 ± 19.75) and, LG (59.02 ± 10.33) was similar to CsALG (40.59 ± 18.25). Significant difference (p < 0.05) occurred only in inflammation presence comparing CG/LG and CsAG/CsALG. A weak positive correlation between the number of PCNA+ and inflammatory cells (p = 0.001; r = 0.611) was observed. CONCLUSION: Based on these results it was concluded that the enlargement of gingival epithelium observed in experimental periodontitis can be increased by previous exposition to CsA and inflammatory conditions enhanced proliferative activity of the keratinocytes.

Medical and Periodontal Clinical Parameters in Patients at Different Levels of Chronic Renal Failure.

Aim. To assess the clinical periodontal and medical parameters in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) at different levels of renal disease. Background. CRF is a progressive and irreversible loss of renal function associated with a decline in the glomerular filtration rate. Periodontal disease is a destructive inflammatory disease affecting periodontal tissues that shows high prevalence in patients with CRF. Materials and Methods. 102 CRF patients were included and divided into an early stage group (EG), predialysis group (PDG), and hemodialysis group (HDG). The medical parameters were taken from the patients' records. Results. Periodontal clinical condition differed among the CRF groups. Clinical attachment loss was greater in the HDG and PDG group compared to the EG (p = 0.0364); the same was observed in the Plaque Index (p = 0.0296); the others periodontal parameters did not show any differences. Ferritin levels were significantly higher in the HDG when compared to the EG and PGD (p < 0.0001), and fibrinogen was higher in PDG compared with the others (p < 0.0001); the triglycerides also showed higher values in the HDG compared with the other groups (p < 0.0001). Conclusion. The patients with renal involvement should have a multidisciplinary approach to an improvement in their oral and systemic health.

Salivary markers in patients with chronic renal failure.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years. The major function of the kidneys is the removal of metabolic waste products, electrolytes and water. When this function is impaired, systemic changes, oral complications and alterations in salivary composition may occur. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the levels of immunological and inflammatory components in the saliva samples from patients that undergo to hemodialysis treatment (HD), without HD and control. DESIGN: This study evaluated IgA, IgG, C reactive protein (CRP) and nitric oxide (NO) in saliva samples from 119 patients, who were divided into the control group (C), chronic renal failure (CRF) patient group and CRF patients on hemodialysis treatment (HD) group. IgA and IgG levels were analyzed by ELISA. Nitric oxide levels were determined indirectly by the nitrite concentration using Griess reagent; CRP by agglutination tests; and total proteins, by Bradford assay. RESULTS: The HD group showed significantly higher levels of IgG, IgA and CRP compared with the control and CRF groups. The CRF group presented the same amounts of IgG, IgA and CRP as the C group but significantly higher levels of NO similar to the HD group. CONCLUSION: Renal disease, particularly hemodialysis treatment during renal disease, seems to alter salivary immunological and inflammatory components. Thus, analyzing the levels of IgA, IgG, NO and CRP in saliva may be beneficial for monitoring renal disease.

Previous exposure to Cyclosporine A and periodontal breakdown in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of previous exposure to Cyclosporine A (CsA) on experimental periodontitis in rats. DESIGN: Forty rats were divided into 4 groups: Control (CON); Cyclosporine A (CsA), which received daily doses of 10mg/kg CsA; Ligature (LIG), which received an insertion of a cotton ligature around the mandibular 1st molar at day 30; and Ligature and CsA (CsAL), which were treated with CsA and the cotton ligature. At day 60 of the experiment, animals were sacrificed, and groups were compared with regards to Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) activity, gingival overgrowth, periodontal bone support (PBS), bone resorption at furcation ligament area (LA) and TRAP+ cells. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey and Kruskal-Wallis and were considered to be statistically significant at 5% level. RESULTS: CsA and LIG groups showed similar gingival area, which was higher than that in the CON and lower than in the CsAL group (p=0.001). The ratio between epithelial area and connective area for the CON group was similar to the CsA group and higher than that for the CsAL and LIG groups (p=0.0334). Mean percentage of PBS for the CON group was similar to that for the CsAL group and higher than that of the CsA and LIG groups (p=0.0007). No difference was observed regarding AP (p=0.2806) and TRAP+ cells (p=0.3995) among experimental groups. Mean values for LA of CON were similar to CsA, and both were statistically lower than the CsAL and LIG groups (p=0.0172). CONCLUSION: Based on these results, we posit that previous exposure to CsA may influence gingival overgrowth, but not bone loss, in rats with experimental periodontitis.

