Potential antiaging activity of secretome gel of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) in UV-induced mice models.

Objectives: Skin aging is a degenerative process that can be induced by UV irradiation. UV radiation can produce reactive oxidate stress which causes premature aging. This study aims to examine the antiaging potential of secretome gel (SC) from human Wharton Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hWJ-MSCs) in a UVB-induced mice model. Materials and Methods: The secretome was obtained from hWJ-MSCs and made in gel form. Male mice were radiated by UVB for 15 min twice daily for 14 days. The gel was topically applied to the mice's dorsal skin. Two treatments of secretome gel: secretome 1 is applied once and secretome 2 is applied twice daily after UVB radiation. TGF-ß1, IL-10, and IL-18 gene expression was determined using RT-PCR. Hematoxylin Eosin staining was used to observe the inflammation and collagen density of skin tissue. An immunohistochemistry assay was used to analyze the protein expression of P53, COL4A1, MMP-2, and MMP-13. The data were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA test followed by the Tukey post hoc test (P<0.05). Results: UVB induction caused loss of collagen, increasing inflammation and high expression of aging mediators. SC increased the gene expression of TGF-ß1 and IL-10 and decreased IL-18 gene expression. Histopathological tests showed that SG increased collagen density, lowered inflammation, and repaired cell damage in skin tissue. Immunohistochemistry test showed that SC decreased MMP-2, MMP-13, and P53 expression, in contrast, increased COL4A1. Conclusion: The secretome gel of hWJ-MSCs showed antiaging activities with potential for preventing and curing skin aging.

Potential antiaging activity of secretome gel of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) in UV-induced mice models.

Objectives: Skin aging is a degenerative process that can be induced by UV irradiation. UV radiation can produce reactive oxidate stress which causes premature aging. This study aims to examine the antiaging potential of secretome gel (SC) from human Wharton Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hWJ-MSCs) in a UVB-induced mice model. Materials and Methods: The secretome was obtained from hWJ-MSCs and made in gel form. Male mice were radiated by UVB for 15 min twice daily for 14 days. The gel was topically applied to the mice's dorsal skin. Two treatments of secretome gel: secretome 1 is applied once and secretome 2 is applied twice daily after UVB radiation. TGF-ß1, IL-10, and IL-18 gene expression was determined using RT-PCR. Hematoxylin Eosin staining was used to observe the inflammation and collagen density of skin tissue. An immunohistochemistry assay was used to analyze the protein expression of P53, COL4A1, MMP-2, and MMP-13. The data were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA test followed by the Tukey post hoc test (P<0.05). Results: UVB induction caused loss of collagen, increasing inflammation and high expression of aging mediators. SC increased the gene expression of TGF-ß1 and IL-10 and decreased IL-18 gene expression. Histopathological tests showed that SG increased collagen density, lowered inflammation, and repaired cell damage in skin tissue. Immunohistochemistry test showed that SC decreased MMP-2, MMP-13, and P53 expression, in contrast, increased COL4A1. Conclusion: The secretome gel of hWJ-MSCs showed antiaging activities with potential for preventing and curing skin aging.

hWJMSCs inhibit inflammation and apoptosis in an ARDS cell model.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a type of lung failure caused by fluids and hypoxemia. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to decrease levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cells. These cells have anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-microbial activity, and protect against lung injury. Objective: This research evaluated the potential of human Wharton's jelly MSCs (hWJMSCs) to inhibit inflammation and apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat lung cells (L2). Methods: hWJMSC treatment in LPS-induced rat lung cells was performed with 1:1, 1:5, 1:10, or 1:25 ratios of hWJMSCs to L2 cells. The gene expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand-9 (CXCL-9) was quantified with RT-PCR, and the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured with ELISA. Results: hWJMSCs increased ACE-2 gene expression, and decreased CXCL-9, NFκB, and RAGE gene expression. The treatment also suppressed CRP, TNF-α, and IL-12 levels, and increased the percentage of live cells, but decreased the percentages of necrotic cells and apoptotic cells in inflammatory rat lung cells, which served as an ARDS cell model. Conclusion: Co-culture of hWJMSCs and L2 cells mitigated inflammation through increasing ACE-2 gene expression, and decreasing CXCL-9, NFκB, and RAGE gene expression; decreasing TNF-α and CRP protein levels; and decreasing necrosis, and early and late apoptosis. A co-culture ratio of 1:1 was most effective.

