Prevalencia de diabetes mellitus secundaria a necrosectomía pancreática / Prevalence of diabetes mellitus secondary to pancreatic necrosectomy

Objetivo: Reportar la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus secundaria a necrosectomía por complicaciones sépticas de la pancreatitis aguda severa. Sede: Hospital General de México, OD Diseño: Estudio clínico comparativo, observacional, longitudinal, transversal y retrospectivo. Análisis estadístico: Medidas de tendencia central, prueba de Chi cuadrada (χ²) y prueba t de Student. Material y métodos: Se analizaron todos los pacientes consecutivos con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus secundaria (DMS) a necrosectomía por complicación séptica de pancreatitis aguda severa (PAS) atendido entre el 1 de enero de 1999 al 31 de diciembre de 2009, mayores de 18 años, tanto hombres como mujeres, vivos al momento del seguimiento, con seguimiento hasta 12 meses. Las variables evaluadas fueron: edad, género, etiología, grado de necrosis, número de desbridamientos pancreáticos, días de internamiento, días de estancia en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Calificaciones de Ranson, APACHE II y Balthazar preoperatorias, glicemia en ayuno subsecuentes a los 1, 6 y 12 meses posteriores a la última cirugía para detección de paciente con DMS. Resultados: De un total de 137 pacientes con complicaciones sépticas de PAS y necrosectomía, 67 se excluyeron, 33 por fallecimiento (24%), 26 por seguimiento incompleto (18.9%) y 8 por DM previa al evento de pancreatitis aguda (5.8%); quedaron 70 pacientes, de los cuales 46 (65.7%) desarrollaron DMS; la etiología fue alcohólica en 36 (51.4%), biliar en 31 (44.3%) y por otras causas en 3 (4.3%). En la evaluación por tomografía se detectó en 10 casos con Balthazar C (14.3%), 20 con D (28.6%) y 40 con E (57.1%). Desbridamientos pancreáticos realizados: 1 en 18 pacientes (25.8%), 2 en 12 (17.1%), 3 en 12 (17.1%), 4 en 13 (18.6%) y 5 o más en 15 casos (21.4%). El promedio de estancia hospitalaria y en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos fue de 21.6 (rango 10-48) y 14.2 días (rango 5-28), respectivamente. La calificación Ranson promedio fue de 2.8 (rango de 2-6) y APACHE II preoperatoria promedio fue de 12 puntos (rango 8-28). La DMS se detectó en la mayoría de los pacientes poco tiempo después de su egreso; en el 82.6% a las 4 semanas, en el 17.4% a los 6 meses y ningún otro a los 12 meses posteriores a la última necrosectomía. El resultado de TC demostró mayor frecuencia de DM en aquellos pacientes clasificados con E (P < 0.0001), así como la realización de más de 4 desbridaciones con una P < 0.001. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de diabetes mellitus secundaria en pacientes con necrosis pancreática infectada, postoperados de necrosectomía pancreática fue del 65.7%, se relaciona con clasificación por TAC de Balthazar E y con 4 o más desbridaciones.

Objective: To report on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus secondary to necrosectomy due to septic complication of severe acute pancreatitis. Setting: General Hospital of Mexico. Design: Clinical comparative, observational, longitudinal, transversal, retrospective study. Statistical analysis: Central tendency measures, Chi square (χ2) and Student's t tests. Material and methods: We evaluated all consecutive patients with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus secondary (DMS) to a necrosectomy due to septic complication of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) cared for between January 1st 1999 and December 31st 2009, older than 18 years, of either sex, alive at the time of follow-up, and a follow-up of 12 months. Assessed variables were: age, gender, etiology, degree of necrosis, number of pancreatic debridements, in-hospital stay days, days of Intensive Care Unit stay, scores of preoperative Ranson, APACHE II, and Balthazar, fasting glycemia at 1, 6, and 12 months after the last surgery to detect patients with DMS. Results: From a total of 137 patients with septic complications of SAP and necrosectomy, 67 were excluded: 33 (24%) due to death, 26 (18.9%) because of incomplete follow up, and 8 (5.8%) because of DM before the acute pancreatitis event, this left 70 patients of which 46 (65.7 %) developed DMS; etiology was alcoholic in 36 (51.4%), biliary in 31 (44.3%), and other causes in 3 (4.3%). Tomography evaluation revealed 10 (14.3%) cases with Balthazar C, 20 (28.6%) with D, and 40 (57.1%) with E. Pancreatic debridements performed were: 1 in 18 patients (25.8%), 2 in 12 (17.1%), 3 in 12 (17.1%), 4 in 13 (18.6%), and 5 or more in 15 cases (21.4%). Average in-hospital stay and in the Intensive Care Unit was 21.6 (range 10-48) days and 14.2 (range 5-28) days, respectively. The average Ranson score was of 2.8 (range 2-6) and average preoperative APACHE II was of 12 (range 8-28). DMS was detected in most patients shortly after their hospital ...