Effects of alcohol intake in periodontitis progression in female rats: a histometric study

AIM: To evaluate histometrically the effect of low and high caloric value of ethanol on ligature-induced bone loss in female rats. METHODS: Sixty female rats were divided into five groups of 12 animals each: Normal Control (water), Test A (low ethanol), Control A (low iso), Test B (high ethanol) and Control B (high iso). Control Groups A and B received diets with the same amount of calories consumed by Test Groups A and B, respectively, with ethanol replaced by isocaloric amounts of carbohydrate. Four weeks prior to the end of the experimental period, half of the rats in each group were randomly assigned to receive a ligature on mandibular molar, whereas the other half of group was left unligated. At 8 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and the specimens were processed to obtain decalcified sections. The area of periodontal ligament and/or bone loss in the furcation region of the first molars was histometrically measured in five sections per specimen (mm²). RESULTS: Ethanol intake did not have effect on the alveolar bone loss in unligated teeth (p>0.05). However, in ligature-induced periodontitis, high value of calories associated with ethanol feeding enhanced the area of bone loss (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that a low-ethanol diet did not affect the periodontium, while a high-ethanol diet may aggravate the progression of periodontitis, as demonstrated by the increased furcation region bone destruction in periodontal disease...

The influence of low dose of doxycycline on induced periodontitis associated with occlusal overload / A influência de baixas doses de doxicilina sobre a periodontite induzida associada à sobre carga oclusal

A degradação dos tecidos de suporte periodontal é o principal evento biológico da doença periodontal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do uso sistêmico de baixas doses de doxiciclina (BDD) sobre o suporte ósseo periodontal (SOP) e a perda de inserção (PI) na periodontite induzida associada à sobrecarga oclusal em ratas. Neste estudo foram utilizadas 25 ratas Wistar pesando 250g, divididas em 5 grupos (n=5): GC (controle), GL (ligadura);GO (sobrecarga oclusal); GLO (ligadura e sobrecarga oclusal); GLOD (ligadura sobrecarga oclusal e doxiciclina). A periodontite foi induzida pela inserção de uma ligadura ao redor do 1º molar inferior (1MI) permanecendo por 28 dias. Para que o 1MI ficasse em sobrecarga oclusal, as superfícies oclusais do 2º e 3º molares superiores foram desgastadas. Os animais do grupo GLOD receberam 0,14 mg de doxiciclina por via oral diariamente por todo o período experimental. Os animais foram sacrificados e as hemimandíbulas direitas foram analisadas por meio de radiografias digitais quanto ao SOP (%) e as hemi-mandíbulas direitas foram processadas para a análise histopatológica da PI (mm). Os valores médios foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA/Tukey) ao nível de 5%. Os resultados para SOP em GC (55.49±4.86) e GO (60.03±3.37) foram iguais entre si e diferentes de GL(46.73±4.80), GLO (51.69±2.84) e GLOD (57.76±4.50)(p=0.001). Considerando a PI, GC (0.11±0.07) and GO(0.12±0.10mm) foram semelhantes entre si e diferentes de GL (0.41±0.09), GLO (0.58±0.12) e GLOD (0.54±0.12)(p=0.0001). Em conclusão, o uso de BDD pareceu não modular a redução de SOP ou PI em ratas com periodontite induzida e sobrecarga oclusal.