Protective effect of yacon leaves extract (Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H. Rob) through antifibrosis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant mechanisms toward diabetic nephropathy.

Background and purpose: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic kidney failure, which may lead to fatality. Mesangial cell proliferation, renal inflammation, stress oxidative, and fibrosis are involved in DN progression. Yacon leaves (Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H. Rob.) contains large amounts of phenolic compounds and it has the ability to inhibit oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Considering the potential of yacon leaves extract (YLE), it may be used for DN treatment. This research aimed to elucidate YLE's potential as anti-DN through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifibrosis mechanisms. Experimental approach: Mesangial cells were induced by glucose 20 mM for 5 days and treated with YLE concentrations as much as 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL. TGF-ß1, TNF-α, and MDA levels were measured using the ELISA method. SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and SMAD7 gene expressions were analyzed using the qRT-PCR method. Findings/Results: YLE at 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL could reduce the levels of TGF-ß1, TNF-α, and MDA compared with the DN cells model. YLE could reduce gene expressions of SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD4 and increase SMAD7 expression. Conclusion and implications: YLE potentially mitigated diabetic nephropathy through antifibrosis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant capacities.

Inflammation inhibitory activity of green tea, soybean, and guava extracts during Sars-Cov-2 infection through TNF protein in cytokine storm.

Coronavirus disease is caused by the pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) known as COVID-19. COVID-19 has caused the deaths of 6,541,936 people worldwide as of September 27th, 2022. SARS-CoV-2 severity is determined by a cytokine storm condition, in which the innate immune system creates an unregulated and excessive production of pro-inflammatory such IL-1, IL-6, NF Kappa B, and TNF alpha signaling molecules known as cytokines. The patient died due to respiratory organ failure and an acute complication because of the hyper-inflammation phenomenon. Green tea, soybean, and guava bioactive substances are well-known to act as anti-inflammation, and antioxidants become prospective COVID-19 illness candidates to overcome the cytokine storm. Our research aims to discover the bioactivity, bioavailability, and protein targets of green tea, soybean, and guava bioactive compounds as anti-inflammatory agents via the TNF inhibition pathway. The experiment uses in silico methods and harnesses the accessible datasets. Samples of 3D structure and SMILE identity of bioactive compounds were retrieved from the KNApSAck and Dr Duke databases. The QSAR analysis was done by WAY2DRUG web server, while the ADME prediction was performed using SWISSADME web server, following the Lipinsky rules of drugs. The target protein and protein-protein interaction were analyzed using STRING DB and Cytoscape software. Lastly, molecular docking was performed using Autodock 4.2 and visualization with BioVia Discovery Studio 2019. The identified study showed the potential of green tea, soybean, and guava's bioactive compounds have played an important role as anti-inflammation agents through TNF inhibitor pathway.

Quercetin prevents chronic kidney disease on mesangial cells model by regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and TGF-ß1/SMADs pathway.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) happens due to decreasing kidney function. Inflammation and oxidative stress have been shown to result in the progression of CKD. Quercetin is widely known to have various bioactivities including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Objective: To evaluate the activity of quercetin to inhibit inflammation, stress oxidative, and fibrosis on CKD cells model (mouse mesangial cells induced by glucose). Methods and Material: The SV40 MES 13 cells were plated in a 6-well plate with cell density at 5,000 cells/well. The medium had been substituted for 3 days with a glucose-induced medium with a concentration of 20 mM. Quercetin was added with 50, 10, and 5 µg/mL concentrations. The negative control was the untreated cell. The levels of TGF-ß1, TNF-α, and MDA were determined using ELISA KIT. The gene expressions of the SMAD7, SMAD3, SMAD2, and SMAD4 were analyzed using qRT-PCR. Results: Glucose can lead to an increase in inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, TGF-ß1, MDA as well as the expressions of the SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and a decrease in SMAD7. Quercetin caused the reduction of TNF-α, TGF-ß1, MDA as well as the expression of the SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and increased SMAD7. Conclusion: Quercetin has anti-inflammation, antioxidant, antifibrosis activity in the CKD cells model. Thus, quercetin is a promising substance for CKD therapy and further research is needed to prove this in CKD animal model.

