The Anomalous Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions on the Duration of Untreated Psychosis (DUP).

We investigated the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). First-episode psychosis admissions (n=101) to STEP Clinic in Connecticut showed DUP reduction (p=.0015) in the pandemic, with the median reducing from 208 days during the pre-pandemic to 56 days in the early pandemic period and subsequently increasing to 154 days (p=.0281). Time from psychosis onset to anti-psychotic prescription decreased significantly in the pandemic (p=.0183), with the median falling from 117 to 35 days. This cohort study demonstrates an association between greater pandemic restrictions and marked DUP reduction and provides insights for future early detection efforts.

The impact of early detection (ED) campaigns on care presentations: Beyond DUP reduction.

We examined the effects of an early detection (ED) campaign (Mindmap), that successfully shortened the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), on patient presentation profiles at two receiving coordinated specialty care (CSC) services. Data were collected between 2015 and 2019 during a test of ED delivered at one CSC (STEP, n = 147) compared to usual detection at another CSC (PREP, n = 63). Regression models were used to test the effects of ED and DUP on presentation. Before the launch of ED, there were no differences in presentation between STEP and PREP. However, the ED changed the profile of presentations to STEP such that patients were admitted with better negative and total symptoms scores, but worse GAF current and GAF social and with a greater decline in function over the prior year (GAF-Δ). Site-by-time interaction effects were not significant. During the campaign years, STEP vs. PREP recruited patients with better negative and total symptoms, GAF role, and pre-morbid adjustment scores but with worse positive symptoms, GAF current, and GAF-Δ. Nonetheless, mediation analysis revealed that DUP reduction accounted for very little (<8 %) of these differences in presentation. Early detection campaigns while successfully reducing access delays, can have salutary effects on presentation independent of DUP reduction.

The effect of duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) on the risk for hospitalization after admission to a first episode service.

Engagement with a first episode-psychosis service (FES) reduces the risk of psychiatric hospitalization. However, the role of the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) in impacting this outcome is disputed. This study aimed to examine whether DUP was an effect modifier of the post-FES reduction of risk of hospitalization, and to explore associations between patients' characteristics and hospitalization post-FES. Individuals aged 16-35 with recent onset (< 3 years) of non-affective psychosis, admitted to the Program for Specialized Treatment Early in Psychosis (STEP), a FES serving the Greater New Haven area, Connecticut, between 2014 and 2019 were included (N = 189). Medical records were queried from 2013 through 2020 for number and duration of psychiatric hospitalizations. Poisson regression models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios for hospitalization rates across all explanatory variables. Negative binomial regression was used to compare the length of stay (LOS) before vs after STEP enrollment. STEP admission was associated with a significant 90 % reduction in the frequency and duration of hospitalizations. This effect was moderated by DUP: with 30-day prolongations in components of DUP (supply, demand, and total) there was less reduction in hospitalizations and LOS after FES enrollment (p < .0001). Only DUP supply (time from first antipsychotic use to STEP admission) differentiated those who were hospitalized during the first year after STEP enrollment from those who were not (median: 35 vs. 15 weeks, p = .003). To fully harness the positive impact of FES on hospitalization, a detailed effort should be pursued to reduce all DUP components.

A Novel Approach to Delivering Evidence-based, High-quality Care in Psychiatry Through an Electronic Integrated Care Pathway (eICP) Pilot.

Integrated care pathways (ICPs) are evidence-based decision support tools intended to reduce variation and improve quality of care. Historically, adoption of ICPs has been difficult to measure, as the pathways were outside of the electronic health record (EHR), where care delivery documentation and orders were completed. This Technology Column describes the innovative development and implementation of a diagnosis specific electronic ICP that directly embeds pathway steps into an EHR to facilitate order sets, clinical decision-making, and usage tracking. The pathway was implemented at a seven-hospital academic medical center, and details the technology, team structure, early adoption results, and future directions. As such, the importance of investing and organizing resources to create an eICP (e.g., time, technology, and specialized teams) to provide a user-friendly experience to support early adoption is underscored. Preliminary findings show that the eICP had consistent use in the first year of implementation. This manuscript is intended to serve as a practical guide to build eICPs within behavioral health service areas across institutions.

Love and lifestyle: how 'relational healthism' structures couples' talk of engagement with lifestyle advice associated with a new diagnosis of coronary heart disease.

