Dermoscopy Education for Plastic Surgery Residents: How a Brief Theoretical Course and Practical Training Have an Impact.

Background: Currently, the evaluation of pigmented skin lesions relies on dermoscopy, which has become the standard of care. As melanoma is one of the principal areas of expertise in plastic surgery, it is essential that diagnostic skills be acquired during the course of specialization. This study aimed to assess the impact and effectiveness of a brief and intensive dermoscopy training program for plastic surgery residents. Methods: This study was carried out on a group of 41 doctors, who were divided into three categories based on their experience in dermoscopy (none, intermediate, and advanced). A preliminary assessment of each participant's baseline knowledge was conducted by using a 15-query test. Subsequently, the participants attended a 90-minute lecture on diagnostic techniques and the process of differentiating between various skin lesions. To determine the effectiveness of the lecture in improving diagnostic skills, the participants were tested immediately after the lecture and again after a 3-month period. Results: At the conclusion of the final examination, all three groups achieved an accuracy rate of at least 80% for dermatoscopic diagnosis. However, none of the groups was completely successful. The variations in diagnostic accuracy among the three groups are presented, and P values were calculated for each group. Conclusion: The short, intensive course of dermoscopy has proven to have a significant positive impact on plastic surgeons in their postdegree training program.

Faricimab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema: from preclinical studies to phase 3 outcomes.

Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is the standard of care for diabetic macular edema (DME) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD); however, vision gains and anatomical improvements are not sustained over longer periods of treatment, suggesting other relevant targets may be needed to optimize treatments. Additionally, frequent intravitreal injections can prove a burden for patients and caregivers. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) has been explored as an additional therapeutic target, due to the involvement of Ang-2 in DME and nAMD pathogenesis. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that targeting both VEGF and Ang-2 may improve clinical outcomes in DME and nAMD compared with targeting VEGF alone by enhancing vascular stability, resulting in reduced macular leakage, prevention of neovascularization, and diminished inflammation. Faricimab, a novel bispecific antibody that targets VEGF-A and Ang-2, has been evaluated in clinical trials for DME (YOSEMITE/RHINE) and nAMD (TENAYA/LUCERNE). These trials evaluated faricimab against the anti-VEGFA/B and anti-placental growth factor fusion protein aflibercept, both administered by intravitreal injection. In addition to faricimab efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics, durability was evaluated during the trials using a treat-and-extend regimen. At 1 year, faricimab demonstrated non-inferior vision gains versus aflibercept across YOSEMITE/RHINE and TENAYA/LUCERNE. In YOSEMITE/RHINE, faricimab improved anatomic parameters versus aflibercept. Reduction of central subfield thickness (CST), and absence of both DME and intraretinal fluid were greater in faricimab- versus aflibercept-treated eyes. In TENAYA/LUCERNE, CST reductions were greater for faricimab than aflibercept at the end of the head-to-head phase (0-12 weeks), and were comparable with aflibercept at year 1, but with less frequent dosing. CST and vision gains were maintained during year 2 of both YOSEMITE/RHINE and TENAYA/LUCERNE. These findings suggest that dual Ang-2/VEGF-A pathway inhibition may result in greater disease control versus anti-VEGF alone, potentially addressing the unmet needs and reducing treatment burden, and improving real-world outcomes and compliance in retinal vascular diseases. Long-term extension studies (RHONE-X, AVONELLE-X) are ongoing. Current evidence suggests that dual inhibition with faricimab heralds the beginning of multitargeted treatment strategies inhibiting multiple, independent components of retinal pathology, with faricimab providing opportunities to reduce treatment burden and improve outcomes compared with anti-VEGF monotherapy.

Minimally invasive scar release by autologous adipose tissue transfer for post-traumatic neuropathic pain.