Human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells inhibit cytokine storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome in a rat model

Objective: To evaluate the potential effect of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJMSCs) on acute respiratory distress syndrome in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rats. Methods: The hWJMSCs (5×10 4 /mL, 5×10 5 /mL, 5×10 6 /mL) were administered to rats on day 1 and day 8 after being induced by LPS (5 mg/kg body weight). TNF-α levels in the lung and IL-18 and IL-1β levels in the serum were measured using ELISA. In addition, caspase-1 expression in lung tissues was quantified using qRT-PCR, and NF-κB and IL-6 expressions were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Results: The hWJMSCs decreased TNF-α levels in the lung and plasma IL-18 and IL-1β levels. Moreover, the hWJMSCs downregulated the expressions of caspase-1, IL-6, and NF-κB in lung tissues. Conclusions: The hWJMSCs can decrease inflammatory markers of acute respiratory distress syndrome in a rat model and may be further investigated for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells inhibit cytokine storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome in a rat model

Objective: To evaluate the potential effect of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJMSCs) on acute respiratory distress syndrome in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rats. Methods: The hWJMSCs (5×10 4 /mL, 5×10 5 /mL, 5×10 6 /mL) were administered to rats on day 1 and day 8 after being induced by LPS (5 mg/kg body weight). TNF-α levels in the lung and IL-18 and IL-1β levels in the serum were measured using ELISA. In addition, caspase-1 expression in lung tissues was quantified using qRT-PCR, and NF-κB and IL-6 expressions were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Results: The hWJMSCs decreased TNF-α levels in the lung and plasma IL-18 and IL-1β levels. Moreover, the hWJMSCs downregulated the expressions of caspase-1, IL-6, and NF-κB in lung tissues. Conclusions: The hWJMSCs can decrease inflammatory markers of acute respiratory distress syndrome in a rat model and may be further investigated for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Unusual Bicyclo[3.2.1]Octanoid Neolignans from Leaves of Piper crocatum and Their Effect on Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Activity.

Three undescribed bicyclo[3.2.1]octanoid neolignan glucosides, along with a known neolignan, were isolated from the leaves of Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav. Their chemical structures were elucidated using extensive spectroscopic analyses including 1D and 2D NMR experiments and HR-ESI-MS analysis, as well as through comparison with previously reported data. Two compounds were assessed for their inhibitory effect against pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α S300 phosphorylation. The fluorescent image suggested that both compounds (60 µM) revealed a stronger inhibition effect than the positive control (dichloroacetate, DCA 5 mM), with IC50 values of 99.82 µM and 80.25 µM, respectively.

Decreased Inhibition of Proliferation and Induction of Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cell Lines (T47D and MCF7) from Treatment with Conditioned Medium Derived from Hypoxia-Treated Wharton's Jelly MSCs Compared with Normoxia-Treated MSCs.

Background : Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an appealing source of adult stem cells for cell therapy due to the high rate of proliferation, self-renewal capability, and applicable therapy. Wharton's jelly (WJ), the main component of the umbilical cord extracellular matrix, comprises multipotent stem cells with a high proliferation rate and self-renewal capability and has anti-cancer properties. MSCs have been reported to secrete a variety of cytokines that have a cytotoxic effect in various cancers. Oxygen tension affects MSCs proliferation, cytokines level but no in surface markers expression, MSCs' differentiation. We explored the cytotoxic effect and inducing apoptosis of Wharton's jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) secretions from normoxic WJMSCs (WJMSCs-norCM) (CM: conditioned medium) and hypoxic WJMSCs (WJMSCs-hypoCM) in breast cancer cell lines (T47D and MCF7). Materials and Methods: Cytotoxic activity was determined using the MTS assay. RT-PCR was performed to measure the expression of apoptosis-inducing genes, specifically P53, BAX, and CASP9, and the antiapoptotic gene BCL-2. Results: WJMSCs-norCM and WJMSCs-hypoCM were potent inhibitors of the proliferation in both cell lines. WJMSCs-norCM had more anticancer activity in T47D and MCF7. The IC50 value of WJMSCs-norCM on MCF7 was 42.34%, and on T47D was 42.36%. WJMSCs-norCM significantly induced the gene expression of apoptotic P53, BAX, and CASP9 and insignificantly decreased the antiapoptotic gene BCL-2 in both MCF7 and T47D cells. WJMSCs-CM has anticancer activity by inducing P53, BAX, and CASP9 apoptotic genes. Conclusion: WJMSCs-norCM has more anticancer activity than WJMSCs-hypoCM.

Corilagin potential in inhibiting oxidative and inflammatory stress in LPS-induced murine macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7).