Periodontium support degradation is the main biologica levent in periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of systemic use of a low-dose of doxycycline (LDD) on periodontal bone support (PBS) and attachment loss (AL) in induced periodontitis associated with occlusal overload in rats. This study used 25 female Wistar rats weighing 250g, divided into 5 groups (n=5): CG(control group), LG (ligature group); OG (occlusal overload); LOG (ligature and occlusal overload); LOGD (ligature, occlusal overload and doxycycline). Periodontitis was induced by inserting a ligature around the first mandibular molar (1MDM) for 28 days. In order to obtain occlusal overload at the 1MDM, the occlusal surfaces of the second and third maxillary molars (2MXM and 3MXM) were flattened. 0.14mg of doxycycline was orally administered every day to the LOGD group rats during the experimental period. The rats were sacrificed and the righthemi-mandibles were analyzed by digital radiograph of the PBS(%), whereas the left hemi-mandible was processed for histopathological analysis of AL(mm). The mean values were treated using ANOVA and the Tukey test at 5% level. Results for PBS in the CG (55.49±4.86%) and OG (60.03±3.37%) groups were similar to each other and statistically different from the LG (46.73±4.80%), LOG (51.69±2.84%) and LOGD (57.76±4.50%) groups (p=0.001). For AL, CG(0.11±0.07mm) and OG (0.12±0.10mm) were similar to eachother and statistically different from LG (0.41±0.09mm), LOG 0.58±0.12mm) and LOGD (0.54±0.12mm) (p=0.0001). In conclusion, the use of LDD appears not to modulate PBS orAL reduction in rats with periodontitis associated with occlusal overload

Influence of alcohol consumption on alveolar bone level associated with ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.

Alcohol consumption is a risk indicator for periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to morphometrically evaluate the influence of alcohol consumption on alveolar bone level associated with ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. Thirty-six female rats (Wistar, 120 days-old) were randomly divided into three groups that received a daily administration of a water diet (control, n = 12), a 10% alcohol diet (10% ethanol, n = 12) or a 20% alcohol diet (20% ethanol, n = 12). Four weeks after the onset of the experiment, cotton ligatures were placed around the cervix of the upper right second molar in six rats. The other 6 rats in each group remained unligated. The rats were sacrificed four weeks after ligature placement. The maxillary bones were removed and alveolar bone loss was analyzed by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest at 2 buccal and 2 palatal sites on the upper right second molar. Analyses between the ligated and unligated groups showed that the presence of ligature induced alveolar bone loss (p < 0.05). Unligated groups showed no significant differences between each other (p > 0.05). In the ligated groups, rats receiving 20% ethanol showed significantly greater bone loss compared to control rats or rats receiving 10% ethanol. These results demonstrate that alcohol consumption may increase alveolar bone loss in female rats in a dose-dependent manner.

Influence of alcohol consumption on alveolar bone level associated with ligature-induced periodontitis in rats

Alcohol consumption is a risk indicator for periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to morphometrically evaluate the influence of alcohol consumption on alveolar bone level associated with ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. Thirty-six female rats (Wistar, 120 days-old) were randomly divided into three groups that received a daily administration of a water diet (control, n = 12), a 10 percent alcohol diet (10 percent ethanol, n = 12) or a 20 percent alcohol diet (20 percent ethanol, n = 12). Four weeks after the onset of the experiment, cotton ligatures were placed around the cervix of the upper right second molar in six rats. The other 6 rats in each group remained unligated. The rats were sacrificed four weeks after ligature placement. The maxillary bones were removed and alveolar bone loss was analyzed by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest at 2 buccal and 2 palatal sites on the upper right second molar. Analyses between the ligated and unligated groups showed that the presence of ligature induced alveolar bone loss (p < 0.05). Unligated groups showed no significant differences between each other (p > 0.05). In the ligated groups, rats receiving 20 percent ethanol showed significantly greater bone loss compared to control rats or rats receiving 10 percent ethanol. These results demonstrate that alcohol consumption may increase alveolar bone loss in female rats in a dose-dependent manner.

