Secondary metabolite compounds from Sida genus and their bioactivity.

Plants are the key source for the production of novel therapeutic products for new medicines. The biological properties of the plant species used world wide are mainly accountable for their secondary metabolites obtained from plants. The goal of this analysis is to summarize the chemical composition and biological effects of the genus Sida (Malvaceae) to identify potential research opportunities. This analysis draws on the literature review of scientific journals, and books from libraries, and electronic sources like ScienceDirect, Springer, PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and the Website. Some groups of secondary metabolite compounds isolated from the genus Sida include alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarin, and others. Pharmacological experiments found that there are a wide variety of biological activities in extracts and compounds isolated from the genus Sida comprising antimalarial, antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, analgesic, antibacterial, antioxidant, vasorelaxant, wound healing, antifungal activities, the inhibition of quinone reductase, and mouse mammary organ culture.

Sources of variability contributing to test-retest differences in threshold-based articulation indices.

This study was conducted to obtain information on test-retest differences in Articulation Indices (AI) when a clinical threshold-based method is used to calculate AI. The AI was calculated using a nine-frequency-band method on 2 separate days for 209 ears. Standard deviations of test-retest differences were calculated. The standard deviations were greatest when the AI was near 50% and least when the AI was near 0% or 100%. The standard deviations for test-retest AI differences were also dependent on the relationship of the hearing thresholds and speech spectrum. Under the assumption that each dB change in threshold would have an affect on the AI, standard deviations of test-retest differences increased significantly. Test-retest standard deviations for nine-band and five-band methods were approximately equal when only five thresholds were actually measured. A small improvement would be expected if the number of threshold measurements increased from five to nine.