RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Col2a1 gene mutations cause premature degeneration of knee articular cartilage in disproportionate micromelia (Dmm) and spondyloepiphesial dysplasia congenita (sedc) mice. The present study analyses the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in Col2a1 mutant mice in order to provide an animal model of TMJ osteoarthritis (OA) that may offer better understanding of the progression of this disease in humans. DESIGN: Dmm/+ mice and controls were compared at two, six, nine and 12 months. Craniums were fixed, processed to paraffin sections, stained with Safranin-O/Fast Green, and analysed with light microscopy. OA was quantified using a Mankin scoring procedure. Unfolded protein response (UPR) assay was performed and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to assay for known OA biomarkers. RESULTS: Dmm/+ TMJs showed fissuring of condylar cartilage as early as 6 months of age. Chondrocytes were clustered, leaving acellular regions in the matrix. Significant staining of HtrA1, Ddr2 and Mmp-13 was observed in Dmm/+ mice (p<0.01). We detected upregulation of the UPR in knee but not TMJ. CONCLUSIONS: Dmm/+ mice are subject to early-onset OA in the TMJ. We observed upregulation of biomarkers and condylar cartilage degradation concomitant with OA. An upregulated UPR may exacerbate the onset of OA. The Dmm/+ mouse TMJ is a viable model for the study of the progression of OA in humans.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Cartilagem/citologia , Colágeno Tipo II/genética , Osteoartrite/genética , Proteoglicanas/genética , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/genética , Articulação Temporomandibular/fisiopatologia , Idade de Início , Análise de Variância , Animais , Cartilagem/metabolismo , Colágeno Tipo II/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Expressão Gênica , Serina Peptidase 1 de Requerimento de Alta Temperatura A , Metaloproteinase 13 da Matriz/genética , Metaloproteinase 13 da Matriz/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Mutantes , Osteoartrite/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Proteoglicanas/metabolismo , Serina Endopeptidases/genética , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/metabolismo , Resposta a Proteínas não DobradasRESUMO
We derive the optimal allocation between two treatments in a clinical trial based on the following optimality criterion: for fixed variance of the test statistic, what allocation minimizes the expected number of treatment failures? A sequential design is described that leads asymptotically to the optimal allocation and is compared with the randomized play-the-winner rule, sequential Neyman allocation, and equal allocation at similar power levels. We find that the sequential procedure generally results in fewer treatment failures than the other procedures, particularly when the success probabilities of treatments are smaller.
