Coagulative Nucleation in the Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate-Butyl Acrylate under Monomer-Starved Conditions.

Coagulative nucleation in the copolymerization of methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate (MMA-BA) via semicontinuous emulsion heterophase polymerization (SEHP) under monomer-starved conditions in latexes with high solid content (50.0 wt %) and low concentrations of surfactant is reported. The SEHP technique allows the obtention of latex with high colloidal stability and has potential industrial application in polymer synthesis. High instantaneous conversions (>90%) and a high-ratio polymerization rate/addition rate (Rp/Ra) ≥ 0.9 were obtained at low times until the final copolymerization, which confirmed the starved conditions in the systems at the highest surfactant concentrations. The particle size exhibited a linear size increment at conversions between 0 and 40% induced by homogeneous nucleation, a transition region between 40 and 50%, and non-linear behavior at higher conversions by coagulative nucleation. These three behaviors were also observed in the particle surfactant coverage area (Sc), Z-potential, particle coagulation rate (dNp/dt) by the Smoluchowski model, final particle size (Dpz), and number particle (Np) through the reaction. By means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, the onset of coagulation was observed from 50% of conversion until the end of the reaction. In addition, in both processes of copolymerization, tacticity was displayed (mainly syndiotacticity).

Recovery of impregnated hydrocarbon in drill cuttings using supercritical carbon dioxide.

Pollution due to waste generated by the oil industry has led to serious damage to ecosystems and the environment. Therefore, preventive and corrective actions must be taken to mitigate the ecological impact of waste resulting from oil-related activities, to explore and implement environment-friendly approaches, and achieve sustainable development. In this study, an alternative treatment for cuttings generated during the drilling of oil wells was investigated by extracting the hydrocarbons present in such cuttings through the use of carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions. The extractions were performed in a Supercritical Fluid Technologies Inc. Model SFT-150 extractor, under varying pressure (2300-6600 psi) and temperature (52-109 °C), while maintaining constant carbon dioxide flow rate and extraction time, to analyse the effect of these two thermodynamic variables on the extraction efficiency. During supercritical extraction, 21.51 g of total hydrocarbons from drill cuttings (oil/kg) were recovered at 6000 psi and 100 °C. The results indicated that pressure had the strongest effect on the extraction yield, with only a small amount of hydrocarbons recovered at the lowest pressure for all fractions. At <3000 psi pressure, increasing the temperature led to a decrease in the amount of recovered hydrocarbons; at >3000 psi pressure, increasing the temperature led to an increase in the extraction yield.

The Association of Aquaporin-1 Gene with Marathon Running Performance Level: a Confirmatory Study Conducted in Male Hispanic Marathon Runners.

BACKGROUND: Replication studies are essential for identifying credible associations between alleles and phenotypes. Validation of genotype-phenotype associations in the sports and exercise field is rare. An initial genetic association study suggested that rs1049305 (C > G) in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the aquaporin-1 (AQP1) gene was associated with marathon running (MR) performance level in Hispanic males. To validate this finding, we conducted a replication analysis in an independent case-control sample of Hispanic male marathon runners (n = 1430; cases n = 713 and controls n = 717). A meta-analysis was utilized to test the extent of the association between the initial results and the present report. It also provided to test the heterogeneity (variation) between the two studies. RESULTS: The replication study showed a statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) association between rs1049305 (C > G) of the AQP1 gene and MR performance level. Association test results using a fixed effect model for the combined, original study and the present report, yielded an odds ratio = 1.28, 95% confidence interval = 1.13-1.45, p = 0.0001. The extent of the measures of heterogeneity was Tau-squared = 0, H statistic = 1, I2 statistic = 0, and Cochran's Q test (Q = 0.29; p value 0.59), indicated the variation between studies were due to chance and not to differences in heterogeneity between the two studies. Within the limitations of the present replication, contrast of two studies and its effects on meta-analysis, the findings were robust. CONCLUSION: This study successfully replicated the results of Martínez et al. (Med Sportiva 13:251-5, 2009). The meta-analysis provided further epidemiological credibility for the hypothesis of association between the DNA rs1049305 (C > G) variation in the 3'UTR of the AQP1 gene and MR running performance level in Hispanics male marathon runners. It is not precluded that a linked DNA structure in the surrounding molecular neighborhood could be of influence by been part of the overly complex phenotype of MR performance level.