Introduction: Addressing post traumatic lower limb neuropathic pain is challenging across medical specialties. To address this potentially devastating condition, several invasive and non-invasive approaches have been proposed with inconsistent results. Adipose fat transfer (AFT), also known as fat grafting, is a regenerative medicine technique in which a patient's own fat is harvested from one area of the body (usually through liposuction) and then injected into another area for various purposes, such as aesthetic contour enhancement or reconstruction and regeneration of scarred tissues. Methods: We analyze the effects of fat grafting for neuropathic pain combined with neuroma excision (hybrid technique, hAFT) or alone (AFT). A retrospective review was conducted on 22 patients with neuropathic lower limb pain, after trauma or orthopedic surgery treated with hAFT (n = 9) or AFT (n = 13). Results: Reduction in VAS scale more than 50 % was observed in 6 patients (66 %) treated with hybrid technique and in eleven patients (85 %) treated with AFT alone. Among these, complete pain reduction (>91 %) was achieved in 33.3 % of hAFT and 54 % of AFT technique. A 3.2 points reduction in VAS was found in the hAFT group versus 5.8 points in the AFT group (p = 0.035). Conclusion: This pioneering use of AFT emerges as a minimally invasive breakthrough, promising significant improvement in reconstructing scarred subcutaneous tissue and managing neuropathic pain.

Minimally invasive nerve and artery sparing surgical approach for temporal migraines.

Background: Temporal migraines (TM) present with throbbing, pulsating headaches in the temporal area. Different surgical techniques ranging from resecting the auriculotemporal nerve (ATN) and or ligating the superficial temporal artery (STA) have shown similar good results to decrease TM symptoms. No conclusive data supports a specific disease of the STA in TM patients. A minimally invasive technique is proposed to preserve both vascular and nerve structures. Methods: Patients with drug resistant TM were selected and treated with two techniques: nerve sparing and nerve and artery sparing. The study included 57 patients with TM, with an average age of 47.5 years. TM improvement was quantified after at least one year of follow up time. STA biopsies were sent for histological analysis. Results: Forty-two patients underwent nerve-sparing decompression, with a therapeutic success rate of 78.6%, corresponding to 22.1 days with migraine per month decreasing to 6.2. Histological analysis of the STA showed varying degrees of endofibrosis in 75% of the samples. Histological results do not correlate with the intensity of symptoms before or after surgery. Fifteen patients underwent nerve and artery sparing arteriolysis, with an overall therapeutic success rate of 86.6% of which 80% had >90% improvement. The average migraine days dropped from 24 to 2.5 days per month in this group. Conclusion: Minimally invasive nerve sparing approaches are an effective and safe treatment to improve drug resistant TM symptoms. Endofibrosis of the STA was present in 75% of the cases, but it was found to be unrelated to pre-operative symptoms and outcome. Results are promising, but the limited numbers of patients treated with artery and nerve sparing technique needs further investigations.

Evaluating Arterialized Vein in Thumb Replantation using Indocyanine Green Angiography: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND The absence of valid vessels for the anastomosis constitutes a contraindication to replantation, but the need for arterial vessels in good condition has recently been questioned and some authors have proposed the arterialization of the veins with promising results. However, this method is not routine in replantation and it is unclear what conditions can establish venous congestion and loss of the replanted segment. CASE REPORT We detail a case where indocyanine green aids in evaluating arterialization of a vein during thumb replantation in a 40-year-old smoker following a crush injury. Multiple attempts to anastomose the princeps pollicis and its collateral vessel failed due to a thrombus formation, leaving the finger non-perfused despite urokinase treatment. To confirm the absence of reperfusion, we administered 0.3 mg/kg of indocyanine green through an upper limb peripheral vein. Observing no reperfusion, we located a suitable radial dorsal vein and performed an arteriovenous anastomosis at the proximal phalanx level. Indocyanine Green Angiography (IGA) revealed a slightly delayed reperfusion but a effective venous outflow. We did not consider it necessary to perform additional venous anastomoses other than the single dorsal radial venous anastomosis. CONCLUSIONS This single case report shows the potential of indocyanine green as a valid aid to evaluate the perfusion of the replantation and also any early venous congestion, being able to modify the operative plan accordingly.

Towards a Long-Read Sequencing Approach for the Molecular Diagnosis of RPGRORF15 Genetic Variants.

