The heritable legacy of diethylstilbestrol: a bellwether for endocrine disruption in humans.

Millions of women and their fetuses were exposed to the toxic pregnancy drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) from the 1940s into the 1970s, a time when the medical profession had little knowledge about potential developmental consequences of fetal drug exposures. Pathological consequences of DES exposure to the pregnant mothers and their offspring are well documented, but now generational research is finding that the grandchildren of women given DES in pregnancy are also at risk. This commentary summarizes presentations on this subject from the Beyond Genes panel "Heritable Impacts of Diethylstilbestrol (DES)."

Pregnancy drugs, fetal germline epigenome, and risks for next-generation pathology: A call to action.

Drugs taken during pregnancy can affect three generations at once: the gestating woman (F0), her exposed fetus (F1), and the fetal germ cells that confer heritable information for the grandchildren (F2). Unfortunately, despite growing evidence for connections between F0 drug exposures and F2 pathology, current approaches to risk assessment overlook this important dimension of risk. In this commentary, we argue that the unique molecular vulnerabilities of the fetal germline, particularly with regard to global epigenomic reprogramming, combined with empirical evidence for F2 effects of F1 in utero drug and other exposures, should change the way we consider potential long-term consequences of pregnancy drugs and alter toxicology's standard somatic paradigm. Specifically, we (1) suggest that pregnancy drugs common in the postwar decades should be investigated as potential contributors to the "missing heritability" of many pathologies now surging in prevalence; (2) call for inclusion of fetal germline risks in pregnancy drug safety assessment; and (3) highlight the need for intensified research to ascertain generational impacts of diethylstilbestrol, a vanguard question of human germline toxicity. Only by fully addressing this important dimension of transplacental exposure can we responsibly evaluate safety of drug exposures during pregnancy and convey the full scope of risks, while also retrospectively comprehending the generational legacy of recent history's unprecedented glut of evolutionarily novel intrauterine exposures. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:445-454, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.