Radio-frequency induced heating of intra-cranial EEG electrodes: The more the colder?

Many neurological disorders are analyzed and treated with implantable electrodes. Many patients with such electrodes have to undergo MRI examinations - often unrelated to their implant - at the risk of radio-frequency induced heating. The number of electrode contact sites of these implants keeps increasing due to improvements in manufacturing and computational algorithms. Electrode grids with multiple receive channels couple to the RF fields present in MRI, but, due to their proximity, a combination of leads has a coupling response which is not a superposition of the individual leads' response. To investigate the problem of RF-induced heating of coupled multi-lead implants, temperature mapping was performed on a set of intra-cranial electroencephalogram (icEEG) electrode grid prototypes with increasing number of contact sites (1-16). Additionally, electric field measurements were used to investigate the radio-frequency heating characteristics of the implants in different media combinations, simulating the device being partially immersed inside the patient. MR measurements show RF-induced heating up to 19.6 K for the single electrode, reducing monotonically with larger number of contact sites to a minimum of 0.9 K for the largest grid. The SAR calculated from temperature measurements agrees well with electric field mapping: The same trend is visible for different insertion lengths, however, the energy dissipated by the whole implant varies with the grid size and insertion length. Thus, in the tested circumstances, a larger electrode number either reduced or had a similar risk of RF induced heating, indicating, that the size of electrode grids is a design parameter, which can be used to change an implants RF response and in turn to reduce the risk of RF induced heating and improve the safety of patient with neuro-implants undergoing MRI examinations.

In vitro effects of 635 nm photobiomodulation under hypoxia/reoxygenation culture conditions.

Photobiomodulation (PBM), especially in the red wavelength range, has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment option for superficial and chronic wounds. However, ischemia and subsequent reperfusion can further challenge wound healing. Therefore, we investigated the effect of pulsed red LED light at 635 nm on cellular function in an in-vitro model of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) challenge. Mouse myoblasts and fibroblasts were incubated in oxygen-deprived starvation medium (hypoxia) for 3 h after which the media was changed to oxygenated, fully supplemented media to simulate reperfusion. Cells were then treated with pulsed red LED light at a wavelength of 635 nm at 40 mW/cm2. Mitochondrial respiratory activity, ATP production and ROS levels were analysed immediately post-illumination. The effects on cellular metabolic activity and proliferation were measured at 6 h and 24 h and apoptosis/necrosis was measured at 24 h post-illumination. Our results show that both cell types reacted differently to H/R challenge and PBM. PBM of H/R-challenged cells enhanced mitochondrial activity and rescued decreased ATP levels, with significant effects in fibroblasts. This was associated with increased cell proliferation rates in both cell types. The increase was again more pronounced in fibroblasts. Our study concluded that PBM with red LED light significantly restored ATP levels during H/R and effectively promoted cell growth under both normoxic and H/R conditions. In clinical applications, PBM has been repeatedly reported to resolve difficult clinical situations in which ischemia/reperfusion injuries are a major issue. Our study confirms the beneficial effects of PBM especially in H/R-challenged cells.

Concept and Development of an Electronic Framework Intended for Electrode and Surrounding Environment Characterization In Vivo.

There has been substantial progress over the last decade towards miniaturizing implantable microelectrodes for use in Active Implantable Medical Devices (AIMD). Compared to the rapid development and complexity of electrode miniaturization, methods to monitor and assess functional integrity and electrical functionality of these electrodes, particularly during long term stimulation, have not progressed to the same extent. Evaluation methods that form the gold standard, such as stimulus pulse testing, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, are either still bound to laboratory infrastructure (impractical for long term in vivo experiments) or deliver no comprehensive insight into the material's behaviour. As there is a lack of cost effective and practical predictive measures to understand long term electrode behaviour in vivo, material investigations need to be performed after explantation of the electrodes. We propose the analysis of the electrode and its environment in situ, to better understand and correlate the effects leading to electrode failure. The derived knowledge shall eventually lead to improved electrode designs, increased electrode functionality and safety in clinical applications. In this paper, the concept, design and prototyping of a sensor framework used to analyse the electrode's behaviour and to monitor diverse electrode failure mechanisms, even during stimulation pulses, is presented. We focused on the electronic circuitry and data acquisition techniques required for a conceptual multi-sensor system. Functionality of single modules and a prototype framework have been demonstrated, but further work is needed to convert the prototype system into an implantable device. In vitro studies will be conducted first to verify sensor performance and reliability.