Sequencing of the low-complexity ORF15 exon of RPGR, a gene correlated with retinitis pigmentosa and cone dystrophy, is difficult to achieve with NGS and Sanger sequencing. False results could lead to the inaccurate annotation of genetic variants in dbSNP and ClinVar databases, tools on which HGMD and Ensembl rely, finally resulting in incorrect genetic variants interpretation. This paper aims to propose PacBio sequencing as a feasible method to correctly detect genetic variants in low-complexity regions, such as the ORF15 exon of RPGR, and interpret their pathogenicity by structural studies. Biological samples from 75 patients affected by retinitis pigmentosa or cone dystrophy were analyzed with NGS and repeated with PacBio. The results showed that NGS has a low coverage of the ORF15 region, while PacBio was able to sequence the region of interest and detect eight genetic variants, of which four are likely pathogenic. Furthermore, molecular modeling and dynamics of the RPGR Glu-Gly repeats binding to TTLL5 allowed for the structural evaluation of the variants, providing a way to predict their pathogenicity. Therefore, we propose PacBio sequencing as a standard procedure in diagnostic research for sequencing low-complexity regions such as RPGRORF15, aiding in the correct annotation of genetic variants in online databases.

Twenty-four-month real-life treatment outcomes of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy versus type 1 macular neovascularization in Caucasians.

BACKGROUND: To compare 24-month real-world outcomes of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) inhibitors for Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV) and type 1 Macular Neovascularization (MNV) in a Caucasian population. METHODS: Retrospective analysis from a prospectively designed observational database. Data from Italian centres participating in the Fight Retinal Blindness! (FRB!) project were collected. Treatment-naïve PCV or type 1 MNV commencing treatment after January 2009 were included. The primary outcome was 24-month visual acuity (VA) change; other outcomes included baseline characteristics, number of anti-VEGF injections, time to lesion inactivation and proportion of active visits. RESULTS: A total of 322 eyes (114 PCVs) from 291 patients were included. Median [Q1, Q3] VA at baseline was comparable (70 [55, 75.8] vs. 70 [58.8, 75] letters, p = 0.95). Adjusted VA change at 2 years was higher in PCV (mean [95% CI], +1.2 [-1.6, 4.1] vs. -3.6 [-6, -1.2] letters, p = 0.005). PCV received fewer anti-VEGF injections over the first 24 months of treatment than type 1 MNV (median [Q1, Q3], 8 [5, 10] vs. 9 [7, 12.2] injections, p = 0.001), inactivated earlier (median [Q1, Q3], 235 [184, 308] vs. 252 [169, 343] days, p = 0.04) and was less frequently graded 'active' (62% vs. 68% of visits, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PCV had slightly better VA outcomes over 24 months of treatment than type 1 MNV after receiving less anti-VEGF injections. These results suggest a possible overlap of the two clinical entities with similar visual prognosis in Caucasians.

Computational methods to analyze and predict the binding mode of inhibitors targeting both human and mushroom tyrosinase.

Tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme critical in melanin biosynthesis, is a key drug target for hyperpigmentation and melanoma in humans. Testing the inhibitory effects of compounds using tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus (AbTYR) has been a common practice to identify potential therapeutics from synthetic and natural sources. However, structural diversity among human tyrosinase (hTYR) and AbTYR presents a challenge in developing drugs that are therapeutically effective. In this study, we combined retrospective and computational analyses with experimental data to provide insights into the development of new inhibitors targeting both hTYR and AbTYR. We observed contrasting effects of Thiamidol™ and our 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl-derivative (6) on both enzymes; based on this finding, we aimed to investigate their binding modes in hTYR and AbTYR to identify residues that significantly improve affinity. All the information led to the discovery of compound [4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl](2-methoxyphenyl)methanone (MehT-3, 7), which showed comparable activity on AbTYR (IC50 = 3.52 µM) and hTYR (IC50 = 5.4 µM). Based on these achievements we propose the exploitation of our computational results to provide relevant structural information for the development of newer dual-targeting molecules, which could be preliminarily tested on AbTYR as a rapid and inexpensive screening procedure before being tested on hTYR.

Screening Campaign and Docking Investigations in Identifying New Hit Compounds as Inhibitors of Human Carbonic Anhydrases Expressed In Tumour Cells.

