RESUMO
This article is composed of three independent commentaries about the state of Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) principles in the American Geophysical Union Biogeosciences section, and discussion on the opportunities and challenges of adopting them. Each commentary focuses on a different topic: (a) Global collaboration, technology transfer, and application (Section 2), (b) Community engagement, community science, education, and stakeholder involvement (Section 3), and (c) Field, experimental, remote sensing, and real-time data research and application (Section 4). We discuss needs and strategies for implementing ICON and outline short- and long-term goals. The inclusion of global data and international community engagement are key to tackling grand challenges in biogeosciences. Although recent technological advances and growing open-access information across the world have enabled global collaborations to some extent, several barriers, ranging from technical to organizational to cultural, have remained in advancing interoperability and tangible scientific progress in biogeosciences. Overcoming these hurdles is necessary to address pressing large-scale research questions and applications in the biogeosciences, where ICON principles are essential. Here, we list several opportunities for ICON, including coordinated experimentation and field observations across global sites, that are ripe for implementation in biogeosciences as a means to scientific advancements and social progress.
RESUMO
In Norway, hospital-acquired infections (HAI) were analysed by repeated point prevalence studies (four each year) performed simultaneously at 14 hospitals in a health region (860,000 inhabitants) during the period 1996-1998. The study included 3200 beds and 121,000 discharged patients each year, and was initiated by and co-ordinated from the regional university hospital; Ullevål University Hospital (UHH). An overall prevalence rate of HAI of 6.5% (interhospital variation 1.4-11.7%) was found for the 32,248 patients studied. The rate of HAI was reduced from 7.7% in 1996 to 5. 9% in 1998. Smaller hospitals (<200 beds) generally had lower rates of HAI, community acquired infections (CAI), postoperative infections and use of antibacterial agents, than the large regional hospital (1200 beds). HAI was reduced in non-operated patients from 5.8% in 1996 to 4.4% in 1998 and in operated patients from 13.2% in 1996 to 10.5% in 1998. The risk of developing HAI was twice as high after surgery. From 1996 to 1998 there was a reduction in: urinary tract infections from 2.4% to 1.7%, lower respiratory tract infections from 1.5% to 0.8% and postoperative wound infections from 5.7% to 4.3%, while septicaemia (from 0.5% to 0.4%) remained unchanged. Re-hospitalization because of HAI was registered in 0.6% (interhospital variation 0.3-1.1%) of patients. The CAI rate in hospitals increased from 8.3% in 1996 to 10.8% in 1998. Approximately 16% (variation:14.4-20.6%) of the patients had an infection. The total use of antibacterial agents was 19.2% in 1996, 16.6% in 1997 and 17.8% in 1998 (variation: 14.9-23%).