Uma visão atual do fluido gengival crevicular como método de diagnóstico periodontal / An actual view of gingival crevicular fluid as a periodontal diagnosis method

Os novos testes de diagnóstico para doença periodontal têm como objetivo estudar a resposta inflamatória do hospedeiro por meio do fluido gengival crevicular. Ele é uma complexa mistura de substâncias derivadas de soro sanguíneo, leucócitos, células estruturais do periodonto e microrganismos bucais. Mesmo quando há saúde gengival, este é um fluido transudato que escoa do sulco gengival, presumivelmente como um fator mecânico que minimiza o acúmulo de microrganismos, sugerindo um sistema de filtragem passiva do tecido gengival intacto. A coleta e a análise de amostras de fluido gengival crevicular provêm de um acesso não invasivo ao estado patofisiológico do periodonto de um sítio específico. Investigações têm proposto o potencial de utilizar anticorpos ou mediadores de inflamação presentes no fluido gengival crevicular como adjunto no diagnóstico de periodontites, na definição do mecanismo da doença. Os métodos de coleta podem ser, de maneira geral, divididos em técnicas intra ou extrassulculares. A taxa do fluxo do fluido gengival crevicular varia entre os indivíduos saudáveis, portadores de gengivite ou entre diferentes estágios de periodontite. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo é de descrever as formas de coleta do fluido gengival e sua importância no processo inflamatório, proporcionando uma análise preditiva mais sensível, que poderá auxiliar na elaboração do diagnóstico e prognóstico da doença periodontal

The aim of the latest diagnostic tools for periodontal disease is to study the host inflammatory response through the gingival crevicular fluid. This fluid is a complex mixture of substances deriving from blood serum, leucocytes, periodontal structural cells and buccal microorganisms. Even when the gums are healthy, this is a transuding fluid which flows from the gingival sulcus, probably as a mechanical factor minimizing the buildup of microorganisms, suggesting a passive filtering system for the undamaged gingival tissue. The extraction and the analysis of samples of gingival crevicular fluid are performed via a non-invasive access to the pathophysiological status of a specific periodontal site. Some studies have proposed the use of gingival crevicular fluid antibodies or inflammatory mediators as a potential adjunct to periodontal diagnosis in the definition of the disease's mechanism. The extraction methods may, in general, be divided into intra- and extra-sulcal techniques. The rate of flow of the gingival crevicular fluid varies between individuals who are healthy, those with gingivitis or between different stages of periodontitis. So, the aim of this study is to describe the different ways of collecting gingival fluid and its importance in the inflammatory process; these procedures can offer a more sensitive, predictive analysis, helping with the diagnosis and prognosis of periodontal disease

Tratamento periodontal associado ao cloridrato de minociclina a 2 por cento: aspectos fundamentais / Association betewen periodontal therapy and 2 per cent minocycline hydrocholoride: fundamental aspects

A terapia periodontal mecânica parece efetiva no tratamento da maioria dos sítios com doença periodontal. Entretanto, a adição de um agente antimicrobiano possibilita diminuir com sucesso as bactérias mais resistentes em bolsas periodontais mais profundas, presentes nos túbulos I dentinários e não removidas pelo tratamento mecânico. Alguns estudos comprovam a capacidade antimicrobiana e as possibilidades de modulação da resposta do hospedeiro com o uso das tetraciclinas, especialmente da minociclina. Este medicamento tem mostrado ação I inibitória para os principais patógenos periodontais, com menores concentrações em relação às demais tetracicIinas. Sendo assim este artigo procura discutir aspectos como a aplicabilidade das tetraciclinas no tratamento de doenças periodontais, I principalmente em relação ao uso local do cloridrato de minociclina. Os estudos discutidos nesta revisão de literatura permitem concluir que a utilização do gel de cloridrato de minocicIina a 2 por cento, como alternativa de complementação da raspagem coronária e aplainamento radicular interfere positivamente na modulação da resposta do hospedeiro, reduzem os principais patógenos periodontais e possibilitam melhoras clínicas no periodonto.

The effect of alcohol consumption on periodontal bone support in experimental periodontitis in rats

