Point-of-Care-Ultrasound in Pediatrics: A Review and Update.

Point-of-Care-Ultrasound (POCUS) has encountered a tremendous expansion in patient care. POCUS has taken a central role during invasive procedures. POCUS has expanded to most subspecialties from adult to pediatric and neonatal health care. POCUS in pediatrics has also become part of specific critical situations such as myocardial function assessment during cardiac arrest, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation deployment and neurological evaluation. In this review we will go over the most important historical aspects of POCUS. We will also review important aspects of POCUS in the intensive care unit, cardiologist evaluation and in the emergency department among others.

A Program of Assessment Model for Point-of-Care Ultrasound Training for Pediatric Critical Care Providers: A Comprehensive Approach to Enhance Competency-Based Point-of-Care Ultrasound Training.

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is increasingly accepted in pediatric critical care medicine as a tool for guiding the evaluation and treatment of patients. POCUS is a complex skill that requires user competency to ensure accuracy, reliability, and patient safety. A robust competency-based medical education (CBME) program ensures user competency and mitigates patient safety concerns. A programmatic assessment model provides a longitudinal, holistic, and multimodal approach to teaching, assessing, and evaluating learners. The authors propose a fit-for-purpose and modifiable CBME model that is adaptable for different institutions' resources and needs for any intended competency level. This educational model drives and supports learning, ensures competency attainment, and creates a clear pathway for POCUS education while enhancing patient care and safety.

Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound and Multi-Disciplinary Improvement Opportunities in Acute Systolic Heart Failure Management in a Pediatric Emergency Center.

Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has the ability to rapidly assess function and identify systolic heart failure (HF), an often-missed diagnosis. POCUS has the potential to expedite medical intervention, improving overall outcomes. There have been limited studies describing pediatric emergency center (EC) utilization of cardiac POCUS and its impact on outcomes in pediatric patients. Authors performed a retrospective chart review at a tertiary children's hospital to identify all patients admitted from the EC to the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU) with acute systolic HF between January 2017 and August 2019. Outcome measures included EC length of stay (LOS), CICU LOS, and time until first IV HF medicine was administered. A total of 21 patients and 24 encounters meeting criteria were identified. Cardiac POCUS agreed with standard echocardiography in 8 of 9 cases. Patients who had a cardiac POCUS in the EC seemed more likely to receive their first dose of intravenous heart failure medication while in the Emergency Center (70% vs 43%). There was a trend toward significance, but it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.1). EC and CICU LOS were not significantly different between POCUS and non-POCUS groups. Cardiac POCUS has the potential to have a valuable role in the early diagnosis of acute systolic HF in children. However, early diagnosis by POCUS did not translate into shorter EC or CICU LOS. This pilot data serves as a baseline for efforts to promote earlier clinical recognition of acute HF and more efficient collaboration between clinical services.

Recommendations for Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Children: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography.

Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound has the potential to improve patient care, but its application to children requires consideration of anatomic and physiologic differences from adult populations, and corresponding technical aspects of performance. This document is the product of an American Society of Echocardiography task force composed of representatives from pediatric cardiology, pediatric critical care medicine, pediatric emergency medicine, pediatric anesthesiology, and others, assembled to provide expert guidance. This diverse group aimed to identify common considerations across disciplines to guide evolution of indications, and to identify common requirements and infrastructure necessary for optimal performance, training, and quality assurance in the practice of cardiac point-of-care ultrasound in children. The recommendations presented are intended to facilitate collaboration among subspecialties and with pediatric echocardiography laboratories by identifying key considerations regarding (1) indications, (2) imaging recommendations, (3) training and competency assessment, and (4) quality assurance.