OBJECTIVES: Healthy lifestyle change improves outcomes in coronary heart disease (CHD), but is rarely sustained. To better understand barriers to lifestyle change, we examined couples' talk of engaging with lifestyle advice after one partner receives a diagnosis of CHD. DESIGN: A longitudinal qualitative design, in which a poststructuralist discourse analysis was performed on 35 interviews, conducted with 22 heterosexual British people in a long term relationship. The interviews occurred over three months after one partner was referred to a cardiac rehabilitation programme designed to support lifestyle change. RESULTS: Couples understood their health as a shared practice underpinned by an ideological framework of healthism, creating a form of 'relational healthism'. Practicing relational healthism was not straightforward because the practices of surveillance, control, and discipline related to healthism often contravened relationship norms of support, acceptance and respect for the other's autonomy. Couples struggled to resolve this tension, dynamically adopting, resisting, and occasionally transforming discourses of health and love in ways that worked for and against engagement in lifestyle change. CONCLUSION: In foregrounding the discursive and relational contexts of behavioural change engagement, we show the considerable complexity for couples, including costs related to engagement with lifestyle advice.

A post-phenomenological analysis of using menstruation tracking apps for the management of premenstrual syndrome.

Objectives: Menstruation tracking digital applications (MTA) are a popular technology, yet there is a lacuna of research on how women use this technology for the management of PMS. Theoretical frameworks for understanding users' experiences are also underdeveloped in this nascent field. The objectives of the study were therefore twofold, to propose a theoretical framework for understanding women's use of MTA and apply it to the analysis of users' experiences in the management of PMS. Method: A novel theoretical framework was proposed, informed by post-phenomenology, postfeminist healthism, feminist new materialism and digital health technologies as public pedagogy. This framework focuses analytic attention on affective relationships between subjectivity, bodily sensations, digital technology, and discourse. It was used to structure the analysis of five in-depth timeline interviews with women in Aotearoa New Zealand who experienced benefits from using MTA to manage PMS symptoms. Results: Three pedagogical relationships were identified: a pedagogy of empowerment, where users learnt to control, predict and manage their PMS symptoms in line with healthism; a pedagogy of appreciation, where users learnt to understand their menstruating bodies as amazing, a valued part of them, and awe-inspiring that radically overturned past internalised stigma; and an 'untrustworthy teacher' who eroded this affirmative learning through inaccuracy, positioning users in dis-preferred categories, or being 'creepy'. Conclusions: MTA offers huge possibilities for challenging menstrual stigma that need to be nurtured, developed, and protected; and there are benefits for analysing MTA within wider scholarship on postfeminist healthism.

First Episode Psychosis and Pituitary Hyperplasia in a Patient With Untreated Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: A Case Report.

This case report describes a woman with no psychiatric history and previously diagnosed Hashimoto's thyroiditis who presented to the psychiatric emergency department with a first episode of psychosis. The initial workup for organic causes of psychosis revealed an astronomically high thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (> 1,000 µIU/mL) out of proportion to the patient's minimal physical symptoms of hypothyroidism. Additionally the patient's head imaging showed an enlarged pituitary, a rare, but reversible, presentation of chronically untreated primary hypothyroidism. The patient was transferred to a medical unit to receive IV thyroid hormone replacement as well as an adjunctive antipsychotic to assist with remission of her distressing auditory hallucinations and persecutory delusions. This case highlights the importance of a thorough medical workup for causes of new onset psychosis and the need for further consensus in the literature regarding choice of antipsychotic and duration of treatment for psychosis secondary to hypothyroidism.

Biomarkers and Clinical Laboratory Detection of Acute and Chronic Ethanol Use.

BACKGROUND: Ethanol use can lead to many health and socio-economic problems. Early identification of risky drinking behaviors helps provide timely clinical and social interventions. Laboratory testing of biomarkers of ethanol use supports the timely identification of individuals with risky drinking behaviors. This review provides an overview of the utility and limitations of ethanol biomarkers in the clinical laboratory. CONTENT: Direct assessment of ethanol in tissues and body fluids has limited utility due to the pharmacokinetics of ethanol. Therefore, the evaluation of ethanol use relies on nonvolatile metabolites of ethanol (direct biomarkers) and measurement of the physiological response to the toxic metabolites of ethanol (indirect biomarkers). Ethanol biomarkers help monitor both chronic and acute ethanol use. The points discussed here include the clinical utility of ethanol biomarkers, testing modalities used for laboratory assessment, the specimens of choice, limitations, and clinical interpretation of results. Finally, we discuss the ethical principles that should guide physicians and laboratorians when using these tests to evaluate alcohol use. SUMMARY: Indirect biomarkers such as carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, mean corpuscular volume, and liver enzymes activities may suggest heavy ethanol use. They lack sensitivity and specificity for timely detection of risky drinking behavior and have limited utility for acute ethanol use. Direct biomarkers such as ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate, and phosphatidylethanol are considered sensitive and specific for detecting acute and chronic ethanol use. However, laboratory assessment and result interpretation lack standardization, limiting clinical utility. Ethical principles including respect for persons, beneficence, and justice should guide testing.