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the alcohol consumption on the periodontal bone support (PBS) in experimental periodontitis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-three male rats were divided into seven groups: G1 (control); G2 (10 percent ethanol); G3 (nutritional control of G2); G4 (20 percent ethanol); G5 (nutritional control of G4); G6 (30 percent ethanol) and G7 (nutritional control of G6). The groups G3, G5 and G7 received controlled diets with equivalent caloric amounts to those consumed in G2, G4 and G6 respectively, with the ethanol replaced by sucrose. After anesthesia, ligatures were installed around the mandibular first molar, leaving the contralateral teeth unligated. After 8 weeks, the rats were killed and their mandibles were radiographed to measure the percentage of PBS on the distal aspect. RESULTS: The intragroup analyses showed that presence of ligatures induced periodontitis (p<0.05). Unligated groups did not show significant differences among the percentages of PBS (p=0.1969). However, in ligated groups the rats that received alcohol (G2:48.71 percent±3.88; G4:47.66 percent±2.54; G6:47.32 percent±3.24) and the nutritional control group associated with a high concentration of ethanol (G7:47.40 percent±3.24) presented a significantly lower percentage of PBS than the other groups (G1:52.40 percent±2.75; G3:52.83 percent±2.41; G5:50.85 percent±4.14). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that alcohol consumption in rats may result in a direct effect on alveolar bone loss and increased development of periodontitis. In addition, they suggest that heavy caloric consumption of ethanol may also present an indirect effect on periodontal tissue as a consequence of malnutrition.

OBJETIVO: O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo de álcool sobre o suporte ósseo periodontal (SOP) em periodontite induzida por ligaduras em ratos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Sessenta e três ratos machos foram divididos em sete grupos: G1 (controle); G2 (álcool a 10 por cento); G3 (controle nutricional de G2); G4 (álcool a 20 por cento); G5 (controle nutricional de G4); G6 (álcool a 30 por cento); G7 (controle nutricional de G6). Os grupos G3, G5 e G7 receberam dietas controladas com a mesma quantidade de calorias consumidas por G2, G4 e G6, respectivamente, com o etanol substituído por sacarose. Após anestesia foram instaladas ligaduras no primeiro molar inferior direito, permanecendo o dente contralateral sem ligadura. Após oito semanas, os ratos foram sacrificados e as mandíbulas radiografadas para medição do SOP na proximal distal. RESULTADOS: A análise intragrupo mostrou que a presença da ligadura foi capaz de induzir periodontite (p<0,05). Os grupos sem ligadura não demonstraram diferenças significativas (p=0,1969) no SOP. Contudo, nos grupos com ligadura os ratos que receberam álcool (G2:48,71 por cento±3,88; G4:47,66 por cento±2,54; G6:47,32 por cento±3,24) e o controle nutricional associado a alta concentração de etanol (G7:47,40 por cento±3,24) apresentaram percentual de SOP estatisticamente inferior aos outros grupos (G1:52,40 por cento±2,75; G3:52,83 por cento±2,41; G5:50,85 por cento±4,14). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados demonstraram que o consumo de álcool em ratos pode resultar em efeito direto na perda óssea alveolar, aumentando o desenvolvimento da periodontite. Além disso, sugere-se que o consumo calórico pesado de etanol também pode apresentar efeito indireto nos tecidos periodontais, como conseqüência da má nutrição.

Assessment of the "golden proportion" in agreeable smiles.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the "golden proportion" in individuals presenting agreeable smiles. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Two hundred sixty university students aged 18 to 30 years of age (130 subjects of each gender) with maxillary incisors, canines, and premolars presenting anatomic integrity were evaluated. Agreeable smiles were considered to be those displaying at least second premolars; revealing no gingival recession in the smile area; having interdental papillae that filled all interdental spaces and were not hyperplastic; showing less than 3 mm of the maxillary gingiva; displaying the line of the lower lip parallel to the incisal line of the maxillary teeth and also to an imaginary line linking the contact points of these teeth; and, finally, presenting symmetry upon examination. Twenty-one individuals of this sample who presented this kind of smile (11 female and 10 male subjects) had their maxillary incisors, canines, and premolars of the same hemiarch measured in the cervicoincisal and mesiodistal directions using a periodontal probe, a digital Boley gauge, and digitalized analysis. Data were submitted to statistical analysis for comparison of adjacent teeth considering 1.618 (golden proportion) as a reference, with a statistical significance of P < .05. RESULTS: Of the agreeable smiles evaluated, 7.1% exhibited the golden proportion. CONCLUSION: The golden proportion was not often found in adjacent teeth shown in smiles in the sample studied.

