Adverse reactions to antimicrobials in pediatric patients admitted to a tertiary hospital: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobials are widely used in hospitals and are often associated with adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of ADRs caused by antimicrobials and classify them according to the type of reaction, the class of antimicrobials used, causality, severity and avoidability. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was carried out with paediatric patients for 6 months. Causality was verified using the Naranjo and Liverpool algorithms, the severity was verified with the adapted scale of Hartwig and the avoidability was verified with the Liverpool Avoidability Assessment Tool. RESULTS: A total of 303 patients were followed, and 18.2% (55/303) of them had one or more ADRs during the hospital stay. Just over half of the patients (28/55) had diarrhea. The most used antimicrobials were beta-lactams and second-generation cephalosporins. Suspicions were classified mainly as possible 78.6% (55/70) according to the Naranjo algorithm, and as probable 48.6% (34/70) according to the Liverpool algorithm. The antimicrobial most involved with ADRs was cefepime. The risk of manifesting ADR was greater with the use of some antimicrobials such as clindamycin (relative risk (RR) 3.0, CI 1.67 to 5.4), as well as with the increase in hospitalisation days (OR 1.022, CI 1.008 to 1.036) and in the number of antimicrobials prescribed (OR 1.649, CI 1.360 to 2.001). CONCLUSION: ADRs were observed in approximately one-fifth of patients and were mostly gastrointestinal, moderate, unavoidable and with variable causality, depending on the algorithm used.

JUXTACORTICAL OSTEOSARCOMA: CLINICAL EVOLUTION AND DEDIFFERENTIATION RELATED FACTORS.

Objective: Evaluate risk factors related to clinical evolution and dedifferentiation of parosteal (juxtacortical) osteosarcoma to high-grade osteosarcoma. Methods: Retrospective cohort study performed over a period of 25 years, using data from medical records of patients diagnosed with parosteal osteosarcoma. The data were submitted to statistical analysis by Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test. Results: Of the 326 patients treated for osteosarcoma, we identified 17 patients diagnosed with parosteal osteosarcoma. Of these, 4 (23.5%) were not actually diagnosed with parosteal osteosarcoma and 4 did not have the minimum data required for analysis, being excluded from the study. Of the 9 patients studied, we observed that 3 (33.3%) evolved with tumor dedifferentiation to high-grade osteosarcoma. Moreover, 2 (66.7%) had local recurrence and 2 (66.7%) metastases. Conclusion: Age, sex, and the tumor size were not directly related to the dedifferentiation from parosteal osteosarcoma to high-grade osteosarcoma. The most aggressive clinical evolution - presence of local recurrences and metastasis - in parosteal osteosarcoma occurred in tumors with dedifferentiation, however, we cannot associate each other as cause and effect, but as related factors. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

Objetivo: Avaliar fatores de risco relacionados à evolução clínica e à desdiferenciação do osteossarcoma justacortical (parosteal, paraosteal) em osteossarcoma de alto grau. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva realizado num período de 25 anos. Foram utilizados dados de prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de osteossarcoma parosteal que, em seguida, foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo Teste Exato de Fisher e pelo Teste t de Student. Resultados: Foram tratados 326 pacientes com diagnóstico de osteossarcoma, dos quais 17 (5,21%) receberam diagnóstico de osteossarcoma parosteal, 4 (1,22%) foram diagnosticados com osteossarcoma convencional e 4 (1,22%) não tinham dados mínimos necessários para análise, sendo excluídos do estudo. Dos 9 (2,76%) pacientes estudados, 3 (0,92%) evoluíram com desdiferenciação do tumor para osteossarcoma de alto grau. Dois (0,84%) pacientes apresentaram recidiva local e 2 (0,84%%) apresentaram metástases. Conclusão: Os fatores idade, sexo e volume do tumor não estão diretamente relacionados com a desdiferenciação do osteossarcoma parosteal para osteossarcoma de alto grau. Apesar de a evolução clínica mais agressiva - presença de recidivas locais e metástase - no osteossarcoma parosteal ter ocorrido nos tumores com desdiferenciação, não é possível estabelecer uma relação de causa e efeito, apenas considerá-las como fatores relacionados. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Stress Visualization for Interface Optimization of a Hybrid Component Using Surface Tensor Spines.

In lightweight construction, engineers focus on designing and optimizing lightweight components without compromising their strength and durability. In this process, materials such as polymers are commonly considered for a hybrid construction, or even used as a complete replacement. In this work, we focus on a hybrid component design combining metal and carbon fiber reinforced polymer parts. Here, engineers seek to optimize the interface connection between a polymer and a metal part through the placement of load transmission elements in a mechanical millimetric mesoscale level. To assist engineers in the placement and design process, we extend tensor spines, a 3-D tensor-based visualization technique, to surfaces. This is accomplished by combining texture-based techniques with tensor data. Moreover, we apply a parametrization based on a remeshing process to provide visual guidance during the placement. Finally, we demonstrate and discuss real test cases to validate the benefit of our approach.

