[Typical fractures and dislocations of the elbow joint and their treatment]. / Typische Frakturen und Luxationen am Ellenbogengelenk und deren Behandlung.

Diagnosis and treatment of injuries to the elbow joint place high demands on the treating physicians. The complex anatomy of the elbow joint enables a wide range of movement and complex functions in everyday and professional life. These must be restored in the event of injury.Clinical and imaging-based diagnostic procedures serve to classify typical injuries of this joint according to a large variety of different pathologies. These include fractures of the distal humerus, the proximal ulna, and the radial head, as well as dislocations and dislocation fractures.The following article gives an overview of the most common of these injuries.

Prospecting sugarcane resistance to Sugarcane yellow leaf virus by genome-wide association.

KEY MESSAGE: Using GWAS approaches, we detected independent resistant markers in sugarcane towards a vectored virus disease. Based on comparative genomics, several candidate genes potentially involved in virus/aphid/plant interactions were pinpointed. Yellow leaf of sugarcane is an emerging viral disease whose causal agent is a Polerovirus, the Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) transmitted by aphids. To identify quantitative trait loci controlling resistance to yellow leaf which are of direct relevance for breeding, we undertook a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on a sugarcane cultivar panel (n = 189) representative of current breeding germplasm. This panel was fingerprinted with 3,949 polymorphic markers (DArT and AFLP). The panel was phenotyped for SCYLV infection in leaves and stalks in two trials for two crop cycles, under natural disease pressure prevalent in Guadeloupe. Mixed linear models including co-factors representing population structure fixed effects and pairwise kinship random effects provided an efficient control of the risk of inflated type-I error at a genome-wide level. Six independent markers were significantly detected in association with SCYLV resistance phenotype. These markers explained individually between 9 and 14 % of the disease variation of the cultivar panel. Their frequency in the panel was relatively low (8-20 %). Among them, two markers were detected repeatedly across the GWAS exercises based on the different disease resistance parameters. These two markers could be blasted on Sorghum bicolor genome and candidate genes potentially involved in plant-aphid or plant-virus interactions were localized in the vicinity of sorghum homologs of sugarcane markers. Our results illustrate the potential of GWAS approaches to prospect among sugarcane germplasm for accessions likely bearing resistance alleles of significant effect useful in breeding programs.

Experimental assessment of the accuracy of genomic selection in sugarcane.

Sugarcane cultivars are interspecific hybrids with an aneuploid, highly heterozygous polyploid genome. The complexity of the sugarcane genome is the main obstacle to the use of marker-assisted selection in sugarcane breeding. Given the promising results of recent studies of plant genomic selection, we explored the feasibility of genomic selection in this complex polyploid crop. Genetic values were predicted in two independent panels, each composed of 167 accessions representing sugarcane genetic diversity worldwide. Accessions were genotyped with 1,499 DArT markers. One panel was phenotyped in Reunion Island and the other in Guadeloupe. Ten traits concerning sugar and bagasse contents, digestibility and composition of the bagasse, plant morphology, and disease resistance were used. We used four statistical predictive models: bayesian LASSO, ridge regression, reproducing kernel Hilbert space, and partial least square regression. The accuracy of the predictions was assessed through the correlation between observed and predicted genetic values by cross validation within each panel and between the two panels. We observed equivalent accuracy among the four predictive models for a given trait, and marked differences were observed among traits. Depending on the trait concerned, within-panel cross validation yielded median correlations ranging from 0.29 to 0.62 in the Reunion Island panel and from 0.11 to 0.5 in the Guadeloupe panel. Cross validation between panels yielded correlations ranging from 0.13 for smut resistance to 0.55 for brix. This level of correlations is promising for future implementations. Our results provide the first validation of genomic selection in sugarcane.

Prophylactic oral ganciclovir after renal transplantation-dosing and pharmacokinetics.