Periodontal healing after Root conditioning using TTC-HCI or citric acid: A histological study in rats

O reparo tecidual após terapia periodontal consta da cicatrização epitelial e conjuntiva pela a biocompatibilização da superfície radicular. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se o uso de soluções condicionantes como o cloridrato de tetraciclina (TTC-HCl) ou o ácido cítrico podem melhorar o reparo após a terapia periodontal em ratos. A doença periodontal foi induzida pela inserção de uma ligadura nos 2º molares superiores esquerdos em 36 ratos Wistar. O sítio experimental foi tratado mecanicamente e uma marcação na porção mais apical da bolsa foi preparada com uma lima endodôntica de Hedstroen. Os sítios experimentais foram então irrigados com de solução de cloridrato de tetraciclina à 10% ou, de solução de ácido cítrico à 8% ou, de solução de NaCl à 0,9% formando 3 grupos de 12 animais. Os animais foram sacrificados 3, 7, ou 21 dias após o tratamento e as peças cirúrgicas foram processadas para a análise histomorfométrica. Os resultados mostraram maturação da cicatrização de forma normal, sem regeneração nos sítios experimentais. Utilizando-se um retículo de contagem e a análise de variância a dois critérios observou-se que o te-cido que preencheu a marcação não diferiu significativamente entre os sítios irrigados com soluções condicionantes. Entretanto, o tecido que preenchia a marcação era menor nestes grupos em relação ao controle e apresentava uma área ocupada por tecido conjuntivo com inflamação mais estreita. Baseado nestes resultados pode-se concluir que a irrigação com soluções ácidas pode melhorar o reparo após a terapia periodontal.

Longitudinal clinical evaluation of adjunct minocycline in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: The clinical benefits of minocycline in combination with thorough scaling and root planing (SRP) have been examined in multicenter studies. The aim of this longitudinal investigation was to evaluate the clinical response to scaling and root planing combined with the use of locally delivered minocycline microspheres for 720 days in individuals with advanced chronic periodontitis. METHODS: A total of 26 individuals aged 26 to 69 years (mean: 46.8+/-12.1 years) were included in this double-blind randomized clinical trial. After randomization, 13 individuals were selected for the test group (TG) and treated with SRP plus subgingival minocycline at baseline and 90, 180, and 270 days, and 13 individuals were selected for the control group (CG) and received SRP plus vehicle at the same timepoints. Two homologous sites with probing depth (PD)>or=6 mm were chosen in each subject. To evaluate the clinical response after treatment, PD, plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI) were assessed at baseline and 90, 180, 270, 360, and 720 days. RESULTS: No statistical differences were found between test and control groups in relation to PD at the different timepoints. The mean values of PD demonstrated a higher reduction in the test group at 270 and 360 days. No statistical differences were observed at 90, 180, and 720 days between TG and CG (P<0.05; Wilcoxon test). There were no statistically significant differences between TG and CG concerning PI and GI (P<0.05; analysis of variance and t test) at all evaluated timepoints. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that both therapies reduced mean PD from 90 to 360 days; however, SRP combined with the use of subgingival minocycline showed a higher reduction at 270 and 360 days following therapy.

Histological analysis of effects of 24% EDTA gel for nonsurgical treatment of periodontal tissues.

The aim of this study was to investigate, by means of histological and histomorphometric analysis, the effects of 24% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) gel in periodontal tissue when used in combination with conventional periodontal treatment. Periodontitis was induced in the 2nd upper left permanent molars of 45 male Wistar rats by means of ligature. After 5 weeks, this was removed and debridement was performed. The animals were then randomly divided into 3 groups; group 1: mechanical treatment, group 2: mechanical treatment and EDTA gel application for 2 min, and group 3: mechanical treatment and placebo gel application for 2 min. After the treatment, rinsing was done with 0.9% saline solution for 1 min in all cases, followed by root notching in the deepest part of the pocket. After 4, 10, and 28 days the animals were sacrificed. The averages obtained were evaluated by means of test two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey statistical tests (P < 0.05). The results showed that with respect to the type of treatment employed, there were no statistically significant differences in the vitality of the periodontal tissue. It was concluded that 24% EDTA gel did not interfere with periodontal tissue repair when used in combination with conventional periodontal treatment.