Development and Implementation of One-Step, Broad-Spectrum, High-Sensitivity Drug Screening by Tandem Mass Spectrometry in a Pediatric Population.

BACKGROUND: Drug screening by immunoassay is common in pediatric populations. However, false-positive and -negative results due to antibody cross-reactivity and dilute urine are frequent and underappreciated. Accurate ascertainment of drug exposure in children has significant clinical and medico-legal consequences. DESIGN AND METHODS: We developed and characterized an LC-MS/MS drug screening assay to supplant immunoassay and detect 38 compounds at the lowest concentrations distinguishable from analytic noise. Once implemented, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 3985 pediatric urine drug screens performed a year before (n = 1663) and after (n = 2322) implementation to examine the frequency and breadth of drug detection in our pediatric population. RESULTS: Using immunoassay, 23% (293/1269) of samples from the general pediatric and 37% (147/394) of nursery populations had presumptively positive results. Of the presumptive positive compounds, 85% (288/338) from the general pediatric population and 40% (65/162) from the nursery cohort were confirmed by mass spectrometry. After LC-MS/MS implementation, 31% (628/2052) of general pediatric, and 18% (48/270) of the nursery samples were positive for 1 or more compounds. In the nursery population, immunoassays over-detected the presence of THC but under-detected exposure to cocaine. CONCLUSION: A broadly targeted, analytically sensitive LC-MS/MS drug screening assay detects a larger number and variety of compounds in a single step compared to a screen-then-confirm approach initiated by immunoassay in our pediatric population. Rapid delivery of accurate results enables timely, appropriate disposition of patients in a variety of settings including the emergency department and labor/delivery.

Gabapentin prevalence: clinical and forensic experience in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

Gabapentin (Neurontin) is an anti-epileptic drug that has had wide off-label prescription use since market release due to presumed negligible abuse potential. However, trends in drug misuse have demonstrated that gabapentin misuse is occurring, particularly in those with a history of opioid misuse. This is concerning, because although gabapentin has no direct ligand activity at opioid receptors, it does potentiate the analgesic effect of opioids, and concurrent use of gabapentin and opioids may increase the risk of respiratory depressive effects of opioids. This study investigates the incidence of gabapentin detected in urine samples collected for clinical drug screening purposes in a local hospital emergency department and in postmortem samples submitted by medical examiners in the St. Louis metropolitan area. The prevalence of gabapentin and co-detected drugs in both populations is contrasted, compared, and discussed. This study found that 30% of urine samples collected from patients with suspected drug intoxication presenting to SSM Health Saint Louis University Hospital, a quaternary care medical center, were positive for gabapentin, and nearly two thirds of those were also positive for oxycodone. Over a 6-month period, the incidence of gabapentin positive postmortem cases increased from 18% to 20%. Nearly all gabapentin positive postmortem cases were also positive for an opioid, the most significant being fentanyl, suggesting that gabapentin misuse may be due to its potentiating effect of opioid drug action. This study also highlights the limited utility of immunoassay-based urine drug screens.

Quality of Heart Failure Care in the Intensive Care Unit.

