Age and multimorbidities as poor prognostic factors for COVID-19 in hemodialysis: a Lebanese national study.

BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis patients with COVID-19 have been reported to be at higher risk for death than the general population. Several prognostic factors have been identified in the studies from Asian, European or American countries. This is the first national Lebanese study assessing the factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 mortality in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: This is an observational study that included all chronic hemodialysis patients in Lebanon who were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 from 31st March to 1st November 2020. Data on demographics, comorbidities, admission to hospital and outcome were collected retrospectively from the patients' medical records. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to assess risk factors for mortality. RESULTS: A total of 231 patients were included. Mean age was 61.46 ± 13.99 years with a sex ratio of 128 males to 103 females. Around half of the patients were diabetics, 79.2% presented with fever. A total of 115 patients were admitted to the hospital, 59% of them within the first day of diagnosis. Hypoxia was the major reason for hospitalization. Death rate was 23.8% after a median duration of 6 (IQR, 2 to 10) days. Adjusted regression analysis showed a higher risk for death among older patients (odds ratio = 1.038; 95% confidence interval: 1.013, 1.065), patients with heart failure (odds ratio = 4.42; 95% confidence interval: 2.06, 9.49), coronary artery disease (odds ratio = 3.27; 95% confidence interval: 1.69, 6.30), multimorbidities (odds ratio = 1.593; 95% confidence interval: 1.247, 2.036), fever (odds ratio = 6.66; 95% confidence interval: 1.94, 27.81), CRP above 100 mg/L (odds ratio = 4.76; 95% confidence interval: 1.48, 15.30), and pneumonia (odds ratio = 19.18; 95% confidence interval: 6.47, 56.83). CONCLUSIONS: This national study identified older age, coronary artery disease, heart failure, multimorbidities, fever and pneumonia as risk factors for death in patients with COVID-19 on chronic hemodialysis. The death rate was comparable to other countries and estimated at 23.8%.

Evaluation of chronic kidney disease in cancer patients: is there a preferred estimation formula?

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cancer patients seems to rely mostly on the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula or the creatinine levels to adjust treatment dosages which is a practice refuted by internists. AIMS: We evaluate the overall agreement of the CG, modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) and CKD-epidemiology collaboration equations (CKD-EPI) equation with the newly devised Janowitz and Williams' (JW) equation. METHODS: The renal function was estimated in 235 cancer patients according to the CG, MDRD, body surface area (BSA)-adjusted MDRD, CKD-EPI, BSA-adjusted CKD-EPI and JW formulae. RESULTS: JW equation was more in agreement with CG and CKD-EPI estimations than the other equations. Taking JW equation as reference, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that CG eGFR had the higher area under the curve when compared with other equations. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed more proximity between CG and JW equations than the other equations. CONCLUSION: The newly proposed JW eGFR estimation was more in agreement with CG equation than the other equations.

Diffuse edema suggestive of cytokine release syndrome in a metastatic lung carcinoma patient treated with pembrolizumab.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are actually being indicated more commonly in the management of chemoresistant cancer patients in view of their favorable toxicity profile in comparison to cytotoxic chemotherapy. In this paper, we report, to our knowledge, the first case suggestive of cytokine release syndrome secondary to pembrolizumab in a patient with metastatic lung squamous cell carcinoma. In view of the quick approvals of ICI and the absence of sufficient knowledge of the corresponding toxicity profile, the occurrence of any clinical or biological sign or symptom in patients receiving ICI requires further investigation.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors renal side effects and management.

The choice of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer has improved the prognosis of many patients affected by various malignancies. The high expectations foreseen with immunotherapy have led to fast approvals despite the incomplete understanding of the toxicity profiles in the different organs, including the kidneys. The high prevalence of chronic kidney disease in cancer patients complicates the issue further and requires a better knowledge of the renal safety profile to ensure an optimal safe treatment. This review summarizes the present knowledge of renal adverse events secondary to immune checkpoint inhibitors and discusses their pathophysiology, clinical presentation and adequate management. We also advocate the need for a multidisciplinary approach in patients with immune-related toxic adverse events.

Data on clinical significance of second trimester inflammatory biomarkers in the amniotic fluid in predicting preterm delivery.

In this article second trimester amniotic fluid biomarkers are measured for correlation with preterm delivery. One additional milliliter of amniotic fluid is collected during amniocentesis for dosages of IL-6, MMP-9, CRP and glucose levels, along with maternal serum CRP and glucose. MMP-9 and Il-6 levels were measured with the corresponding Human Quantikine(R) ELISA Kit (R&D systems) according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Cut-off values for AF MMP-9 and IL-6 were fixed by the kit sensitivity thresholds. Data includes ROC curves for glucose (Fig. 1), IL-6 (Fig. 2) and MMP-9 (Fig. 3), aiming to search for sensitivity and specificity in the prediction of premature delivery. Statistical analyses are performed with SPSS v20.0 software. Statistical significance is determined using the Mann-Whitney and one way ANOVA test. The association with preterm delivery is performed using a two proportions test. Correlations are measured using the Pearson׳'s coefficient. A p value<0.05 is considered statistically significant. The data is presented in the figures provided. Data relied on a previous publication "Prediction of preterm delivery by second trimester inflammatory biomarkers in the amniotic fluid" (A. Kesrouani, E. Chalhoub, E. El Rassy, M. Germanos, A. Khazzaka, J. Rizkallah, E. Attieh, N. Aouad, 2016) [1].

Onconephrology: What Should the Internist Know About Targeted Therapy in Solid Tumors?

Advances in medical oncology has led cancer patients to live longer. Moreover, the field of molecular oncology is rapidly evolving, new therapies emerge, and drugs are approved quickly. This has led nephrologists to encounter new and partially unrecognized treatments of the targeted therapy agents with kidney adverse effects. These agents fall mainly into 2 categories affecting the vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial growth factor pathways. This review covers the incidence of kidney disease induced by these agents, pathophysiologic mechanisms, and clinical presentation, and is the first to recommend an adequate management for each pathophysiology.

Prediction of preterm delivery by second trimester inflammatory biomarkers in the amniotic fluid.

OBJECTIVE: To search for a correlation between mid-pregnancy altered levels of inflammatory markers and preterm delivery. METHODS: A prospective cohort series included 39 patients undergoing amniocentesis one additional milliliter of amniotic fluid (AF) was stored for later dosage of interleukin-6 (Il-6), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), glucose and C-reactive protein (CRP). Maternal serum CRP and glucose levels were also obtained. Exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancies, chorioamnionitis, group B streptococcus colonization, bacterial vaginosis and cases with proven aneuploidy. We searched for correlation between AF and plasmatic markers and also for a difference between patients with term and preterm delivery. RESULTS: 33 participants were eligible and one third had preterm delivery. Levels of the plasmatic biomarkers did not correlate with the AF biomarkers except for plasmatic glucose and AF IL-6 levels (r=0.350; p=0.016). The levels of all AF biomarkers did not differ significantly between the pre-term and the term groups (p>0.05). The optimal screening cutoffs for identifying pregnancies at risk were different than the ones initially indicated. CONCLUSION: Mid-pregnancy amniotic fluid biomarker levels do not correlate with preterm delivery. Plasma CRP is not correlated with these markers. Cutoff levels suggested are sparse and heterogeneous. Larger studies are needed before advising routine measurement of these markers.