Objectives: Inflammation is thought to be the common pathophysiological basis for several disorders. Corilagin is one of the major active compounds which showed broad-spectrum biological and therapeutic activities, such as antitumor, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of corilagin in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Materials and Methods: Anti-oxidant activities were examined by free radical scavenging of H2O2, NO, and *OH. The safe concentrations of corilagin on RAW264.7 were determined by MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] assay on RAW264.7 cell lines. The inflammation cells model was induced with LPS. The anti-inflammatory activities measured IL-6, TNF-α, NO, IL-1ß, PGE-2, iNOS, and COX-2 levels using ELISA assay. Results: The results showed that corilagin had a significant inhibition activity dose-dependently in scavenging activities toward H2O2, *OH, and NO with IC50 values 76.85 µg/ml, 26.68 µg/ml, and 66.64 µg/ml, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity of corilagin also showed a significant decrease toward IL-6, TNF-α, NO, IL-1ß, PGE-2, iNOS, and COX-2 levels at the highest concentration (75 µM) compared with others concentration (50 and 25 µM) with the highest inhibition activities being 48.09%, 42.37%, 65.69%, 26.47%, 46.88%, 56.22%, 59.99%, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: Corilagin has potential as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell lines by its ability to scavenge free radical NO, *OH, and H2O2 and also suppress the production of proinflammatory mediators including COX-2, IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell lines.

Effect of interleukins (IL-2, IL-15, IL-18) on receptors activation and cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells in breast cancer cell.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is one of the leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Metastasis in BC is caused by immunosurveillance deficiency, such NK cell maturation, low NK activity and decreasing cytotoxicity. This study was performed to improve activating receptors and cytotoxicity of NK cells using interleukins (ILs). METHODS: Human recombinant IL-2, -15, and -18 were used to induce NK cells. We measured the activating and inhibiting receptors, proliferation activity of NK cells, and the cytotoxicity of NK cells on BC cells (MCF7). The effects of ILs were tested on the NK cell receptors CD314, CD158a and CD107a with flowcytometry, proliferation at various incubation times with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxy methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay and concentrations of TNF-α and IFN-γ by NK cells with ELISA. RESULTS: ILs increased NK cell receptor levels (CD314, CD158a, and CD107a) at 24 hours of incubation. ILs increased NK cell viability, which increased with longer incubation. Moreover, ILs-induced NK cells inhibited proliferation in MCF7 cells, as well as increased TNF-α, IFN-γ, PRF1 and GzmB secretion. CONCLUSION: IL-2, IL-15, and IL-18 improved activating receptors and proliferation of NK cells. IL-induced NK cells increased TNF-α, IFN-γ, PRF1 and GzmB secretion and cytotoxic activity on BC cells. High NK cell numbers increased BC cell growth inhibition.

Hypoglycemic Activity of Curcuma mangga Val. Extract via Modulation of GLUT4 and PPAR-γ mRNA Expression in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.

BACKGROUND: There would be over 600 million people living with diabetes by 2040 as predicted by the World Health Organization. Diabetes is characterized by raised blood sugar and insulin resistance. Insulin regulates the influx of glucose into the cell by upregulating the glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression on the plasma membrane. Besides, PPAR-γ also controls the metabolism of glucose in adipose tissues. Curcuma mangga Val., denoted as C. mangga, is a native Indonesian medicinal plant that has many beneficial effects, including an antidiabetic potential. PURPOSE: In this research, we aimed to disclose the hypoglycemic activity of ethanol extract of C. mangga (EECM) in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts-derived adipocyte cells in regulating glucose uptake as confirmed by the GLUT4 and PPAR-γ gene expression. METHODS: The uptake of glucose was determined using radioactive glucose, while the gene expression of GLUT4, PPAR-γ, and ß-actin was quantified using mRNA segregation and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: We discovered that EECM interventions (200 and 50 µg/mL) increased glucose uptake in lipid-laden 3T3-L1 cells by 14.75 and 8.86 fold compared to the control non-insulin, respectively (p < 0.05). At the same doses, they also increased GLUT4 mRNA expression by 8.41 and 11.18 fold compared to the control non-insulin, respectively (p < 0.05). In contrast, EECM interventions (200 and 50 µg/mL) showed lower levels of PPAR-γ mRNA expression compared to the control metformin, indicating the anti-adipogenic potentials of EECM. CONCLUSION: EECM showed hypoglycemic activity in lipid-laden 3T3-L1 cells by improving glucose ingestion into the cells, which was mediated by increased GLUT4 expression and downregulated PPAR-γ expression.

