Differences in the management of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia between obesity classes.

We did not find any paper that assessed clinical inertia in obese patients. Therefore, no paper has compared the clinical inertia rates between morbidly and nonmorbidly obese patients. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out. We analysed 8687 obese patients ⩾40 years of age who attended their health-care center for a checkup as part of a preventive program. The outcome was morbid obesity. Secondary variables were as follows: failure in the management of high blood pressure (HBP), high blood cholesterol (HBC) and high fasting blood glucose (HFBG); gender; personal history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking and cardiovascular disease; and age (years). We analysed the association between failures and morbid obesity by calculating the adjusted odds ratio (OR). Of 8687 obese patients, 421 had morbid obesity (4.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.4-5.3%). The prevalence rates for failures were as follows: HBP, 34.7%; HBC, 35.2%; and HFBG, 12.4%. Associated factors with morbid obesity related with failures were as follows: failure in the management of HBP (OR=1.42, 95% CI: 1.15-1.74, P=0.001); failure in the management of HBC (OR=0.73, 95% CI: 0.58-0.91, P=0.004); and failure in the management of HFBG (OR=2.24, 95% CI: 1.66-3.03, P<0.001). Morbidly obese patients faced worse management for HBP and HFBG, and better management for HBC. It would be interesting to integrate alarm systems to avoid this problem.

[Effect on zebrafish neurodevelopment and neuroprotection of a polyphenolic extract olive seeds]. / Efecto sobre el neurodesarrollo y neuroprotección en pez cebra de un extracto polifenólico de huesos de aceituna.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of a polyphenolic extract from olive pit on the development of the nervous system as well as its effect on pain induced by the neurotoxin kainic acid, taking the zebrafish as the animal model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyse the effect of the extract at the maximum tolerated dose (100 mg/ml of polyphenols) on the cholinergic activity in zebrafish larvae (72 hours post-fertilization). Only fecundated eggs with no abnormalities are used. 6 eggs/bowl are incubated in a 24 bowls microplate in 2 ml of water with DMSO (0.1%) at 26 ± 1º C: a) neurodevelopment: water (control) and 100 mg/ml of extract, as an essay; b) neuroprotection: water and kainic acid (100 µM) (control) and 100 mg/ml of extract (essay). All incubations are in triplicate. After 72 h, incubations are examined and checked for any abnormalities. Larvae are homogenized and acetyl cholinesterase activity and protein concentration in supernatants is quantified. RESULTS: The quantity of protein and the morphologic appreciation is similar in all the essays, showing a standard development. Acetyl cholinesterase in fish larvae, with the polyphenolic extract is 162.2% (SD 44.2) compared to controls (100% of activity) (p < 0.01). Fish larvae treated with kainic acid and polyphenolic acid show 140.1% (SD 22.0) of activity, compared to those only incubated with the neurotoxin (100%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Polyphenols extracted from olive pit produce an increase in the cholinergic activity during the larvae neurodevelopment in the zebrafish as well as protection against the neurotoxin kainic acid.

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de un extracto polifenólico de hueso de oliva en el desarrollo del sistema nervioso y frente al daño inducido mediante la neurotoxina ácido kaínico, utilizando como modelo animal el pez cebra. Material y métodos: Se analiza el efecto del extracto a la máxima dosis tolerada (100 mg/ml de polifenoles) sobre la actividad colinérgica en larvas de pez cebra (72 horas post-fertilización). Se utilizan únicamente huevos fecundados sin anomalías. Se incuban 6 huevos/pocillo en microplaca de 24 pocillos en 2 ml de agua con DMSO (0,1%) a 26 ± 1º C: a) neurodesarrollo: agua (control) y con 100 mg/ml de extracto, como ensayo; b) neuroprotección: agua y ácido kaínico (100 M) (control) y con 100 mg/ml de extracto (ensayo). Todas las incubaciones por triplicado. A las 72 h se examinan y verifica ausencia de anomalías. Las larvas se homogeneizan y en los sobrenadantes se cuantifica actividad acetilnolinesterasa y concentración proteínas. Resultados: La cantidad de proteína y apreciación morfológica es análoga en todos los ensayos, indicando mismo desarrollo. La acetilcolinesterasa en las larvas de pez, con el extracto polifenólico es del 162,2%(SD 44,2) respecto a controles (100% de actividad) (p < 0,01). Las larvas de pez tratadas con ácido kaínico y extracto polifenólico presentan el 140,1% (SD 22,0) de actividad, respecto a las incubadas únicamente con la neurotoxina (100%) (p < 0,05). Conclusión: Los polifenoles extraídos de los huesos de aceituna producen incremento de actividad colinérgica durante el neurodesarrollo larvario en el pez cebra y protección frente a la neurotoxina ácido kaínico.