Association Between aquaporin-1 and Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: There is abundant and mounting information related to the molecular and biological structure and function of the Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) gene and the AQP1-Aquaporin channel. Regulation of water flow across cell membranes is essential for supporting inter- and intracellular fluid balance, which is critical for health and exercise performance. The transmembrane water channel AQP1 is important for cardiorespiratory endurance (CE) because it influences fluid transfers in erythrocytes, endothelial, and pulmonary cells and is vital for transport of ammonium, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, glycerol, nitric oxide, potassium ion, water, and trans-epithelial and renal water. Very recent publications suggest the association between a DNA sequence variant, rs1049305 (C > G), in the 3'-untranslated region of the AQP1 gene and CE performance. Other reports indicate further significant associations between AQP1 channel and CE phenotypes. The purposes of this systematic review were to examine the extent of the associations between the AQP1 rs1049305 genotype and CE exercise performance and body fluid loss in long-distance runners and AQP1 channel associations with other CE phenotypes. METHODS: Data sources: A comprehensive review was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane electronic databases. The search ranged from January 1, 1988, to December 31, 2018. Studies reported in English, French, and Spanish were considered. Eligibility criteria: The criteria for inclusion in the review were (a) case-control study; (b) unequivocal definition of cases and controls; (c) CE was defined as performance in endurance events, laboratory tests, and/or maximal oxygen consumption; (d) exclusion criteria of known causes; (e) genotyping performed by PCR or sequencing; (f) genotype frequencies reported; and (g) no deviation of genotype frequencies from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the control group. Study appraisal: The systematic review included studies examining the AQP1 gene and AQP1 channel structure and function, associations between the AQP1 gene sequence variant rs1049305 (C > G)  and CE performance, body fluid loss in long-distance runners, and other studies reporting on the AQP1 gene and channel CE phenotype associations. Synthesis methods: For each selected study, the following data were extracted: authors, year of publication, sample size and number of cases and controls, CE definition, exclusion criteria, inclusion criteria for cases and controls, methods used for genotyping, genotype, allele frequencies and HWE for genotype frequencies in cases and control groups, and method of AQP1 gene and AQP1 channel analysis. RESULTS: The initial databases search found 172 pertinent studies. Of those, 46 studies were utilized in the final synthesis of the systematic review. The most relevant findings were (a) the identification of an independent replication of the association between AQP1 gene sequence variant rs1049305 (C > G) and CE performance; (b) the association of the rs1049305 C-allele with faster CE running performance; (c) in knockout model, using a linear regression analysis of distance run as a function of Aqp1 status (Aqp1-null vs. wild-type mice) and conditions of hypoxia (ambient [O2] = 16%), normoxia (21%), and hyperoxia (40%) indicated that the Aqp1 knockout ran less distance than the wild-type mice (p < 0.001); (d) in vitro, a reduced AQP1 expression was associated with the presence of the rs1049305 G-allele; (e) AQP1 null humans led normal lives and were entirely unaware of any physical limitations. However, they could not support fluid homeostasis when exposed to chronic fluid overload. The limited number of studies with "adequate sample sizes" in various racial and ethnic groups precluding to perform proper in-depth statistical analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The AQP1 gene and AQP1 channel seems to support homeostatic mechanisms, yet to be totally understood, that are auxiliary in achieving an advantage during endurance exercise. AQP1 functions are vital during exercise and have a profound influence on endurance running performance. AQP1s are underappreciated structures that play vital roles in cellular homeostasis at rest and during CE endurance running exercise. The outcome of the present systematic review provide support to the statement of hypotheses and further research endeavors on the likely influence of AQP1 gene and AQP1 channel on CE performance. Registration: The protocol is not registered.