A Novel Tool for Teaching Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound: An Exploratory Application of the Design-Based Research Approach.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a competency-based educational tool for cardiac point-of-care ultrasound image interpretation using the design-based research approach. DESIGN: In accordance with design-based research, multiple methods were used to determine that learners would benefit from achieving competency in cardiac point-of-care ultrasound image interpretation before they attempted it at the bedside. A competency-based educational tool was designed and underwent a rapid prototyping process with experts. Evaluative data was used to redesign and reevaluate the educational tool with a new group of learners to improve its effectiveness. SETTING: Large, university-based children's hospital. SUBJECTS: Pediatric critical care attending physicians, fellow physicians and advanced practice providers, and pediatric resident physicians. INTERVENTIONS: Integrating mastery learning and deliberate practice as theoretical frameworks, the authors designed an online "Image Library" composed of 90 questions of cardiac point-of-care ultrasound image clips with varying degrees of pathology that were organized into three levels of difficulty. Learners answered a set of 10 questions, learned from feedback, and repeated an additional set in the same difficulty until achieving a predefined level of mastery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Two learning cycles were implemented with a total of 41 learners. Forty learners (98%) were able to demonstrate mastery on the Image Library and required a range of 30 to 210 questions to do so. On a 10-question final assessment, learners scored an average of 72%, while experts and novices scored 83% and 17%, respectively. On a 5-point scale, learners rated the quality of the Image Library for facilitation of learning (median 5), enjoyment of learning (5), and useful knowledge and skills to improve clinical practice (5). CONCLUSIONS: An effective and innovative tool for teaching cardiac point-of-care ultrasound image interpretation was developed using the design-based research approach. Our results demonstrate the importance of individualized learning timelines for ultrasound image interpretation.

Deficient histone H3 propionylation by BRPF1-KAT6 complexes in neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer.

Lysine acetyltransferase 6A (KAT6A) and its paralog KAT6B form stoichiometric complexes with bromodomain- and PHD finger-containing protein 1 (BRPF1) for acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 23 (H3K23). We report that these complexes also catalyze H3K23 propionylation in vitro and in vivo. Immunofluorescence microscopy and ATAC-See revealed the association of this modification with active chromatin. Brpf1 deletion obliterates the acylation in mouse embryos and fibroblasts. Moreover, we identify BRPF1 variants in 12 previously unidentified cases of syndromic intellectual disability and demonstrate that these cases and known BRPF1 variants impair H3K23 propionylation. Cardiac anomalies are present in a subset of the cases. H3K23 acylation is also impaired by cancer-derived somatic BRPF1 mutations. Valproate, vorinostat, propionate and butyrate promote H3K23 acylation. These results reveal the dual functionality of BRPF1-KAT6 complexes, shed light on mechanisms underlying related developmental disorders and various cancers, and suggest mutation-based therapy for medical conditions with deficient histone acylation.

Bridging the Cardiac Needs of a Large, Underserved Immigrant and Resettled Refugee Population.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a monthly outreach pediatric cardiology clinic established to better understand the cardiac needs of immigrant/resettled refugee children. STUDY DESIGN: Data obtained between 2014 and 2017 from a monthly pediatric cardiology clinic at a Federally Qualified Health Center were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of 366 patients (222 male, 61%) were evaluated. Indications for referral included murmur (242, 66%), nonexertional symptoms (31, 9%), exertional symptoms (16, 4%), history of cardiac surgery/transcatheter interventions (15, 4%), previous diagnosis of heart conditions without intervention (13, 4%), arrhythmia/bradycardia (13, 4%), and others (36, 10%). Echocardiograms were performed on 136 patients (67 were abnormal, 49%). The most common final diagnoses include innocent murmur in 201 (55%), simple congenital heart disease in 61 (16%), complex congenital heart disease in 3 (1%), and acquired heart disease in 3 (1%). A total of 15 patients (4%) were ultimately determined to require surgical or cardiac catherization as an intervention. Patients have been followed for a median of 0.7 years (range 0-3.3 years). CONCLUSIONS: Rates of abnormal echocardiograms suggest a greater likelihood of congenital or acquired heart disease at time of initial consultation compared with nonimmigrant/refugee populations. The most common indication for referral to the outreach pediatric cardiology clinic was a murmur. Collaborative efforts between physicians and support services are essential in assisting this vulnerable population access pediatric subspecialty care.