¿Hay factores clínicos y/o bioquímicos con los que se pueda presumir diagnóstico preoperatorio de perforación de vesícula biliar? / Are there clinical or biochemical factors that would allow assuming a preoperatory diagnosis of gallbladder perforation?

Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia e identificar cuáles datos clínicos y/o bioquímicos detectan la perforación vesicular en forma preoperatoria en pacientes con colecistitis aguda. Sede: Hospital General de México, O.D. Diseño: Estudio de casos y controles. Análisis estadístico: Razón de momios, Chi cuadrada (χ²) y t de Student. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron los expedientes de pacientes operados por el servicio de urgencias del Hospital General de México en el periodo de diciembre 2007 a septiembre del 2009. Se revisaron todos los pacientes operados de colecistectomía, seleccionando, de éstos, a los pacientes con reporte de perforación de vesícula biliar (correspondiendo a casos) y se comparó con controles pareados (una perforación por dos no perforados), es decir, pacientes con las mismas características pero sin perforación vesicular. La variables analizadas fueron edad, género, tipo de perforación, signo de Murphy, signos de irritación peritoneal, fiebre, comorbilidades, consumo de tabaco, alcohol o drogas, tiempo de evolución, de ingreso a quirófano, diagnóstico preoperatorio clínico y paraclínico, tipo de abordaje, sitio de perforación, complicaciones y mortalidad. Resultados: Las comparaciones entre cada una de las variables estudiadas y la presencia o no de perforación indica la fiebre (temperatura > 38°C) antes de cirugía como único factor con significancia estadística RM de 1.15 (IC 95% de 0.51 a 2.6) P = 0.001. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de perforación de vesícula biliar en pacientes con colecistitis aguda es de 9.7%. El único dato clínico relacionado a esta complicación y que pudiera hacer sospechar su diagnostico es la fiebre.

Objective: To know the prevalence and to identify which clinical and/or biochemical data can lead to detect gallbladder perforation preoperatively in patients with acute cholecystitis. Setting: General Hospital of Mexico City (Ministry of Health). Design: Study of cases and controls. Statistical analysis: Odds ratio, Chi square (χ²), and Student's t test. Material and methods: We examined the clinical files of patients operated at the Emergency Ward of the General Hospital of Mexico City in the period between December 2007 and September 2009. We reviewed all patients subjected to cholecystectomy, choosing from them those patients with perforation of the gallbladder (cases) and compared them with paired controls (one perforation with two non-perforated), that is, patients of the same characteristics but without gallbladder perforation. Analyzed variables were age, gender, type of perforation, Murphy's sign, sign of peritoneal irritation, fever, comorbidities, alcohol or drug consumption, smoking, time of evolution, time of operating room admittance, clinical and paraclinical preoperative diagnosis, type of approach, perforation site, complications, and mortality. Results: Comparison between each studied variable and the presence or not of perforation reveals fever (temperature > 38°C) as the sole factor with statistical significance, odds ratio of 1.15 (IC 95% from 0.51 to 2.6) P = 0.001. Conclusions: Prevalence of gallbladder perforation in patients with acute cholecystitis is of 9.7%. The only clinical data related to this complication and that could lead to suspect its diagnosis was fever.

Evolution of surgical treatment of amebiasis-associated colon perforation.