KCNA4 Gene Variant is Auxiliary in Endurance Running Performance Level.

The present is an observational study following a genetic epidemiology model using a case-control design. We tested the hypothesis of an association between the prevalence of the genotypic and allelic frequencies distribution of the potassium voltage-gated channel of the shaker related subfamily member 4 gene (KCNA4) rs1323860 (C/T transition) and endurance performance level in Hispanic male marathon runners (MR). The subjects (n=1876) were adult Hispanic male MR. Fast-MR (cases; n=938) were finishers in the top 3rd percentile. Slow MR (controls; n=938) were finishers in the lowest 3rd percentile of their respective age. Genomic DNA was purified from a whole blood sample. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a KCNA4 SNP which consists of a C/T (rs1323860) transition. The observed genotype frequencies, in both Cases and Controls, met Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (X2, P≥0.05). Genotype and allele frequencies were statistically different (P<0.01) between cases and controls. Odds ratio revealed that the C allele was 1.33 times more likely prevalent in the cases than in the controls (95% CI; 1.17, 1.51; P<0.001). The magnitude of the statistical power for the present study was 0.86. In conclusion, the findings strongly suggest that KCNA4 gene rs1323860 (C/T transition) is auxiliary in the complex phenotype of endurance running performance level in Hispanic male marathon runners.

Adherence to Exercise Programs in Older Adults: Informative Report.

This informative report focuses on filling information gaps regarding adherence to physical activity and exercise in the health care spectrum of older adults (OA) and an overview of the benefits of physical activity for OA. Healthy People 2000, 2010, and 2020 are public health programs from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that set national goals and objectives for promoting health and preventing disease. The programs include 10 leading health indicators that reflect major health problems, which concern OA. Exercise and physical activity are among the most important factors affecting health and longevity, but exercise adherence is a significant hindrance in achieving health goals in the OA. Exercise adherence in OA is a multifactorial problem encompassing many biopsychosocial factors. Factors affecting adherence in the OA include socioeconomic status, education level, living arrangements, health status, pacemakers, physical fitness, and depression. Improving adherence could have a significant impact on longevity, quality of life, and health care costs.

The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2004 update.

We began this series in 2000 with the aim of making available in an easily accessible format all the advances on the genetic basis of a large family of exercise-related traits. The current review presents the 2004 update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related fitness phenotypes. It is based on peer-reviewed papers published by the end of 2004. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in adaptation to acute exercise, or for training-induced changes are positioned on the genetic map of all autosomes and the X chromosome. Negative studies are reviewed but a gene or locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. One new feature is that we have incorporated the genes whose sequence variants have been associated with either the level of physical activity or indicators of sedentarism. By the end of 2000, in the early version of the gene map, 29 loci were depicted. In contrast, the 2004 human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes includes 140 autosomal gene entries and quantitative trait loci, plus four on the X chromosome. Moreover, there are 16 mitochondrial genes in which sequence variants have been shown to influence relevant fitness and performance phenotypes. Thus, the map is growing in complexity and progress is being made. The number of laboratories and scientists concerned by the role of genes and sequence variations in exercise-related traits is rising. But exercise science and sports medicine is generally lagging behind in terms of utilizing the advances in genetic and genomic technologies.

The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2003 update.

This review presents the 2003 update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related fitness phenotypes. It is based on peer-reviewed papers published by the end of 2003 and includes association studies with candidate genes, genome-wide scans with polymorphic markers, and single-gene defects causing exercise intolerance to variable degrees. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in adaptation to acute exercise, or for training-induced changes are positioned on the genetic map of all autosomes and the X chromosome. Negative studies are reviewed but a gene or locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. By the end of 2000, 29 loci were depicted on the first edition of the map. In contrast, the 2003 human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes includes 109 autosomal gene entries and QTL, plus two on the X chromosome. Moreover, there are 15 mitochondrial genes in which sequence variants have been shown to influence relevant fitness and performance phenotypes.

The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2002 update.