[Anti-inflammatory activity of olive seed polyphenolic extract in the THP1-XBLUE-CD14 human monocytes cell line]. / Actividad antiinflamatoria de un extracto polifenólico de hueso de olivas en la línea celular de monocitos humanos THP1-XBLUE-CD14.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of a polyphenolic extract from olive pits. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The THP1-XBlue-CD14 (invivogen) cellular line, 80,000 cells/well, was incubated and inflammation (activation of NF-kb) was produced with 0.1 mg/mL of LPS (lipopolysaccharide from E. coli) for 24 hours. We assessed the presence of the extract (10 and 50 mg/L, biologically safe concentrations) for 2 hours at 37º C, before (preventive effect) and after (therapeutic effect) the proinflammatory activation, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase, which is expressed under the control of the NF-kb transcriptional factor, was quantified by colorimetry. The percentage of activity of NF-kb as preventive effect and therapeutic effect was assessed by comparing it to control cultures of cells with LPS and without extract, which are considered 100% of NF-kb. RESULTS: The preventive anti-inflammatory capacity of the extract at 50 mg/L was 25.5% (95% CI: 16.8-34.2) and the therapeutic effect 34.9% (95% CI: 25.3-44.4) for the same concentration, without any significant activity at 10 mg/L. CONCLUSION: An activity of polyphenols extracted from olive pits is shown, both in preventing inflammation and therapeutically eliminating inflammation through inhibition of NF-kB factor previously activated by LPS at concentrations of 50 mg/L of polyphenols, which previously haven been shown to be safe.

El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la actividad antiinflamatoria de un extracto de naturaleza polifenólica de huesos de oliva. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se incubó la línea celular THP1- XBlue-CD14 (invivogen), 80.000 células/pocillo, provocando inflamación (activación de NF-kb) mediante 0.1 µg/ml LPS (lipopolisacárido de E. coli) durante 24 horas. Se evaluó la presencia del extracto (10 y 50 mg/l, concentraciones bioseguras) durante 2 horas a 37 ºC, previa (efecto preventivo) y posterior a la activación proinflamatoria (efecto terapéutico) y se cuantificó colorimétricamente la actividad de fosfatasa alcalina, que se expresa bajo el control del promotor del factor transcripcional de NF-kb. Se evalúa el % actividad de NF-kb en efecto preventivo y terapéutico respecto a cultivos control de células con LPS y sin extracto añadido, que se consideran 100% de NF-kb. RESULTADOS: La capacidad antiinflamatoria preventiva del extracto a 50 mg/l es del 25,5% (IC 95% 16,8-34,2) y el efecto terapéutico del 34,9% (IC 95% 25,3-44,4) para la misma concentración, no presentando actividad significativa a 10 mg/l. CONCLUSIÓN: Se muestra una actividad de los polifenoles extraídos de los huesos de aceitunas, tanto preventivo de la inflamación como terapéutico de eliminación de la inflamación a través de la inhibición del factor NF-kB previamente activado por LPS a concentraciones de 50 mg/l de polifenoles que previamente se han mostrado seguras.

[Assessment of cytotoxicity and biosafety of polyphenolic extracts from olive pits]. / Evaluación de la citotoxicidad y bioseguridad de un extracto de polifenoles de huesos de aceitunas.

UNLABELLED: The olive tree is a source of bioactive compounds, both its fruit and its by-products. Some of its compounds have shown health benefits, being objective of this work the evaluation of biosafety in-vitro and in vivo of extracts of olive stones rich in polyphenols. MATERIAL AND METHODS: He has been evaluated for cytotoxicity by addition of lyophilized extract dissolved in PBS(0-400 mg/l) to a culture of the cell line THP1-XBlue- CD14 and evaluation of cell viability by the reaction of reduction of resazurin by living cells. Biosecurity has been evaluated in zebrafish, incubating eggs fertilized in 0 to 100 mg/l extract for 24 to 72 hours and measuring parameters: a) lethal (dead embryos, coagulated eggs), b) sublethal (spontaneous movements, pigmentation, edemas) and c) teratogenic (malformations, retardation development). RESULTS: Cytotoxicity (toxic effect when less than 75% viability) extract bones of olive in the cell line THP1- XBlue-CD14, is in concentrations higher than 50 mg/l, calculating a LD50 (dose lethality 50) more than 800 mg/l. The biosafety of zebrafish embryos exposed to concentrations of extract from 0-100 mg/l showed total viability at 24, 48 and 72 hours post fertilization (hpf), not observed mortality or appreciated embryos with sublethal effects, teratogenic, or advancement or delay in hatching. It can be concluded that the bones of olive extract is highly biosecured until at least 100 mg/l concentrations.