The tumor-expressed human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoforms hCA IX and hCA XII have been extensively studied to develop anticancer agents targeting solid tumors in combined therapy. These CA  isoforms are considered key factors in controlling tumor microenvironment (TME) of cancer lines that develop high metastatic activity. Herein, we report the discovery of potent hCA IX/hCA XII inhibitors that were disclosed through a screening campaign on an in-house collection of arylsulfonamides preliminary tested toward other hCAs. Among them, the N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)naphthalene-2-carboxamide (12) and N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carbothioamide (15) proved to be the most intriguing hCA IX/hCA XII inhibitors displaying favourable selectivity ratios over widespread hCA I and hCA II isoforms. To explore their binding mode, we conducted docking studies that described the poses of the best inhibitors in the catalytic site of hCA IX and hCA XII, thus suggesting the privileged pattern of interactions. These structural findings might further improve the knowledge for a successful identification of new sulfonamides as adjuvant agents in cancer management.

Ocular surface in posterior segment surgery.

Nowadays, the technological breakthroughs of mini-invasive vitreo-retinal surgery improved the perioperative management and the outcomes of millions of patients. The most common procedures include pars plana vitrectomy, episcleral surgery, intravitreal injections, and laser photocoagulation. Potential sight and non-sight-threatening side effects have been reported during the follow-up period. Ocular surface disbalance can be induced by the aforementioned procedures, resulting in mild to severe ocular discomfort symptoms. This condition may recognize different causes such as pre-existing or concomitant diseases of the external eye, the surgical procedure damage of the anatomical or physiological structures of the ocular surface, the prolonged side effects induced by the chronic topical treatment that may be toxic to the external eye.In addition to the most frequent dry eye-related signs and symptoms, subconjunctival haemorrhages, corneal epithelium damage, partial loss of corneal sensitivity or changes in corneal nerve density could postoperatively affect our patients.In conclusion, any surgical trauma directed to the posterior segment of the eye may cause the loss of the ocular surface homeostasis. Ophthalmologists should not only recognise and treat, but possibly prevent, all patients' symptoms that could manifest in the postoperative time.

[The population affected by neovascular age-related macular degeneration and treated with anti-Vegf through Italian administrative healthcare data.] / La popolazione con degenerazione maculare neovascolare correlata all'età trattata con anti-Vegf attraverso i dati amministrativi sanitari.

INTRODUCTION: The neo-vascular age-related macular degeneration (nAmd) is a frequent cause of vision loss, although the intravitreal (Ivt) injections of anti-Vegf (vascular endothelial growth factor) have improved functional outcomes. This study has assessed the healthcare and economic burden on the Italian national health service (Inhs) for patients with nAmd and new users of anti-Vegf. METHODS: From the database of Fondazione Ricerca e Salute (ReS), people aged ≥55 and with an in-hospital diagnosis of nAmd and/or an injection of anti-Vegf (aflibercept, ranibizumab, pegaptanib; index date) in 2018 are selected. Those with other conditions treated with anti-Vegf and with an Ivt injection before 2018 are excluded. New users of anti-Vegf are analyzed by sex, age, comorbidities, Ivt administrations, switch of anti-Vegf, local outpatient specialist services (with some focuses) and direct healthcare costs charged to the Inhs Results. In 2018, of 8125 inhabitants aged ≥55 with nAmd (4.6x1000 inhab.; mean age 76±9; F: 50%), 1513 (19%) are new users of Ivt anti-Vegf (mean age 74±9), whose incidence (0.9x1000) increased with age until 84 years old. A proportion of 60.7% had ≥2 comorbidities (mainly hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes). Within the 2nd follow-up year, only 598 patients are still treated (60% were lost). On average, 4.8 Ivt injections in the first and 3.1 in the second year are registered. On average, the total cost charged to the Inhs per new user of anti-Vegf was € 6726 (Ivt anti-Vegf accounted for the 76%) and € 3282 (hospitalizations for causes different from nAmd accounted for the 47%), during the first and the second year, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis suggests that in Italy people with nAmd and new users of anti-Vegf are elderly, affected by many comorbidities, treated with Ivt anti-VEGF less than what is required and authorized to achieve a benefit, undergo very few follow-up outpatient specialist visits and tests and, within the 2nd year, their hospitalizations for causes different from nAmd mainly weighs on the total expenditure charged to the Inhs.