This review presents the 2002 update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes. It is based on peer-reviewed papers published by the end of 2002 and includes association studies with candidate genes, genome-wide scans with polymorphic markers, and single gene defects causing exercise intolerance to variable degrees. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in adaptation to acute exercise, or for training-induced changes are positioned on the genetic map of all autosomes and the X chromosome. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. By the end of 2000, 29 loci were depicted on the map. The 2001 map includes 71 loci on the autosomes and two on the X chromosome. In contrast, the 2002 human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes includes 90 gene entries and QTL, plus two on the X chromosome. To all these loci, one must add 14 mitochondrial genes in which sequence variants have been shown to influence relevant fitness and performance phenotypes.

Thermal responses and body fluid balance of competitive male swimmers during a training session.

Thermoregulatory and body fluid balance (BFB) responses of competitive swimmers were studied during a typical interval training session under natural field conditions. Subjects were 9 males (18.0 +/- 1.7 years; VO(2)max = 3.8 +/- 0.9 L x min(-1)) who covered 9,000 m in 180 minutes in an outdoor pool (mean water temperature = 26.8 +/- 0.3 degrees C; mean wet bulb globe temperature = 29.8 +/- 2.8 degrees C). Mean body weight (BWt) decreased by 1.8 +/- 0.5 kg (P < 0.05), and rectal temperature increased by 1.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C (P < 0.05). Volitional water intake (WI) (0.1 +/- 0.2 kg) did not maintain BFB (-0.5 kg per hour) and plasma volume decreased 10.7 +/- 5.4%. During a typical training session, swimmers experienced significant body fluid losses, and WI was not enough to prevent involuntary dehydration. The magnitude of the fluid losses (2.5% of BWt) was sufficient to compromise convective thermoregulation because of the decreased plasma volume. Hence, to prevent involuntary dehydration, swimmers should be encouraged to consume an amount of fluids that equals losses throughout the training sessions.

The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2001 update.

This review presents the 2001 update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes. It is based on scientific papers published by the end of 2001. Association studies with candidate genes, genome-wide scans with polymorphic markers, and single gene defects causing exercise intolerance to variable degrees are included. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in adaptation to acute exercise or for training-induced changes are positioned on the genetic map of all autosomes and the X chromosome. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. By the end of 2000, there were 29 loci depicted on the map. The 2001 map includes 71 loci on the autosomes and two on the X chromosome. Among these genes or markers, 24 are from prior publications on exercise intolerance and four relate to other pathologies. Finally, 13 sequence variants in mitochondrial DNA have been shown to influence relevant fitness and performance phenotypes.

Acanthamoeba: a rare primary cause of rhinosinusitis.

Parasitic infections, especially Acanthamoeba, are rarely implicated as a specific cause of rhinosinusitis. It is a fatal disease found in the immunocompromised population, in particular in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Less than 10 cases of Acanthamebic rhinosinusitis have been reported in the literature, and only 1 has survived. This case report presents an Acanthamebic infection misdiagnosed as a squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal septum on a presumptive healthy, immunocompetent 35-year-old woman. She was later diagnosed with AIDS (AIDS) along with disseminated Acanthamoebiasis and became the second reported case surviving this deadly illness. This case report also discusses the difficulty in diagnosing this rare parasite, the pathogenesis, and the multidisciplinary treatment required to control and manage this uniformly fatal disease.

Effect of drink pattern and solar radiation on thermoregulation and fluid balance during exercise in chronically heat acclimatized children.