Parents' hesitancy towards vaccination in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study in Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Hesitancy towards vaccination has been studied as a barrier to vaccination among children, as well as participation in vaccine trials. This study aimed to investigate hesitancy towards vaccination among parents in Indonesia, as a part of the Indonesia Zika Vaccine Study. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in eleven regencies and municipalities in Aceh and West Sumatra province, Indonesia. Parents were recruited from families at outpatient clinics of community health centers or hospitals. The survey included various questions about sociodemographic factors and the Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccination (PACV) scale. Linear regression was employed to assess the association between explanatory variables and vaccine hesitancy. RESULTS: A total of 956 parents were interviewed and 26.4% of participants had heard about Zika. Overall, 152 parents (15.9%) were vaccine hesitant, and this proportion was the highest in the safety and efficacy subdomain (61.6%). In the unadjusted analysis, having a diploma certificate, working in the health sector, and having heard about Zika were significantly associated with non-hesitancy towards children vaccination. Having heard about Zika was the only factor that was significantly associated with hesitancy towards vaccination in multivariate model (aOR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.26-0.71). Mothers, younger parents (aged 20-29 years old), and those with only a primary school education were more concerned about vaccine safety and efficacy compared to fathers, older groups, and individuals with more education, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Hesitancy towards pediatric vaccination is observed in 15% of respondents and most of the hesitancy was expressed in terms of vaccine safety and efficacy. Therefore, continuous dissemination of vaccine information needs to be carried out to earn parents' trust and increase vaccination coverage in Indonesia.

Community acceptance and willingness-to-pay for a hypothetical Zika vaccine: A cross-sectional study in Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Understanding people's perceptions of the economic benefits of a potential Zika vaccine (ZV) is critical to accelerating its introduction into either public sector programs or private market. The aim of this study was to assess the acceptance and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a hypothetical ZV and the associated explanatory variables in Indonesia. METHODS: We conducted a health facility-based cross-sectional study in Aceh and West Sumatra province from 1 February to 13 June 2018. Patients who visited outpatient departments, have had children or were expecting their first child, were approached and interviewed to collect information on acceptance, WTP, demographic and socio-economic variables and attitudes towards childhood vaccines. Associations of explanatory variables influencing acceptance and WTP were assessed using logistic regression and linear regression analysis, respectively. RESULTS: In total, 956 respondents were included in the final analysis of acceptance, of whom 338 (35.3%) expressed their WTP. We found that 757 (79.1%) of the respondents were likely to be vaccinated and to recommend their partner to be vaccinated. Higher educational attainment, having a job, having heard about Zika and a good attitude towards childhood vaccination were associated with ZV acceptance in the univariate analyses. In the multivariate analysis, attitude towards childhood vaccination was the strongest predictor for ZV vaccination. We found the geometric mean and median of WTP was US$ 13.1 (95% CI: 11.37-15.09) and US$ 7.0 (95% CI: 4.47-10.98), respectively. In the final model, having heard about Zika, having a job, and higher income were associated with a higher WTP. CONCLUSION: Although the acceptance rate of the ZV is relatively high in Indonesia, less than 40% of respondents are willing to pay, underscoring the need for a low-cost, high-quality vaccine and public sector subsidies for Zika vaccinations in the country.

Mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) as protective agent in glucose-induced mesangial cell as in vitro model of diabetic glomerulosclerosis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the activity of mangosteen peels extract (MPE) as protection agent on induced-glucose mesangial cells (SV40 MES 13 cell line (Glomerular Mesangial Kidney, Mus Musculus)). MATERIALS AND METHODS: MPE was performed based on maceration method. Cytotoxic assay was performed based on MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) method, while the level of TGF-ß1 (Transforming growth factor-ß1) and fibronectin in glucose-induced mesangial cells were assayed and determined using ELISA KIT. RESULTS: In viability assay, MPE 5 and 20 µg/ml has the highest activity to increase cells proliferation in glucose-induced mesangial cells at 5, 10, and 15 days of incubation in glucose concentration (5 and 25 mM) (P<0.05). In inhibitory activity of TGF-ß1 and fibronectin level, MPE 5 µg/ml (glucose-induced 5 mM) show the lowest level compared to positive control and other treatments (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: MPE can increase cell proliferation in glucose-induced mesangial cells and significantly reduce the level of TGF-ß1 and fibronectin. MPE activity has correlates to inhibit the diabetic glomerulosclerosis condition and may increase mesangial cell proliferation.