El olivo constituye una fuente de compuestos bioactivos, tanto en su fruto, como en sus subproductos. Algunos de sus compuestos han mostrado beneficios para la salud, siendo objetivo de este trabajo la evaluación de la bioseguridad in vitro e in vivo de extractos de huesos de aceituna ricos en polifenoles. Material y métodos: Se ha evaluado la citotoxicidad mediante adición de extracto de hueso de olivas disuelto en PBS(0-400 mg/l) a un cultivo de la línea celular THP1- XBlue-CD14 y evaluación de la viabilidad celular mediante la reacción de reducción de la resazurina por las células vivas. La bioseguridad se ha evaluado en pez cebra, incubando huevos fecundados en extracto de 0 a 100 mg/l durante 24 a 72 horas y midiendo los parámetros: a) letales (embriones muertos, huevos coagulados), b) subletales (movimientos espontáneos, pigmentación, edemas) y c) teratogénicos (malformaciones, retraso desarrollo). Resultados: La citotoxicidad (efecto tóxico cuando viabilidad inferior al 75%) del extracto de huesos de oliva en la línea celular THP1-XBlue-CD14, está en concentraciones superiores a 50 mg/l de extracto (viabilidad 77,5%), calculando una LD50 (dosis de letalidad 50%) superior a 800 mg/l. La bioseguridad in vivo con los embriones de pez cebra expuestos a concentraciones de extracto de 0- 100 mg/l mostró total viabilidad a 24, 48 y 72 horas post fecundación (hpf), no observándose mortalidad ni se apreciaron embriones con efectos subletales, teratógenos, ni adelanto o retraso en la eclosión. Se puede concluir que el extracto de huesos de olivas es altamente bioseguro hasta al menos concentraciones de 100 mg/l.

[Quality of the diet and lifestyles in health sciences students]. / Calidad de la dieta y estilos de vida en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the eating habits of the students of the University of Alicante of the degrees of Human Nutrition and Dietetics and Nursing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out to 184 students of both sexes (96 of Human Nutrition and Dietetics and Nursing 88) of the University of Alicante. Were weighed and carved to calculate BMI; food consumption was estimated by the reminder of 24 hours; intake of macro and micronutrients were calculated using the program Easydiet. Comparing the results obtained in both qualifications and according to nutritional status by performing the corresponding statistical analysis. RESULTS: The majority of the students analyzed are normal weight (80%). There were significant differences in the quality of the diet both degrees, being the same characteristics: low in carbohydrates and high in protein. It also shows an imbalance in the type of fat consumed, with a higher consumption of saturated and less from polyunsaturated than recommended. Likewise, analyzed that nutrition students do more exercise than the nurses, although they sleep fewer hours and spend more time in front of the computer and TV. CONCLUSION: While the levels of overweight and obesity among students is less than that of the general population, there are imbalances in your diet, noting that consumption of macronutrients is located away from the recommendations, and that there are deficiencies in the intake of micronutrients. Showing that have knowledge of nutrition, does not affect healthy decision-making to a diet and lifestyle.

Maternal age as risk factor of prematurity in Spain; Mediterranean area.

BACKGROUND: Maternal age is a preponderant variable in the epidemiological analysis of the premature birth. Studies show that in the extreme ages of the maternal life there is a risk of premature birth that generates a high rate of neonatal morbidity. OBJECTIVES: [corrected] Determine the effect on the extreme ages of women residents in the province of Alicante on the total of the premature births. METHOD: An explanatory, retrospective case-control study was conducted during the period from January 1st, 2008 to December 31st, 2011. The study was based on the revision of the newborn registers from the Neonatal Screening Center of the province of Alicante. All the preterm were included, this means between 22 & 36 complete weeks of pregnancy (5,295 out of 78,391 newborn which represents 6.75% of prematurity), and a random sample of the deliveries with 37 weeks or more of pregnancy (control group). The age of the mother was studied as independent variable and the prematurity as dependent variable. RESULTS: Clearly shows an increased risk of prematurity among teenage mothers compared to the age group nearest to them, which is confirmed by a squared Chi test which gives a significantly different distribution (p < 0,0001) and an OD for very preterm of 2,41 (1,51-3,24) and of preterm of 1,71 (1,32-2,19). This probability is also higher among mothers over 40 years old with an OD of 1,86 (1,39-2,48) and 1,66 (1,44-1,91) for very preterm newborns and preterm newborns respectively. DISCUSSION: The results clearly manifest that teenagers and older pregnant mothers are at higher prematurity and low birth weight risk, therefore imposes the need to trace educational interventions to minimize this problem from the results in this research.