The effect of alcohol consumption on periodontal bone support in experimental periodontitis in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the alcohol consumption on the periodontal bone support (PBS) in experimental periodontitis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-three male rats were divided into seven groups: G1 (control); G2 (10% ethanol); G3 (nutritional control of G2); G4 (20% ethanol); G5 (nutritional control of G4); G6 (30% ethanol) and G7 (nutritional control of G6). The groups G3, G5 and G7 received controlled diets with equivalent caloric amounts to those consumed in G2, G4 and G6 respectively, with the ethanol replaced by sucrose. After anesthesia, ligatures were installed around the mandibular first molar, leaving the contralateral teeth unligated. After 8 weeks, the rats were killed and their mandibles were radiographed to measure the percentage of PBS on the distal aspect. RESULTS: The intragroup analyses showed that presence of ligatures induced periodontitis (p<0.05). Unligated groups did not show significant differences among the percentages of PBS (p=0.1969). However, in ligated groups the rats that received alcohol (G2:48.71%+/-3.88; G4:47.66%+/-2.54; G6:47.32%+/-3.24) and the nutritional control group associated with a high concentration of ethanol (G7:47.40%+/-3.24) presented a significantly lower percentage of PBS than the other groups (G1:52.40%+/-2.75; G3:52.83%+/-2.41; G5:50.85%+/-4.14). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that alcohol consumption in rats may result in a direct effect on alveolar bone loss and increased development of periodontitis. In addition, they suggest that heavy caloric consumption of ethanol may also present an indirect effect on periodontal tissue as a consequence of malnutrition.

Avaliação óssea alveolar de rattus norvegicus por meio dos métodos radiográfico e morfométrico / Alveolar bony evaluation of rattus norvegicus by radiographic and morphometric methods

O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a característica anatômica do osso alveolar de ratos por meio dos métodos radiográfico e morfométrico. Para tanto foram utilizados 30 ratos. Os animais foram sacrificados e as mandíbulas e maxilas direitas foram fixadas em formol a 10%. Os espécimes foram morfométricamente analisados em lupa esteroscópica para de-terminação do nível ósseo alveolar nas faces livres. Posteriormente, foram radiografados para mensuração do suporte ósseo periodontal (SOP) junto as proximais distal e mesial. As mensurações foram realizadas duas vezes por um único examinador. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste ANOVA com nível de significância de 5%. Pelo teste t pareado não foi observada diferença estatística (p>0,05) para as duas medidas realizadas. O percentual de SOP não diferiu estatisticamente nem entre as raízes mesial e distal nem entre os arcos (p>0,05). Entretanto, o nível ósseo alveolar apresentou-se menor na raiz distal da mandíbula em relação as outras, na maxila foi maior nas raízes linguais que nas vestibulares (p=0,0000). Quando comparada as raízes linguais maxilares com as mandibulares, os valores man-dibulares foram estatisticamente superiores (p=0,000). O presente estudo experimental transversal em ratos verificou que os métodos radiográfico e morfométrico são reproduzíveis e complementares e que a anatomia óssea alveolar dos molares avaliados se caracteriza por apresentar níveis ósseos distintos associadas a suporte ósseo periodontal propor-cionalmente equivalentes.