Save our Sight (SOS): a collective call-to-action for enhanced retinal care across health systems in high income countries.

With a growing aging population, the prevalence of age-related eye disease and associated eye care is expected to increase. The anticipated growth in demand, coupled with recent medical advances that have transformed eye care for people living with retinal diseases, particularly neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and diabetic eye disease, has presented an opportunity for health systems to proactively manage the expected burden of these diseases. To do so, we must take collective action to address existing and anticipated capacity limitations by designing and implementing sustainable strategies that enable health systems to provide an optimal standard of care. Sufficient capacity will enable us to streamline and personalize the patient experience, reduce treatment burden, enable more equitable access to care and ensure optimal health outcomes. Through a multi-modal approach that gathered unbiased perspectives from clinical experts and patient advocates from eight high-income countries, substantiated perspectives with evidence from the published literature and validated findings with the broader eye care community, we have exposed capacity challenges that are motivating the community to take action and advocate for change. Herein, we propose a collective call-to-action for the future management of retinal diseases and potential strategies to achieve better health outcomes for individuals at-risk of, or living with, retinal disease.

Leveraging the 3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl Motif to Identify Inhibitors of Tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus.

Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) is implicated in melanin production in various organisms. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the overproduction of melanin might be related to several skin pigmentation disorders as well as neurodegenerative processes in Parkinson's disease. Based on this consideration, the development of tyrosinase inhibitors represents a new challenge to identify new agents in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. With the goal of identifying tyrosinase inhibitors from a synthetic source, we employed a cheap and facile preliminary assay using tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus (AbTYR). We have previously demonstrated that the 4-fluorobenzyl moiety might be effective in interactions with the catalytic site of AbTYR; moreover, the additional chlorine atom exerted beneficial effects in enhancing inhibitory activity. Therefore, we planned the synthesis of new small compounds in which we incorporated the 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl fragment into distinct chemotypes that revealed the ability to establish profitable contact with the AbTYR catalytic site. Our results confirmed that the presence of this fragment is an important structural feature to improve the AbTYR inhibition in these new chemotypes as well. Furthermore, docking analysis supported the best activity of the selected studied compounds, possessing higher potency when compared with reference compounds.

Paper card-like electrochemical platform as a smart point-of-care device for reagent-free glucose measurement in tears.

This communication describes the development of polyvinyl chloride electrochemical system in which a paper layer loaded with reagents is inserted into the device, demonstrating a new concept of a paper card-like pad for a reagent-free and easy measurement of the target analyte in solution. This device detects glucose in artificial tears in the range of 0.2-2 mM with a detection limit of 50 µM by simply adding the artificial tears to the paper card-like pad. The novel configuration goes beyond the state of the art, widening the application range of paper in the design of smart analytical devices.

Longer treatment intervals are associated with reduced treatment persistence in neovascular age related macular degeneration.

AIMS: To test the hypothesis that patients treated for neovascular age related macular degeneration (nAMD) with longer treatment intervals are more likely to persist with treatment. METHODS: Data were obtained from the prospectively-defined Fight Retinal Blindness! registry. Treatment interval at 2 years was stratified based on the mean treatment interval over the three visits prior to and including the 2-year visit. Rates of non-persistence to follow-up were assessed from 2 to 5 years. RESULTS: Data from 1538 eyes were included. The overall rate of non-persistence was 51% at 5 years. Patients on longer treatment intervals (12-weeks) at 2 years were found to be less persistent to long-term follow-up. These eyes were found to have fewer active disease visits in the first 2 years (40%) than eyes treated at 4-weekly intervals (66%, p < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, better vision at 2 years was associated with a lower risk of non-persistence (hazards ratio [HR] [95% CI]: 0.95 [0.93, 0.97], P < 0.001), while longer treatment intervals (HR [95% CI]: 1.31 [0.95, 1.8] and 1.54 [1.15, 2.06] for 12-week and > 12-week intervals vs. 4-week intervals, respectively, P = 0.002) and older patients (HR [95% CI]: 1.03 [1.02, 1.04], p < 0.001) were at higher risk of non-persistence. CONCLUSIONS: We found that patients on longer treatment intervals at 2 years were more likely to be non-persistent with treatment in later years. Reinforcing the need for ongoing treatment is important for patients on longer intervals who may feel complacent or that treatment is no longer effective, particularly if newer, longer lasting agents become widely available.