Hand-held echocardiography in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

BACKGROUND: When performed by cardiologists, hand-held echocardiography (HHE) can assess ventricular systolic function and valve disease in adults, but its accuracy and utility in congenital heart disease is unknown. In hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), the echocardiographic detection of depressed right ventricular (RV) systolic function and higher grade tricuspid regurgitation (TR) can identify patients who are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality and who may benefit from additional imaging or medical therapies. METHODS: Children with HLHS after Stage I or II surgical palliation (Norwood or Glenn procedures) were prospectively enrolled. Subjects underwent HHE by a pediatric cardiologist on the same day as standard echocardiography (SE). Using 4-point scales, bedside HHE assessment of RV systolic function and TR were compared with blinded assessment of offline SE images. Concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was used to evaluate agreement. RESULTS: Thirty-two HHEs were performed on 15 subjects (Stage I: n = 17 and Stage II: n = 15). Median subject age was 3.4 months (14 days-4.2 years). Median weight was 5.9 kg (2.6-15.4 kg). Bedside HHE assessment of RV systolic function and TR severity had substantial agreement with SE (CCC = 0.80, CCC = 0.74, respectively; P < .001). HHE sensitivity and specificity for any grade of depressed RV systolic function were 100% and 92%, respectively, and were 94% and 88% for moderate or greater TR, respectively. Average HHE scan time was 238 seconds. CONCLUSIONS: HHE offers a rapid, bedside tool for pediatric cardiologists to detect RV systolic dysfunction and hemodynamically significant TR in HLHS.

Utility of hand-held echocardiography in outpatient pediatric cardiology management.

Adult patient series have shown hand-held echocardiography (echo) units (HHE) to be accurate for rapid diagnosis and triage. This is the first study to evaluate the ability of HHE to inform decision making in outpatient pediatric cardiology. New pediatric cardiology patients in outpatient clinics staffed by six pediatric cardiologists (experience 1-17 years) were prospectively enrolled if an echocardiogram (echo) was ordered during their initial visit. After history and physical examination and before a standard echo, the cardiologists performed a bedside HHE examination (GE Vscan 1.7-3.8 MHz), documented findings, and made a clinical decision. Diagnoses and decisions based on HHE were compared with final management after the standard echo. The study enrolled 101 subjects (ages 9 days to 19 years). The cardiologists considered HHE imaging adequate for decision making for 80 of the 101 subjects. For 77 of the 80 subjects with acceptable HHE imaging (68/68 normal and 9/12 abnormal standard echoes), the HHE-based primary diagnoses and decisions agreed with the final management. The sensitivity of HHE was 75 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 43-94 %) and the positive predictive value 100 % (95 % CI 66-100 %) for pediatric heart disease. The agreement between standard echocardiography and HHE imaging was substantial (κ = 0.82). Excluding one of the least experienced cardiologists, HHE provided the basis for correct cardiac diagnoses and management for all the subjects with acceptable HHE imaging (58/58 normal and 9/9 abnormal echoes). In outpatient pediatric cardiology, HHE has potential as a tool to complement physical examination. Further investigation is needed to evaluate how value improves with clinical experience.

Inhalation device allows novel administration of apomorphine in men with erectile dysfunction-efficacy and safety findings.

INTRODUCTION: Erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment is greatly influenced by patient preference, and currently available oral therapies do not meet all patients' needs. New therapies and formulations are therefore being investigated. AIM: The aim of this article is to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of inhaled apomorphine, VR004, in men with mild to severe ED. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Efficacy outcomes were the change in the proportion of positive responses to sexual encounter profile questions, International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) scores and onset of therapeutic effect. Safety outcomes included a change in vital signs at an orthostatic challenge and adverse events (AEs). METHODS: Two consecutive, multicenter trials each comprised a 4-week no-treatment period and a 12-week "at home" treatment period with regular clinic visits. Patients (N = 211 and N = 389) were randomized to receive one of three set doses of VR004 (100-300 microg) or matching placebo in each trial. VR004 was administered by a dry-powder inhaler at least once a week. RESULTS: Efficacy was generally dose dependent. The proportion of per-protocol patients maintaining an erection long enough for successful intercourse increased in all VR004 groups vs. placebo. IIEF scores were higher in the VR004 groups compared with placebo, and the majority of responders achieved an erection within 10 minutes of dosing. The safety profile of VR004 was generally similar to that of placebo, and AEs were mild or moderate in severity. The incidence of treatment-related AEs was dose dependent. Few patients (4%) withdrew because of treatment-related AEs, and the majority of these withdrawals occurred on the day of the stringent orthostatic challenge. CONCLUSIONS: The VR004 system administers low apomorphine doses that are well tolerated without compromising efficacy. This route of administration ensures a rapid onset of action and reproducible efficacy and safety profiles. Inhaled apomorphine is therefore a potential first-line treatment for ED.