Periodontal disease in a rural community in Minas Gerais, Brazil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease and treatment needs in a Brazilian rural community, using the Community Periodntal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). This study included 183 individuals who were clinically evaluated. The results showed that 45% of the individuals between ages 0-5 yearshad bleeding upon probing, and 34% of individuals ages 6-12 presented dental calculus. Among the individuals ages 13-18, 15% of pathological pockets were found with probing depth (PD) of 4-5 mm. However, among individuals ages 19-34, 50% showed a PD of 4-5 mm and 12.5% PD íÝ 6 mm. In the group of individuals ages 35-44, 17% showed PD íÝ 6 mm. Ninety percent of the individuals up to 13 years old needed only oral hygiene instructions. Dental scaling was indicated to 70% and 95% of the individuals aged 13-18 and 19-34 respectively. A more complex periodontal therapy was indicated to 17% of individuals aged 35-44. These results showed the necessity of the implementation of dental preventive programs to this community, especially to individuals under 12 years, and curative programs for individuals ages older than 13 years oldThe aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease and treatment needs in a Brazilian rural community, using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). This study included 183 individuals who were clinically evaluated. The results showed that 45% of the individuals between ages 0-5 years had bleeding upon probing, and 34% of individuals ages 6-12 presented dental calculus. Among the individuals ages 13-18, 15% of pathological pockets were found with probing depth (PD) of 4-5 mm. However, among individuals ages 19-34, 50% showed a PD of 4-5 mm and 12.5% PD íÝ 6 mm. In the group of individuals ages 35-44, 17% showed PD íÝ 6 mm. Ninety percent of the individuals up to 13 years old needed only oral hygiene instructions. Dental scaling was indicated to 70% and 95% of the individuals aged 13-18 and 19-34 respectively. A more complex periodontal therapy was indicated to 17% of individuals aged 35-44. These results showed the necessity of the implementation of dental preventive programs to this community, especially to individuals under 12 years, and curative programs for individuals ages older than 13 years old

Raspagem dental associada a metronidazol/espiramicina na periodontite crônica / Scaling associated to metronidezole/spiramycin in chronic periodontitis

Avalious-ea eficiência da raspagem dental e do aplainamento radicular (RDAR) associados ao uso sistêmico de metronidazol/espiramicina em 36 indivíduos com periodontite crônica. Observaram-se profundidade de sondagem (PS), nível clínico de inserção (NCI),índice de placa (IP),índice gengival (IG) e de higiene oral (IHO).Designaram-se 4 sítios com PS ≥ 6mm para avaliação de OS e de NCI. Verificou-se a redução de PS nos grupos teste e controle. Os Controles apresentaram maior ganho de NCI aos 3 e 6 meses do que os testes.OIP e o IHO mostraram-se equivalentes entre os grupos,todavia,o IG mos trou-se aumentado nos controles.Os autores concluíram que RDAR associados a metronidazol/espiramicina não apresentaram benefício adicional em relação a RDAR.

Estudo comparativo da utilização local de tetraciclina, minociclina e ácido cítrico como adjuntos a instrumentação periodontal: análise histológica e histomorfométrica em ratos / Comparative study of tetracycline, minocycline or citric acid local use associated to periodontal instrumentation: a histological and histomorphometrical analysis in rats

O reparo tecidual após terapia periodontal envolve a formação de tecido epitelial e conjuntivo a partir da biocompatibilização da superfície radicular. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a utilização de soluções condicionantes como tetraciclina (TTC-HCI), minociclina ou ácido cítrico associados à instrumentação periodontal pode melhorar a reparação após a terapia periodontal. Este estudo utilizou 80 animais que receberam uma ligadura de algodão em tomo do 2~SE. Após cinco semanas a ligadura foi removida e os dentes foram tratados com raspagem e irrigação com uma das seguintes soluções: TTC-HCl 10% (16 animais) , minociclina 10% (16 animais), ácido cítrico 8% (16 animais),NaCI 0,9% ( 16 animais) ou, apenas com raspagem (16 animais). Para delimitar a área utilizada na análise histológica foi realizada uma marca na superfície radicular. Os animais foram sacrificados aos 32, 72, 212 e 602 dias após tratamento. Os espécimes foram processados para análise histomorfométrica para determinar a porcentagem de preenchimento da marca. Os dados foram analisados por ANOV A a dois critérios e pelo Teste Tukey, com nível de significância 5%. Os resultado da análise histomorfométrica demonstraram que o tempo de sacrifício influenciou o reparo tecidual independentemente da medicação utilizada, mostrando resultados melhores nos animais sacrificados 60 dias após o tratamento. As soluções condicionantes ácidas apresentaram resultados equivalentes entre si e ao NaCI, e melhores apenas que os animais tratados com raspagem. Estes resultados indicaram que a utilização de tetraciclina, minociclina ou ácido cítrico, associado à instrumentação periodontal, comparada à utilização de NaCl, não melhorou o reparo tecidual no tratamento da periodontite induzida em ratos.