The purposes of this study were to examine the thermoregulatory and body fluid balance responses in chronically heat acclimatized children, i.e., indigenous to a tropical climate, during exercise in four outdoor conditions and the effects of dehydration on their thermoregulatory response. Nine children (age = 13.3 ± 1.9 yr, VO2 max = 45.5 ± 9.2 ml · kg-1 · min-1 ) cycled at 60% VO2 max each under four conditions: sun exposure voluntary drinking (SuVD), sun exposure forced drinking (SuFD), shaded voluntary drinking (ShVD), and shaded forced drinking (ShFD). Exercise sessions consisted of four 20-min exercise bouts alternating with 25-min rest periods. Globe temperature and the WBGT index were higher during SuVD and SuFD compared to ShVD and ShFD (P < 0.05). The change in rectal temperature, metabolic heat production, and heat storage did not differ among the conditions. Total water intake (% IBW) was higher during SuFD (4.1 ± 0.01) and ShFD (3.7 ± 0.1) compared to SuVD (2.1 ± 0.1) and ShVD (1.0 ± 0.1) and during SuVD compared to ShVD (P < 0.05). Sweating rate (L · hr-1 ) was higher during SuFD (0.7 ± 0.1) and ShFD (0.6 ± 0.1) compared to SuVD (0.5 ± 0.1) and ShVD (0.4 ± 0.1) (P < 0.05). Total fluid loss did not differ among conditions (SuVD = 1.7 ± 0.4; SuFD = 1.5 ± 0.4; ShVD = 2.1 ± 0.2; ShFD = 1.3 ± 0.3). Results indicate that when exercising in a tropical climate, chronically heat acclimatized children demonstrate mild voluntary dehydration and adequate heat dissipation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Perfil antropométrico y fisiológico de atletas puertorriqueños: softbol femenino / Anthropometric and physiologic profile of Puerto Rican athletes: female softball

This study was conducted to describe and compare various anthropometric, body composition, cardiorespiratory, metabolic and neuromuscular characteristics of 12 female athletes, members of the Puerto Rico national softball team. The subjects were divided into three categories according to their game specific requirements (game position): infielders (n = 5), outfielders (n = 4), and pitchers (n = 3). The mean and standard deviations of all the variables in each group was calculated. These athletes demonstrated high levels of body fat and below optimal levels of flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, and muscular strength and endurance. The results revealed deficiencies in the health related fitness components and in the physical preparation for sports competition. These results also suggest that the subjects are at risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases, sport injuries, and poor sport performance

Menarquia, características menstruales y sociodemográficas de mujeres atletas puertorriqueñas en los XV y XVI Juegos Centroamericanos y del Caribe / Menarche, menstrual and sociodemographic characteristics of Puerto Rican female athletes in the XV and XVI Central American and Caribbean Games

This investigation described maturation, menstrual and socio-demographic characteristics of 65 Puerto Rican women athletes that were interviewed during the XVI Central American and Caribbean Games (CACG), Mexico City in 1990. The results were compared with those of Puerto Rican women athletes (n = 52) at the XV CACG, Santiago Dominican Republic, 1986. The quantitative variables (age, age at initiation of training, years of training, age at menarche, birth order, and family size) were not statistically different (t-independent, p > or = 0.05). The observed frequencies for the qualitative variables (menstrual characteristics, degree of certainty in the recall of age of menarche, use of oral contraceptives, and marital status) were very similar. In conclusion: the women at the XVI CAC in Mexico demonstrated similar maturational, menstrual and socio-demographic characteristics to the those athletes evaluated four years earlier in Santiago and based on their long history of training, both samples were representative of athletically mature athletes. The findings were very similar to those reported for olympic athletes and such data expands the available information on Puerto Rican women athletes

Características antropométricas y fisiológicas de ciclistas puertorriqueños / Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of Puerto Rican cyclists

This study was conducted to describe various anthropometric, body composition, cardiorespiratory, metabolic and neuromuscular characteristics of 31 athletes (F = 5, M = 26) members of the Puertorrican Cycling Federation's national pre-selection. The athletes were divided into four categories according to their sex and age. The mean and standard deviation of all the variables in each category was computed. An Analysis of Covariance was conducted to determine significant differences between the mean's of the four categories. Male cyclists showed superior results compared to female cyclists in all the variables studied except body mass, ectomorphy, VO2 max, max HR, max power (W), and neuromuscular function in which they showed no statistical differences. The anthropometric, body composition, max power (W) and cardiorespiratory characteristics of our cyclists compared with those reported for international cyclists. The groups means for push ups, sit ups and flexibility were below the excellent classification when compared to the general population's health related physical fitness norms