BACKGROUND: Amebiasis is a worldwide health problem that mainly affects developing countries. Invasive amebiasis tends to develop complications, and among these, perforation of the colon, although infrequent (1.9-9.1%), is the most lethal. Surgical treatment in these cases should be carried out in a timely fashion prior to the presentation of systemic repercussions or death. In the present study, we analyzed a total of 122 cases of invasive amebiasis-associated colon perforation. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a clinical, retrospective, and observational study and presented cases of colonic perforation observed over the past 30 years at the Medical-Surgical Emergency Service of the Mexico City-based Hospital General de México OD during the 1970-1999 period. RESULTS: During this time, a total of 19,916 emergency abdominal surgeries were performed. One hundred twenty-two of these procedures corresponded to cases of colon perforation by ameba, which represents 0.6%; 80 patients were men (65.6%) and 42 were women (34.4%), with an average age of 48 years. Multiple colon perforation was 74%, with right colon the most affected (90.5%). Depending on the perforation's extension and localization, right hemicolectomy with ileostomy were performed in 53 patients (43.45%), subtotal colectomy with ileostomy in 43 (35.25%), left hemicolectomy with transverse colostomy in 12 (9.83%), exteriorization of perforated left colon (stoma) in 13 (10.65%), and primary closure with exteriorization in one patient (0.8%). Post-operative complications were present in 48 patients (39.3%), and 20 cases were related with the creation of a stoma. Eighteen of these cases were due to persistent abdominal sepsis and ten due to toxic colon; the latter correspond solely to patients with initial nonresective treatment. General mortality was 40%, with 32% (17 of 53 cases) of mortality in those submitted to right hemicolestomy, 16.7% (two of 12) of left hemicolestomy, 44.2% (19 of 43) in those in whom a subtotal colectomy was performed, with 76.9% (ten of 13) patients with exteriorization of the perforated right colon, and with 100% (one of one patient) mortality with primary closure. CONCLUSIONS: Perforation is the most frequent surgical complication of invasive amebiasis of the colon, occurring principally in masculine gender and in the fourth decade of life. Resection and stoma creation is the procedure of choice that can resolve the septic focus from the first surgical procedure, depending on the general status of the patient. However, morbidity and mortality are high, and there is a tendency for these to be lower on comparing initial cases with those with recently conducted surgical procedures.

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 expression on monocytes is associated with inflammation but not with infection in acute pancreatitis.

INTRODUCTION: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is usually a mild and self-limiting disease, but some patients develop a severe form that is associated with high mortality. In AP, local inflammation is followed first by the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and then by the compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome, which is defined by low human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR expression on monocytes, increased concentration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and decreased monocyte function. Our aim was to measure the expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 (a proposed marker of infection or inflammation) and HLA-DR on monocytes, and the serum concentrations of IL-6 (a proinflammatory cytokine) and IL-10 in patients with AP to determine whether these markers can identify patients at high risk of developing severe AP or infection. METHODS: Fifty healthy volunteers, 18 patients with mild AP, and 11 patients with severe AP were included in this study. Samples were taken at admission and one and three days later. TREM-1 and HLA-DR expression was evaluated by flow cytometry, and soluble TREM-1, IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: TREM-1 expression was higher in patients with AP than in healthy volunteers, but there was no difference between patients with mild and severe AP. TREM-1 expression was not associated with mortality or with the presence of infection. Soluble TREM-1 concentration in serum was higher in non-survivors than in survivors. HLA-DR expression was lower and IL-6 concentration higher in patients with severe AP and in infected patients. CONCLUSIONS: Increased TREM-1 expression was associated with the presence of inflammation but not infection in AP. In patients with AP, low HLA-DR expression and high IL-6 concentration could predict severity and infection in samples taken shortly after admission.

Propuesta de una escala práctica para el diagnóstico temprano de apendicitis aguda / Proposal of a practical scale for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis

Objetivo. Propuesta de una escala práctica, confiable y dinámica para el diagnóstico temprano de apendicitis aguda. Diseño. Estudio longitudinal, prospectivo. Sede. Servicio de Urgencias Médico Quirúrgicas. Hospital de tercer nivel de atención. Pacientes y Método. Se evaluaron 281 casos con dolor abdominal agudo de julio de 1995 a junio de 1996. Ciento cincuenta y seis hombres y 125 mujeres, con edad promedio de 28.4 años. Doscientos treinta presentaron apendicitis con confirmación histopatológica. Análisis estadístico. Prueba F y T. Resultados. Se realizó una escala para el diagnóstico temprano de la pendicitis aguda, basada en 3 signos (dolor a la palpación en cuadrante inferior derecho, rebote en fosa iliaca derecha, McBurney), 3 síntomas (dolor migratorio a fosa iliaca derecha, anorexia, náusea/vómito) y 2 hallazgos de laboratorio (leucocitosis < 10,000 células/mm3, neutrofilia < 7,500 células/mm3) a cada uno de los cuales se les asignó un valor para un total de 10 puntos. Siete puntos o más se consideró como candidato a cirugía por probable apendicitis. Los puntos promedio con la escala en pacientes con apendicitis fue de 8.9 y de 7.1 sin la enfermedad. Existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.05) entre los pacientes con y sin apendicitis. Conclusión. La escala propuesta demostró ser útil en el diagnóstico temprano de la apendicitis aguda, puede ser de ayuda cuando exista discrepancia en el tratamiento oportuno