Willingness to Participate and Associated Factors in a Zika Vaccine Trial in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

One of the crucial steps during trials for Zika and other vaccines is to recruit participants and to understand how participants' attitudes and sociodemographic characteristics affect willingness to participate (WTP). This study was conducted to assess WTP, its explanatory variables, and the impact of financial compensation on WTP in Indonesia. A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in eleven regencies in the Aceh and West Sumatra provinces of Indonesia. Participants were recruited via a convenience sampling method and were interviewed. The associations between explanatory variables and WTP were assessed using a two-step logistic regression analysis. A total of 1,102 parents were approached, and of these 956 (86.8%) completed the interview and were included in analysis. Of those, 144 (15.1%) were willing to participate in a Zika vaccine trial without a financial compensation. In the multivariate analysis, WTP was tied to an age of more than 50 years old, compared to 20⁻29 years (odds ratio (OR): 5.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.37⁻10.53), to being female (OR: 2.20; 95% CI: 1.11⁻4.37), and to having heard about Zika (OR: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.59⁻3.65). Participants' WTP increased gradually with higher financial compensation. The rate of WTP increased to 62.3% at the highest offer (US$ 350.4), and those who were still unwilling to participate (37.7%) had a poorer attitude towards childhood vaccination. This study highlights that pre-existing knowledge about Zika and attitudes towards childhood vaccination are important in determining community members being willing to participate in a vaccine trial. Financial incentives are still an important factor to enhance participant recruitment during a vaccine trial.

Effects of insulin-like growth factor-induced Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cells toward chondrogenesis in an osteoarthritis model.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the collagen type II (COL2) and SOX9 expression in interleukin growth factor (IGF-1)-induced Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) and the level of chondrogenic markers in co-culture IGF1-WJMSCs and IL1ß-CHON002 as osteoarthritis (OA) cells model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: WJMSCs were induced with IGF1 (75, 150, and 300 ng/ml) to enhance their chondrogenesis capability. The gene expression of SOX9 and COL2 was evaluated with quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, IGF1-WJMSCs were co-cultured with IL1ß-CHON002 cells in varied ratios (1:2, 1:1, 2:1). Chondrogenic markers ADAMTS1, ADAMTS5, MMP3, MMP1, and RANKL were measured with ELISA. RESULTS: The IGF1-WJMSCs had an increased expression of COL2 and SOX9. ADAMTS1, ADAMTS5, MMP1, MMP3, and RANKL levels were decreased in the co-culture IGF1-WJMSCs and IL1ß-CHON002. CONCLUSION: The IGF1-induced WJMSCs were capable to enhance chondrogenesis, indicated by increased expression of SOX9 and COL2 and decreased expression of ADAMTS1, ADAMTS5, MMP3, MMP1, and RANKL. These findings can be further used in the osteoarthritis treatment.

Isolation, Characterization and Proliferation of Cancer Cells from Breast Cancer Patients.

INTRODUCTION: The most cases of cancer death, which are in the first rank among cancers suffered by women is breast cancer. The breast cancer therapy for patients has been done, but still not optimal, so it is necessary to understand the mechanism of therapy in model cell of breast cancer. AIM: This study aim to develop an isolation technique of breast cancer cell from patients as a cancer cell model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Breast cancer cell isolation is performed by enzymatic methods using the collagen I and hyaluronidase. Then, breast cancer cells were characterized using flow cytometry based on the CD44/CD24 expression where MDA-MB468 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines were used as positive controls. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), p53, HER2, and Ki67 expression were assessed using an immunohistochemistry assay. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: The morphology of cancer cells was fibroblast like cells on the day 7th after isolation. Isolated breast cancer cells expressed 95.33±0.47% of CD44+/CD24+ and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) low expressions. Isolation of breast cancer cells can use In-house enzymatic protocol. Isolated breast cancer showed the same expression as MDA-MB468 (CD44+/CD24+) and HER2- compared to MCF-7 cell lines (CD44-/CD24+). CONCLUSION: These cells belonged to a basal type of breast carcinoma and expressed CD44+/CD24+, then isolated BCCs can be used as model cancer cells for further research.