Perfil antropométrico y fisiológico de atletas puertorriqueños especialistas en carreras pedestres de media y larga distancia / Anthropometric and physiological profile of Puerto Rican athletes specialists in media and long distance running

Los propósitos de este informe investigativo fueron: 1)revisar la literatura relacionada con los fáctores antropométricos, metabólicos, cardiorespiratórios y neuromusculares asociados con una ejecutoria sobresaliente en carreras pedestres de larga duración (CPLD). 2)como dado ilustrativo describir una serie de características antropométricas, de composición corporal, cardiorespiratorias, metabólicas, y neuromusculares de especialistas puertorriqueños en CPLD de ambos sexos (hombres n+3 y mujeres n+3), y 3) efectuar comparaciones con sus iguales de diferentes países del mundo reportados en la literatura. El grupo de sujetos consistió de ganadores de campeonatos universitarios, nacionales, internacionales, y de eventos locales en las distancias de 1500m hasta 42km. Los datos obtenidos se encontraron dentro de la magnitud demostrada por corredores de classificación élite internacional, excepto en las variables flexibilidad de la parte posterior del muslo/espalda baja y lagartijas efectuadas en un minuto, donde se detectaron notables deficiencias.

Edad de menarquia y características menstruales de la mujer atleta puertorriqueña / Age of menarche and menstruation characteristics of Puerto Rican women athletes

El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar y describir la edad cronológica, edad de iniciación deportiva (EID), edade deportiva (ED), edad de menarquia (EM), características menstruales, uso de anticonceptivos orales, orden de nacimiento (ON), número de hermanos (NH), estado civil, número de hijos, y especialidad deportiva de las atletas puertorriqueñas que participaron en los XV Juegos Centro Americanos y del Caribe. La muestra (n=55) incluyó representantes de 9 deportes (atletismo n=6, baloncesto n=7, gimnasia n=5, nado sincronizado n=9, natación n=5, softbol n=4, tenis n=4 [tenis de campo n=2, tenis de mesa n=2], y vóleibol n=5) Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante una entrevista. El grupo demostró los siguientes valores promedio (Mñde)Ñ edad=21.0ñ5.3 años, EID=11.4ñ4.3 años, ED=9.6ñ4.4 años, EM=13.2ñ1.6 años, ON=2.87ñ1.3, y NH=3.7ñ1.9. Cinco por ciento de la población estudiada (gimnasia n=2 y natación n=1) reportó no haber alcanzado la menarquia. La prevalencia de irregularidad menstrual y dismenorrea fue 44.2 y 40.4%, respectivamente. El grupo demostró que 61.5% estaba muy seguro, 25% seguro y 13.5% poco seguro de los datos reportados con relación a su menarquia. La prevalencia del uso de anticonceptivos orales fue 7.3%. Los resultados obtenidos comparan favorablemente con aquellos demonstrados por poblaciones de atletas olímpicas

Perfil morfofuncional de gimnastas puertorriqueños / Morphofunctional profile of Puerto Rico gymnasts

La ausencia de perfiles descriptivos de las características antropométricas y funcionales de nuestros gimnastas dificultan la evaluación objetiva de su forma deportiva y la prestación de servicios técnicos. Este estudio describió la composición corporal, somatotipo, madurez fisiológca, flexibilidad y tolerancia cardiorespiratoria de 30 atletas (femenino; n+ 12 y masculino; n=18) miembros de la pre-selección nacional puertorriqueña de gimnasia artística y presentó comparaciones con grupos de gimnstas reportados en la literatura. Los resultados indicaron diferencias entre los sexos en las variables: peso, suma de panículos, grasa corporal, masa corporal activa, endomorfia, mesomorfia, ISA, AMB, CMB, flexibilidad y VO2 max (L-min-1), (p < 0.5). Los resultados se encuentran dentro de la amplitud demostrada por gimnastas de alto rendimiento reportados en la literatura