The birth and development of sexual medicine: reflections of my personal journey.

INTRODUCTION: The phrase "sexual medicine" has become commonplace, as there is now the International Society for Sexual Medicine, the British Society for Sexual Medicine, the European Academy for Sexual Medicine, and the Journal of Sexual Medicine. The historic origin of the phrase "sexual medicine" is somewhat obscure. AIM: The goal of this report is to provide my own individual journey as a physician to recall the use of the phrase "sexual medicine." METHODS: Literature review, personal historic recall. RESULTS: Gorm Wagner has identified an early publication/journal article [corrected] in the German language from 1908 that includes [corrected] "Sexualmedizin" in its title [corrected] Later journals between 1914 and 1933 are entitled "Sexualwissenschaft (Sexual Science)," but do not specifically use the term "Sexual Medicine" [corrected] I have no recollection of having heard the term "sexual medicine" before a meeting in 1970 on nonconsummation. I met Dr. Eric Trimmer, editor of "Medical News," who discussed with me the idea of introducing a new journal devoted to sexual issues. I suggested the title "British Journal of Sexual Medicine." The term "sexual medicine" was preferred because it encompassed both organic and psychological issues of sexual function and its problems. The British Journal of Sexual Medicine was published in 1973 to 1985. Other titles using Sexual Medicine appeared in other texts over the years. CONCLUSIONS: From my perspective, including a search of the literature in the English language published in or before 1970 that failed to find any reference to sexual medicine, I conclude that the phase "sexual medicine" was popularized in the 1970s.

Sexual intercourse frequency in men presenting for treatment of erectile dysfunction: results from the pan-European erectile dysfunction observational study.

Factors that influence the number of sexual intercourse attempts among men with erectile dysfunction (ED) before initiation of ED treatment were investigated in a population of 4998 men enrolled in the (Erectile Dysfunctions) Observation Study (EDOS). Our results showed that increasing age, increasing severity and duration of ED, and decreasing satisfaction with one's sex life and partner were all associated with a reduced number of sexual intercourse attempts in the 4 weeks prior to enrollment in EDOS.

Treatment-seeking behavior of erectile dysfunction patients in Europe: Results of the Erectile Dysfunction Observational Study.

INTRODUCTION: The Erectile Dysfunction Observational Study (EDOS) is a 6-month, pan-European prospective, observational study of health outcomes designed to assess patients' profiles and characteristics and the effectiveness of erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment in routine clinical practice. AIM: To present baseline characteristics and treatment-seeking behavior of a large sample of ED patients recruited in real-life clinical settings. METHODS: Men aged 18 years and older who visited a physician to initiate or change any ED treatment were enrolled in EDOS. They were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months as part of their normal course of care in nine European countries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sexual health outcomes using the short form of the Psychological and Interpersonal Relationship Scales. Treatment effectiveness and satisfaction were assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire, Global Assessment Questions, and further single-item questions. RESULTS: Of the 8,186 patients enrolled by 904 investigators (69% general practitioners [GPs]) across nine European countries, 8,055 patients were eligible for analysis at baseline; 63.9% were ED treatment-naive. Of the total patient population, mean age was 56.5 years, mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.2 kg/m2, 18.3% were obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2), 42.5% had severe ED, and there was a high frequency of comorbidities and concomitant medication use. A similar proportion of the treatment-naive patients were seen by GPs (62.9%) and specialists (65.8%). In the treatment-naive group, there was a higher frequency of severe ED among ex-smokers, obese patients, and in those who drank no alcohol or excessive amounts of alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: Unmet need of treatment in ED is high; 66% of patients had experienced ED symptoms for 1 year or longer when they were looking for treatment. Severity seems to be related to treatment seeking.