Patients with heart failure (HF) who are seen in an intensive care unit (ICU) manifest the highest-risk, most complex and most resource-intensive disease states. These patients account for a large relative proportion of days spent in an ICU. The paradigms by which critical care is provided to patients with HF are being reconsidered, including consideration of various multidisciplinary ICU staffing models and the development of acute-response teams. Traditional HF quality initiatives have centered on the peri- and postdischarge period in attempts to improve adherence to guideline-directed therapies and reduce readmissions. There is a compelling rationale for expanding high-quality efforts in treating patients with HF who are receiving critical care so we can improve outcomes, reduce preventable harm, improve teamwork and resource use, and achieve high health-system performance. Our goal is to answer the following question: For a patient with HF in the ICU, what is required for the provision of high-quality care? Herein, we first review the epidemiology of HF syndromes in the ICU and identify relevant critical care and quality stakeholders in HF. We next discuss the tenets of high-quality care for patients with HF in the ICU that will optimize critical care outcomes, such as ICU staffing models and evidence-based management of cardiac and noncardiac disease. We discuss strategies to mitigate preventable harm, improve ICU culture and conduct outcomes review, and we conclude with our summative vision of high-quality of ICU care for patients with HF; our vision includes clinical excellence, teamwork and ICU culture.

What a body can do: Rethinking body functionality through a feminist materialist disability lens.

A burgeoning body of literature shows a positive relationship between body functionality and positive body image. Although still nascent, research centring experiences of people with disabilities and bodily differences develops this literature. In this article, we offer directions for this research, bringing body functionality into dialogue with feminist materialist disability theory to examine relations between people's bodily perceptions and the socio-material worlds they occupy. Feminist disability theory re-imagines difference through an affirmative lens, conceptualising body image as relational and processual, and approaching difference through four orientations: difference is basic to the world; difference is not deficiency; difference is not the problem, our inhospitable and ableist world is; and centring difference exposes the mythical norm. We apply this lens to body functionality research, and outline implications for research, practice, and theory, arguing that building a bridge between these frameworks offers a stepping off point for exciting directions for body image research.

Management of heart failure in cardiac amyloidosis using an ambulatory diuresis clinic.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent congestion in cardiac amyloidosis (CA) remains a management challenge, often requiring high dose diuretics and frequent hospitalizations. Innovative outpatient strategies are needed to effectively manage heart failure (HF) in patients with CA. Ambulatory diuresis has not been well studied in restrictive cardiomyopathy. Therefore, we aimed to examine the outcomes of an ambulatory diuresis clinic in the management of congestion related to CA. METHODS AND RESULTS: We retrospectively studied patients with CA seen in an outpatient HF disease management clinic for (1) safety outcomes of ambulatory intravenous (IV) diuresis and (2) health care utilization. Forty-four patients with CA were seen in the clinic a total of 203 times over 6 months. Oral diuretics were titrated at 96 (47%) visits. IV diuretics were administered at 56 (28%) visits to 17 patients. There were no episodes of severe acute kidney injury or symptomatic hypotension. There was a significant decrease in emergency department and inpatient visits and associated charges after index visit to the clinic. The proportion of days hospitalized per 1000 patient days of follow-up decreased as early as 30 days (147.3 vs 18.1/1000 patient days of follow-up, P< .001) and persisted through 180 days (33.6 vs 22.9/1000 patient days of follow-up, P< .001) pre- vs post-index visit to the clinic. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate the feasibility of ambulatory IV diuresis in patients with CA. Our findings also suggest that use of a HF disease management clinic may reduce acute care utilization in patients with CA. Leveraging multidisciplinary outpatient HF clinics may be an effective alternative to hospitalization in patients with HF due to CA, a population who otherwise carries a poor prognosis and contributes to high health care burden.

Endomyocardial Biopsy Characterization of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Prevalence of Cardiac Amyloidosis.