Antecedentes: La edad materna es una variable preponderante en el análisis epidemiológico del nacimiento prematuro. Los estudios muestran que en las edades extremas de la vida materna hay un riesgo de nacimiento prematuro que genera una tasa elevada de morbilidad neonatal. Objetivos: Determinar el efecto de las edades extremas de mujeres residentes en la provincia de Albacete sobre de nacimientos prematuros. Método: Se realizó un estudio explicativo, retrospectivo de casos-control durante el periodo de 1 de enero de 2008 a 31 de diciembre de 2011. El estudio se basó en la revisión de los registros de recién nacidos del Centro de Cribado Neonatal de la provincia de Alicante. Se incluyeron todos los recién nacidos pretérmino, es decir, entre las semanas 22 y 36 de gestación (5.295 de 78.391 recién nacidos, lo que representa un 6,75% de prematuridad), y una muestra aleatoria de los nacimientos con más de 37 semanas de gestación (grupo control). Se estudió la edad materna como variable independiente y la prematuridad como variable dependiente. Resultados: El estudio muestra claramente un mayor riesgo de prematuridad entre las madres adolescentes en comparación con el siguiente grupo más cercano en edad, lo que se confirmó por una distribución significativamente distinta con el test Chi cuadrado (p < 0,0001) con una OD para los grandes prematuros de 2,41 (1,51-3,24) y de 1,71 (1,32-2,19) para los prematuros. Esta probabilidad también fue mayor en madres con edades de más de 40 años con una OD de 1,86 (1,39-2,48) y de 1,66 (1,44- 1,91) para recién nacidos grandes prematuros y prematuros, respectivamente. Discusión: Los resultados muestran claramente que las madres adolescentes y las más mayores tienen mayor riesgo de hijos prematuros o con bajo peso al nacimiento, lo que motiva la necesidad de establecer intervenciones educacionales para disminuir el problema, a partir de los resultados de esta investigación.

[Correspondence between the fatty acids in healthy children serum and in membrane phospholipids]. / Relación entre los ácidos grasos en suero y en los fosfolípidos de membrana en niños sanos.

INTRODUCTION: The diet is important in the supply of fatty acids in humans, especially those of the n-3 and n-6 families by its essentiality and related physiological function. It is important to have reference values in accessible biological samples: serum and erythrocyte membranes, in order to alleviate potential shortfalls. The objective is quantifying fatty acids present in these samples from C6 to C26. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the determinations of the fatty acids of 30 healthy children in serum and its corresponding membrane phospholipids from blood cells by lipid extraction, methylation, separation and quantification in gas chromatography with detection of masses have been. It is comparing the values obtained in each serum and its partner of cell membranes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: It is have obtained normal values in healthy children. The C16, which represent a quarter of all fatty acids, it is in the same proportion in both samples, in the rest of fatty acids, there is no clear correspondence between both values. In the n-6 family, the C18:2n6 is higher in serum against the C20:4n6 which is in the phospholipids. In the same way between the n-3 family, the C20:5n3 is higher in serum and the C22:6n3 is in membrane phospholipids. These values are cause of different processes, recent nutritional contribution to serum and with long-term implications and metabolic values in the phospholipids of membranes.