Ganciclovir alone or in combination with hyperimmunoglobulin is replacing other treatment modalities for the prophylactic treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. No dose recommendations are available for oral ganciclovir therapy in children with impaired renal function after renal transplantation of a kidney from a CMV IgG-positive donor. We undertook a pharmacokinetic study in 14 pediatric renal transplant recipients who were CMV IgG negative and had received a graft from a CMV IgG-positive donor. We estimated the daily dosage of oral ganciclovir in relation to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Oral ganciclovir was administered at a starting dose of 3 x 1 g for children with a weight above 50 kg, 3 x 750 mg for children between 50 and 37.5 kg, and 3 x 500 mg for children between 37.5 and 24 kg. The starting dose was reduced by 50% for GFR values < or = 50 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and by 75% for GFR values < or = 25 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The daily dose was divided into three daily doses unless GFR was < 40 ml/ min per 1.73 m2, when only two daily doses were given. Doses were adjusted according to the measured plasma trough concentrations (c) using the simple formula: c(ganciclovir)(measured)/c(ganciclovir)(desired) = dosage rate(used)/dosage rate(adjusted). Mean stable plasma trough concentration was 0.91 +/- 0.68 microg/ml. The dosage rate, adjusted to a trough concentration of 1.0 microg/ml, correlated with the GFR. The dose per day could be calculated according to a simple equation for a GFR < 100 ml/min per 1.73 m2: dosage per day (mg/kg per day) = GFR. No CMV disease developed in any of the patients during oral ganciclovir, but 1 patient developed an acute rejection episode and a positive pp65 antigen 5 weeks after discontinuation of ganciclovir. The drug was well tolerated and without side effects.

[Facial reconstruction: the history of a challenge]. / La reconstruction faciale: histoire d'un défi.

In our society, there is a social, cultural and legal obligation to identify cadavers. If all other techniques fail to produce a presumed identity for a very deteriorated body, facial reconstruction can be the last resort. Historically, the first attempts in the XIXth century concerned famous men. Anatomists, anthropologists, and embryologists established the basic principles of the method. Paleontologists then tried to reconstruct the face of prehistoric men. For the first time in the XXth century, the Russian school, directly inspired by the American school began work concerning the victims of crimes. The development of photography, the discovery of X-rays and progress in imaging and data processing, then the development of the CT scan have all contributed to this still experimental method.

Cell adhesion and migration in the early vertebrate embryo: location and possible role of the putative fibronectin receptor complex.

Using a combined in vivo and in vitro approach, we have analyzed the immunofluorescent localization and function of a 140,000-mol-wt glycoprotein complex implicated in cell adhesion to fibronectin (FN), with particular emphasis on neural crest cell adhesion and migration. This putative fibronectin receptor complex (FN-receptor) was detectable in almost all tissues derived from each of the three primary germ layers. It was present in both mesenchymal and epithelial cells, and was particularly enriched at sites close to concentrations of FN, e.g., at the basal surfaces of epithelial cells. It was also present on neural crest cells. The distribution and function of this putative receptor was then analyzed on individual cells in vitro. It was diffusely organized on highly locomotory neural crest cells and somitic fibroblasts. Both motile cell types also displayed relatively low numbers of focal contacts and microfilament bundles and limited amounts of localized vinculin, alpha-actinin, and endogenous FN. In contrast, the FN-receptor in stationary embryonic cells, i.e., somitic cells after long-term culture or ectodermal cells, existed in characteristic linear patterns generally co-distributed with alpha-actinin and fibers of endogenous FN. Anti-FN-receptor antibodies inhibited the adhesion to FN of motile embryonic cells, but not of stationary fibroblasts. However, these same antibodies adsorbed to substrata readily mediated adhesion and spreading of cells, but were much less effective for cell migration. Our results demonstrate a widespread occurrence in vivo of the putative FN-receptor, with high concentrations near FN. Embryonic cell migration was associated with a diffuse organization of this putative receptor on the cell surface in presumably labile adhesions, whereas stationary cells were anchored to the substratum at specific sites linked to the cytoskeleton near local concentrations of FN-receptor.