Juxtacortical osteosarcoma: clinical evolution and dedifferentiation related factors / Osteossarcoma justacortical: evolução clínica e fatores relacionados à desdiferenciação

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate risk factors related to clinical evolution and dedifferentiation of parosteal (juxtacortical) osteosarcoma to high-grade osteosarcoma. Methods: Retrospective cohort study performed over a period of 25 years, using data from medical records of patients diagnosed with parosteal osteosarcoma. The data were submitted to statistical analysis by Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test. Results: Of the 326 patients treated for osteosarcoma, we identified 17 patients diagnosed with parosteal osteosarcoma. Of these, 4 (23.5%) were not actually diagnosed with parosteal osteosarcoma and 4 did not have the minimum data required for analysis, being excluded from the study. Of the 9 patients studied, we observed that 3 (33.3%) evolved with tumor dedifferentiation to high-grade osteosarcoma. Moreover, 2 (66.7%) had local recurrence and 2 (66.7%) metastases. Conclusion: Age, sex, and the tumor size were not directly related to the dedifferentiation from parosteal osteosarcoma to high-grade osteosarcoma. The most aggressive clinical evolution - presence of local recurrences and metastasis - in parosteal osteosarcoma occurred in tumors with dedifferentiation, however, we cannot associate each other as cause and effect, but as related factors. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar fatores de risco relacionados à evolução clínica e à desdiferenciação do osteossarcoma justacortical (parosteal, paraosteal) em osteossarcoma de alto grau. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva realizado num período de 25 anos. Foram utilizados dados de prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de osteossarcoma parosteal que, em seguida, foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo Teste Exato de Fisher e pelo Teste t de Student. Resultados: Foram tratados 326 pacientes com diagnóstico de osteossarcoma, dos quais 17 (5,21%) receberam diagnóstico de osteossarcoma parosteal, 4 (1,22%) foram diagnosticados com osteossarcoma convencional e 4 (1,22%) não tinham dados mínimos necessários para análise, sendo excluídos do estudo. Dos 9 (2,76%) pacientes estudados, 3 (0,92%) evoluíram com desdiferenciação do tumor para osteossarcoma de alto grau. Dois (0,84%) pacientes apresentaram recidiva local e 2 (0,84%%) apresentaram metástases. Conclusão: Os fatores idade, sexo e volume do tumor não estão diretamente relacionados com a desdiferenciação do osteossarcoma parosteal para osteossarcoma de alto grau. Apesar de a evolução clínica mais agressiva - presença de recidivas locais e metástase - no osteossarcoma parosteal ter ocorrido nos tumores com desdiferenciação, não é possível estabelecer uma relação de causa e efeito, apenas considerá-las como fatores relacionados. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Decal-Lenses: Interactive Lenses on Surfaces for Multivariate Visualization.

We present decal-lenses, a new interaction technique that extends the concept of magic lenses to augment and manage multivariate visualizations on arbitrary surfaces. Our object-space lenses follow the surface geometry and allow the user to change the point of view during data exploration while maintaining a spatial reference to positions where one or more lenses were placed. Each lens delimits specific regions of the surface where one or more attributes can be selected or combined. Similar to 2D lenses, the user interacts with our lenses in real-time, switching between different attributes within the lens context. The user can also visualize the surface data representations from the point of view of each lens by using local cameras. To place lenses on surfaces of intricate geometry, such as the human brain, we introduce the concept of support surfaces for designing interaction techniques. Support surfaces provide a way to place and interact with the lenses while avoiding holes and occluded regions during data exploration. We further extend decal-lenses to arbitrary regions using brushing and lassoing operations. We discuss the applicability of our technique and present several examples where our lenses can be useful to create a customized exploration of multivariate data on surfaces.

Decal-Maps: Real-Time Layering of Decals on Surfaces for Multivariate Visualization.

We introduce the use of decals for multivariate visualization design. Decals are visual representations that are used for communication; for example, a pattern, a text, a glyph, or a symbol, transferred from a 2D-image to a surface upon contact. By creating what we define as decal-maps, we can design a set of images or patterns that represent one or more data attributes. We place decals on the surface considering the data pertaining to the locations we choose. We propose a (texture mapping) local parametrization that allows placing decals on arbitrary surfaces interactively, even when dealing with a high number of decals. Moreover, we extend the concept of layering to allow the co-visualization of an increased number of attributes on arbitrary surfaces. By combining decal-maps, color-maps and a layered visualization, we aim to facilitate and encourage the creative process of designing multivariate visualizations. Finally, we demonstrate the general applicability of our technique by providing examples of its use in a variety of contexts.