Introducción: La dieta es importante para el suministro de ácidos grasos del hombre, en especial los de las familias n-3 y n-6, por su esencialidad y las amplias funciones fisiológicas relacionadas. Es importante tener valores de referencia en las muestras biológicas accesibles, tales como suero y membranas eritrocitarias, con el fin de paliar posibles déficit. El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en cuantificar los ácidos grasos esenciales (AGE) presentes en dichas muestras, desde la C6 hasta la C26. Material y métodos: Se han efectuado las determinaciones de los ácidos grasos de 30 niños sanos en suero y en sus correspondientes fosfolípidos de membrana de células sanguíneas, mediante su extracción lipídica, metilación, separación y cuantificación en cromatografía de gases con detección de masas. Se han comparado los valores obtenidos en cada suero y su pareja de membranas celulares. Resultados y discusión: Se han obtenido los valores normales en niños sanos. El C16, que supone la cuarta parte de todos los ácidos grasos, está en la misma proporción en ambas muestras; entre el resto, no se encuentra una correspondencia clara entre ambos valores. Entre los n-6, el C18:2n6 está en mayor proporción en suero, frente al C20:4n6 que lo está en los fosfolípidos. De igual forma, entre los n-3, el C20:5n3 está en mayor proporción en suero y el C22:6n3 lo está en fosfolípidos de membrana. Dichos valores son la causa de procesos distintos, aporte nutricional reciente para el suero y con implicaciones a largo plazo y metabólicas los valores en los fosfolípidos de las membranas.

[High ratio of omega 6/omega 3 ratio children with neuropathies; cause or effect]. / Índice elevado de ácidos grasos omega 6/omega3 en niños con neuropatía; causa o efecto.

INTRODUCTION: The n-3 and n-6 fatty acids compete for the same elongases and desaturases, still highly deficient synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids from n-3 linolenic acid. The n-3 polyunsaturated prevent disease and are important in the development and maintenance of neuronal activities, necessitating a proper relationship with their antagonists n-6. This paper studies the proportion of these fatty acids. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed the fatty acids of n- 3 and n-6 in sera and membrane phospholipid with 374 children neuropathies and 34 healthy children, using gas chromatography with mass detector. It has made the relevant statistical study. RESULTS: The n-3 (EPA and DHA) in serum and their corresponding membrane phospholipids correlate better than the n-6 family. The major n-6 (LA and ARA) are equally in serum, being significantly higher in phospholipids of healthy children. The n-3 (EPA and DHA) have higher values in healthy children, both in serum and phospholipids, their sum is equal to the membrane phospholipids. The n-6/n-3 ratio is higher in children with neurological disorder in both samples. CONCLUSION: Not being the cause of the high rate n-6/n- 3 neuropathy, however it is advisable to increase the intake of n-3, DHA particularly across the population, especially in children with neurological disorders.

Introducción: Los ácidos grasos n-3 y n-6 compiten por las mismas elongasas y desaturasas, siendo muy deficiente la síntesis de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3 a partir de ácido linolénico. Los poliinsaturados n-3 previenen enfermedades y son importantes en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de las actividades neuronales, siendo necesaria una relación adecuada con sus antagonistas n- 6. En este trabajo se estudia la proporción de estos ácidos grasos. Material y métodos: Se han analizado los ácidos grasos n-3 y n-6 en sueros y fosfolípidos de membrana de 374 niños con neuropatías y de 34 niños sanos, mediante cromatografía de gases con detector de masas. Se ha realizado el estudio estadístico pertinente. Resultados: Los ácidos grasos n-3 (EPA y DHA) en suero y su correspondientes fosfolípidos de membrana correlacionan mejor que los de la familia n-6. Los mayoritarios n-6 (LA y ARA) están en igual proporción en sueros, siendo más elevados significativamente en los fosfolípidos de los niños sanos. Los n-3 (EPA y DHA) tienen valores más altos en los niños sanos, tanto en suero como en fosfolípidos, su suma se iguala en los fosfolípidos de membrana. El índice n-6/n-3 es mayor en los niños con trastorno neurológico en ambas muestras. Conclusión: No siendo la causa de la neuropatía el alto índice n-6/n-3, sin embargo es aconsejable incrementar la ingesta de n-3, sobre todo DHA en toda la población y en especial en los niños con trastornos neurológicos.

[Preliminary analysis in the implementation of a health program in child nutrition]. / Análisis preliminar para la puesta en marcha de un programa de salud de nutrición infantil.

In the view of the importance of nutrition for the eventual physical and psychological development of children, several ways to control the outcome of malnutrition, both due to excess and to defect, have been reported. Before introducing the adequate measures for the prevention and early diagnosis of malnutrition and obesity, the nutritional status of the children aged between 1-7 years was evaluated in the assigned population by means of the Shukla's index. In 681 evaluated children, 42 obese, 23 with malnutrition, 81 overweight and 105 with risk of malnutrition were detected. This prevalence of malnutrition and obesity warrants the implementation of screening measures for the nutritional status in children from the health center. A protocol to this end is outlined in the present article.