OBJECTIVES: This study prospectively evaluated endomyocardial biopsies in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) to identify histopathologic phenotypes and their association with clinical characteristics. BACKGROUND: Myocardial tissue analysis from a prospectively defined HFpEF cohort reflecting contemporary comorbidities is lacking. METHODS: Patients with HFpEF (EF ≥50%) referred to the Johns Hopkins HFpEF Clinic between August 2014 and September 2018 were enrolled for right heart catheterization and endomyocardial biopsy. Clinical features, echocardiography, hemodynamics, and tissue histology were determined and compared with controls (unused donor hearts) and HF with reduced EF (HFrEF). RESULTS: Of the 108 patients enrolled, median age was 66 years (25th to 75th percentile: 57 to 74 years), 61% were women, 57% were African American, 62% had a previous HF hospitalization, median systolic blood pressure was 141 mm Hg (25th to 75th percentile: 125 to 162 mm Hg), body mass index (BMI) was 37 kg/m2 (25th to 75th percentile: 32 to 45 kg/m2), and 97% were on a loop diuretic. Myocardial fibrosis and myocyte hypertrophy were often present (93% and 88%, respectively); however, mild in 71% with fibrosis and in 52% with hypertrophy. Monocyte infiltration (CD68+ cells/mm2) was greater in patients with HFpEF versus controls (60.4 cells/mm2 [25th to 75th percentile: 36.8 to 97.8] vs. 32.1 cells/mm2 [25th to 75th percentile: 22.3 to 59.2]; p = 0.02) and correlated with age and renal disease. Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) was diagnosed in 15 (14%) patients (HFpEF-CA: 7 patients with wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis [ATTR], 4 patients with hereditary ATTR, 3 patients with light-chain amyloidosis, and 1 patient with AA (secondary) amyloidosis), of which 7 cases were unsuspected. Patients with HFpEF-CA were older, with lower BMI, higher left ventricular mass index, and higher N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and troponin I levels. CONCLUSIONS: In this large, prospective myocardial tissue analysis of HFpEF, myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy were common, CD68+ inflammation was increased, and CA prevalence was 14%. Tissue analysis in HFpEF might improve precision therapies by identifying relevant myocardial mechanisms.

Propylene glycol neurotoxicity due to sodium citrate therapy in an infant with renal tubular acidosis.

Sodium citrate in its liquid formulation is commonly used as therapy for renal tubular acidosis in pediatric patients. Convenient dosing and administration is important to ensure long-term medication adherence and normal growth in the chronic forms of this condition. Liquid sodium citrate formulations contain propylene glycol, a commonly used excipient, which can be toxic at high doses. Propylene glycol toxicity due to medication excipients has been reported in the literature, including many cases secondary to sustained exposure to intravenous anti-epileptics, however toxicity associated with oral sodium citrate therapy has not been described. We report the first case of propylene glycol neurotoxicity in a 6-week-old infant with renal tubular acidosis treated with sodium citrate. Clinical suspicion of risk for medication-related toxicity and awareness of propylene glycol content in sodium citrate led to timely diagnosis and management. Awareness of increased risk of toxicity in pediatric patients due to high sodium citrate requirement and low propylene glycol metabolism capacity is important for optimal care for pediatric patients with renal tubular acidosis.

Looking to the future: Priorities for translating research to impact in the field of appearance and body image.

The field of body image and appearance research and practice is progressing; however, there is still work to be done to ensure broad societal impact. This article consolidates reflections from a range of established and early career experts in the field of appearance and body image, with a focus on stimulating and guiding future agenda setting and translation from research to impact. We conducted a thematic analysis of transcripts from nine recorded 5-minute presentations, delivered by researchers and clinicians as part of a special invited presentation session at a biennial international conference, 'Appearance Matters,' in the UK. Four themes were identified: Moving Beyond the Individual; Consolidation and Collaboration; Commitment to Implementation; and Positive and Protective Frameworks. These themes are discussed alongside recommendations for researchers and practitioners working in these fields to advance research, advocacy, and impact outside of academia.

I like to go out and have a good time: An ethnography of a group of young middle class urban Indian women participating in a new drinking culture.

BACKGROUND: Urban, middle-class Indians are a market demographic target of transnational alcohol companies seeking to exploit neoliberal-informed deregulation policies. Against this backdrop is an emerging drinking culture in Mumbai, in which women participate. METHOD: An ethnography with a friendship group of five middle-class, heterosexually-identified women aged between 22-24 years living in Mumbai. Poststructuralist informed analysis was performed on data from market mapping and venue mapping activities, interviews and participant observations. RESULTS: A range of on and offline corporate marketing practices facilitated an understanding of drinking as a cool practice of freedom, individualism and equality. Participants' echoed this sense making, but they also described their drinking as occurring in a wider context of gendered inequality and national identities that made them vulnerable to sexual harassment and being 'against Indian culture'. CONCLUSIONS: This paper is the first to examine how a group of women make sense of their participation in an emerging Indian drinking culture, the wider material and discursive contexts enabling this sense-making, and the consequences for who and how such women can be in the world. The study highlights important similarities between this emerging drinking culture and the culture of intoxication documented in countries with a drinking culture norm. It also highlights the potential impact of the deregulation of alcohol sales and new marketing policies on groups of Indian women; and shows the importance of taking an intersectional approach that considers the interplay of gendered and national identities when analysing the impact of alcohol marketing policies.