Patellar osteochondroma: case report / Osteocondroma patelar: relato de caso

The aim was to report on a rare case of patellar osteochondroma. A 60-year-old man presented a tumor on his left patella that had developed over a 10-year period, which is a rare occurrence, considering the patient's age and the site at which the tumor appeared. The clinical condition comprised mild pain and the presence of a mass, without limitation of flexion-extension or any neurovascular deficit. The tumor dimensions were 8 cm longitudinally × 6 cm transversally × 3 cm anteroposteriorly. It was hardened and was adhering to the patellar bone plane. On radiographs and tomographic scans, we observed areas of greater density corresponding to bone and other less dense areas that could correspond to slow-growing cartilage, with irregularities on the patellofemoral joint surface. Simple resection of the tumor was performed, and the anatomopathological examination confirmed that it was a patellar osteochondroma. Osteochondroma, or osteocartilaginous exostosis, includes a large proportion of the benign bone tumors. It results from cell alterations that trigger unregulated production of spongy bone. It is basically treated by means of surgical removal of the tumor mass. This is not essential, but is recommended in order to avoid lesions caused by contiguity and the risk of malignant transformation...

Relato de um caso raro de osteocondroma patelar. Homem de 60 anos apresentou tumor na patela esquerda que tem se desenvolvido por 10 anos, fato raro, considerando-se a idade do paciente e o local de surgimento do tumor. Dor leve e a presença da massa compunham o quadro clínico, sem limitação da flexoextensão ou déficit neurovascular. O tumor apresentava 8 cm longitudinal x 6 cm transversal x 3 cm anteroposterior, endurecido, aderido ao plano ósseo patelar. Nas radiografias e tomografias observamos áreas mais densas correspondentes de osso e outras menos densas, que podem corresponder à cartilagem, de crescimento lento, e irregularidades na superfície articular patelofemoral. Foi feita ressecção simples do tumor e o anatomopatológico confirmou osteocondroma da patela. Osteocondroma, ou exostose osteocartilaginosa, abrange uma grande parte dos tumores ósseos benignos. Ele resulta de alterações celulares que desencadeiam a produção desregulada de osso esponjoso. Seu tratamento é feito basicamente pela retirada cirúrgica da massa tumoral. Não é essencial, mas recomendada para evitar lesões por contiguidade e risco de malignização...

Patellar osteochondroma: case report.

The aim was to report on a rare case of patellar osteochondroma. A 60-year-old man presented a tumor on his left patella that had developed over a 10-year period, which is a rare occurrence, considering the patient's age and the site at which the tumor appeared. The clinical condition comprised mild pain and the presence of a mass, without limitation of flexion-extension or any neurovascular deficit. The tumor dimensions were 8 cm longitudinally × 6 cm transversally × 3 cm anteroposteriorly. It was hardened and was adhering to the patellar bone plane. On radiographs and tomographic scans, we observed areas of greater density corresponding to bone and other less dense areas that could correspond to slow-growing cartilage, with irregularities on the patellofemoral joint surface. Simple resection of the tumor was performed, and the anatomopathological examination confirmed that it was a patellar osteochondroma. Osteochondroma, or osteocartilaginous exostosis, includes a large proportion of the benign bone tumors. It results from cell alterations that trigger unregulated production of spongy bone. It is basically treated by means of surgical removal of the tumor mass. This is not essential, but is recommended in order to avoid lesions caused by contiguity and the risk of malignant transformation.

Relato de um caso raro de osteocondroma patelar. Homem de 60 anos apresentou tumor na patela esquerda que tem se desenvolvido por 10 anos, fato raro, considerando-se a idade do paciente e o local de surgimento do tumor. Dor leve e a presença da massa compunham o quadro clínico, sem limitação da flexoextensão ou déficit neurovascular. O tumor apresentava 8 cm longitudinal × 6 cm transversal × 3 cm anteroposterior, endurecido, aderido ao plano ósseo patelar. Nas radiografias e tomografias observamos áreas mais densas correspondentes de osso e outras menos densas, que podem corresponder à cartilagem, de crescimento lento, e irregularidades na superfície articular patelofemoral. Foi feita ressecção simples do tumor e o anatomopatológico confirmou osteocondroma da patela. Osteocondroma, ou exostose osteocartilaginosa, abrange uma grande parte dos tumores ósseos benignos. Ele resulta de alterações celulares que desencadeiam a produção desregulada de osso esponjoso. Seu tratamento é feito basicamente pela retirada cirúrgica da massa tumoral. Não é essencial, mas recomendada para evitar lesões por contiguidade e risco de malignização.

Computer-assisted coloring and illuminating based on a region-tree structure.

Colorization and illumination are key processes for creating animated cartoons. Computer assisted methods have been incorporated in animation/illustration systems to reduce the artists' workload. This paper presents a new method for illumination and colorization of 2D drawings based on a region- tree representation. Starting from a hand-drawn cartoon, the proposed method extracts geometric and topological information and builds a tree structure, ensuring independence among parts of the drawing, such as curves and regions. Based on this structure and its attributes, a colorization method that propagates through consecutive frames of animation is proposed, combined with an interpolation method that accurately computes a normal mapping for the illumination process. Different operators for curve and region attributes can be applied independently, obtaining different rendering effects.