Structure-guided identification of a selective sulfonamide-based inhibitor targeting the human carbonic anhydrase VA isoform.

In recent years, multistep hybrid computational protocols have attracted attention for their application in the drug discovery of enzyme inhibitors. So far, there are large collections of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) inhibitors, but only a few of them selectively inhibit the mitochondrial isoforms hCA VA and VB as potential therapeutics in obesity treatment. Most sulfonamide-based inhibitors show poor selectivity for inhibiting isoforms of therapeutic interest over ubiquitous hCA I and hCA II. Herein, we propose a combination of ligand- and structure-based approaches to generate pharmacophore models for hCA VA inhibitors. Then, we performed a virtual screening (VS) campaign on a database of commercially available sulfonamides. Finally, the in silico screening followed by docking studies suggested several "hit compounds" that demonstrated to inhibit hCA VA at a low nanomolar concentration in a stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay. Notably, the best candidate, 2-(3,4-dihydro-2H-quinolin-1-yl)-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide (code name VAME-28) proved to be a potent hCA VA inhibitor (Ki value of 54.8 nM) and a more selective agent over hCA II when compared to the reference compound topiramate.

The McKissock's technique in reduction mammaplasty: A comparative study of outcomes and complications in 211 consecutive patients.

Reduction mammaplasty is one of the most popular plastic surgery procedures requested by patients. The areola holding flap can be sculpted using a variety of methods that have evolved over time dependent on vascularity. Our institution has always employed the vertical bipedicle technique proposed by Mckissock, and we still favor it over other methods for larger breasts. In this study, we examined the case-study data from the Padua University Hospital's Unit of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery from January 2009 to December 2021. The rate of complications among patients who received breast reduction using the McKissock technique and all other procedures carried out at our facility was compared. We identified 90 postoperative problems in all (affecting 42.65% of the patients) and categorized them using the Clavien Dindo system. The groups were comparable in age, BMI, and follow-up time. Similar findings emerged from the study of the single groups' complication rate. The statistical analysis did not reveal any appreciable variation in total complications or scar quality across groups. Therefore, in order to guarantee NAC survival, a stable shape, and a full upper pole, we think it is preferable to bind more than one pedicle in cases of very large breasts. Based on the results of our experience, we also recommend the McKissock approach as the first option for patients with large and ptotic breasts, particularly those who have undergone bariatric surgery and need a full upper pole and a stable outcome.

Introduction to The Special Issue "Safety Training Effectiveness: A Research Agenda".

This Special Issue, "Safety Training Effectiveness: A Research Agenda," aims to address training as one of the many elements that play a role in determining so-called safety outcomes [...].

Design, Synthesis, and in Vitro Evaluation of 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)piperazine-Based Compounds Targeting Tyrosinase.

Melanin biosynthesis is enzymatically regulated by tyrosinase (TYR, EC 1.14.18.1), which is efficiently inhibited by natural and synthetic phenols, demonstrating potential therapeutic application for the treatment of several human diseases. Herein we report the inhibitory effects of a series of (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)arylmethanone derivatives, that were designed, synthesised and assayed against TYR from Agaricus bisporus (AbTYR). The best inhibitory activity was predominantly found for compounds bearing selected hydrophobic ortho-substituents on the aroyl moiety (IC50 values in the range of 1.5-4.6 µM). They proved to be more potent than the reference compound kojic acid (IC50 =17.8 µM) and displayed competitive mechanism of inhibition of diphenolase activity of AbTYR. Docking simulation predicted their binding mode into the catalytic cavities of AbTYR and the modelled human TYR. In addition, these compounds displayed antioxidant activity combined with no cytotoxicity in MTT tests. Notably, the best inhibitor affected tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells, thus demonstrating anti-melanogenic activity.