Síndrome visual informático en universitarios en tiempos de pandemia / Computer visual syndrome in university students in times of pandemic

Introducción Una de las consecuencias del uso prolongado de pantallas luminosas como las del ordenador o las del teléfono móvil es el síndrome visual informático (SVI), donde se presentan síntomas característicos que normalmente desaparecen después de un par de horas de haber dejado de usar los aparatos electrónicos. La prevalencia es alta debido a múltiples factores de riesgo. Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de SVI en estudiantes de Medicina en tiempos de pandemia. Metodología Estudio observacional descriptivo y de corte transversal. La población a estudio fueron estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad de Boyacá y los datos fueron recogidos en septiembre y octubre del año 2021 a través de una encuesta electrónica. Resultados Un total de 300 personas participaron en el estudio. El 78% (234) de los estudiantes participantes presentan SVI. El 67,09% (157) de los participantes que refirieron presentar SVI pertenecían al sexo femenino y el 32,91% (77) eran del sexo masculino. Conclusiones El SVI es muy común entre los estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad de Boyacá. Este estudio ha demostrado que la presencia del SVI se ha asociado significativamente a factores exposicionales que se desencadenaron durante el período de pandemia, en donde las clases virtuales frecuentes y durante horarios prolongados conllevaban a una alta exposición a pantallas. Además, en la era de virtualidad la comunicación mediante redes sociales aumentó el uso de teléfonos móviles, lo cual aumenta la posibilidad de aparición de este síndrome. (AU)

Introduction One of the consequences of prolonged use of bright screens such as those of the computer or cell phone is the computer visual syndrome (CVS), where characteristic symptoms are presented that normally disappear after a couple of hours when you stop using electronic devices. The prevalence is high due to multiple risk factors. Objective To determine the prevalence of CVS in medical students at the University of Boyacá in times of pandemic. Methodology Descriptive and cross-sectional observational study. The study population were medical students, the data were collected in September and October of the year 2021, and an electronic survey was carried out for data collection. Results A total of 300 participants were invited to participate in the study. A percentage of 78 (234) of participating students suffer from CVS. A percentage of 67.09 (157) of the participants who reported suffering from CVS were female and 32.91% (77) were male. ConclusionsCVS is very common among medical students at the University of Boyacá. This study has shown that the presence of CVS has been significantly associated with exposure factors that were triggered during the pandemic period, where frequent virtual classes and long hours led to high exposure to screens. In addition, in the era of virtuality, communication through social networks increased the use of cell phones, which increases the possibility of the appearance of this syndrome. (AU)

Computer visual syndrome in university students in times of pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: One of the consequences of prolonged use of bright screens such as those of the computer or cell phone, is the computer visual syndrome where characteristic symptoms are presented that normally disappear after a couple of hours when you stop using electronic devices. The prevalence is high due to multiple risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of computer vision syndrome in medical students at the University of Boyacá in times of pandemic. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive and cross-sectional observational study. The study population were medical students, the data were collected in September and October of the year, an electronic survey was carried out for data collection. RESULTS: A total of 300 participants were invited to participate in the study. 78% (234) of participating students suffer from SVI. 67.09% (157) of the participants who reported suffering from SVI were female and 32.91% (77) were male. CONCLUSIONS: Computer visual syndrome is very common among medical students at the University of Boyacá. This study has shown that the presence of SVI has been significantly associated with exposure factors that were triggered during the pandemic period, where frequent virtual classes and long hours led to high exposure to screens. In addition, in the era of virtuality, communication through social networks increased the use of cell phones, which increases the possibility of the appearance of this syndrome.

Medida del grosor foveolar mediante tomografía de coherencia óptica en pacientes adultos con nefropatía diabética en hemodiálisis / Measurement of foveal thickness by optical coherence tomography in adult haemodialysis patients with diabetic nephropathy

Antecedentes: Diversos estudios han demostrado la eficacia de la hemodiálisis (HD) sobre el edema macular de los pacientes diabéticos. Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos de una sesión de HD sobre el grosor foveolar, mediante tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT), en pacientes adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC)estadio 5 secundaria a nefropatía diabética en HD. Pacientes y métodos: Se estudiaron 25 ojos de 14 pacientes a los cuales se les realizó analítica y OCT pre-HD y post-HD. Resultados: Como grupo, el grosor foveolar no se modificaba tras una sesión de HD en los 25 ojos estudiados (245,28± 52,21 µ frente a 240,40 ± 40,25 µ) (p = 0,428) (2% de reducción) ni se correlacionaba con ninguno de los parámetros clínicos o analíticos analizados. Al comparar el subgrupo de 13 ojos en los que el grosor foveolar no se modificaba o disminuía respecto al subgrupo de 12 ojos en los que el grosor foveolar aumentaba se encontró que en el primer subgrupo la temperatura del baño era significativamente mayor (37,00 ± 0,00 frente a 36,29 ºC, p = 0,008) y la conductividad significativamente menor (14,00 ± 0,00 frente a 14,29 ± 0,10 mS/cm, p = 0,030). Conclusión: La HD podría modificar el grosor foveolar retiniano en función de la modificación de parámetros como la temperatura del baño yl a conductividad (AU)

Background: Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of hemodialysis (HD) on macular edema in diabetic patients. Objective: To study the effects of a HD session on foveal thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic renal failure (CRF)secondary to stage 5 diabetic nephropathy in HD. Patients and methods: We studied 25 eyes of 14 patients who underwent analytical studies and pre-HD and post-HD OCT. Results: As a group, the foveal thickness did not change afterone session of HD in the 25 eyes studied (245.28 ± 52.21 Ì versus 240.40 ± 40.25 µ) (p = 0.428) (2% reduction) or correlated with any clinical or laboratory parameters analyzed. When comparing the subgroup of 13 eyes in which the foveal thickness did not change or decreased compared to the subgroup of 12 eyes in which the foveal thickness increased we found that in the first subgroup the bath temperature was significantly higher (37.00 ± 0.00 versus 36.29 °C, p = 0.008) and the conductivity was significantly lower (14.00 ± 0.00 versus 14.29± 0.10 mS/cm, p = 0.030). Conclusion: HD may modify the foveal retinal thickness as a function of changing parameters such as bath temperature and conductivity. Conclusion: HD may modify the foveal retinal thickness as a function of changing parameters such as bath temperature and conductivity (AU)

Measurement of foveal thickness by optical coherence tomography in adult haemodialysis patients with diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of hemodialysis (HD) on macular edema in diabetic patients. OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of a HD session on foveal thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic renal failure (CRF) secondary to stage 5 diabetic nephropathy in HD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 25 eyes of 14 patients who underwent analytical studies and pre-HD and post-HD OCT. RESULTS: As a group, the foveal thickness did not change after one session of HD in the 25 eyes studied (245.28 ± 52.21 µ versus 240.40 ± 40.25 µ) (p = 0.428) (2% reduction) or correlated with any clinical or laboratory parameters analyzed.When comparing the subgroup of 13 eyes in which the foveal thickness did not change or decreased compared to the subgroup of 12 eyes in which the foveal thickness increased we found that in the first subgroup the bath temperature was significantly higher (37.00 ± 0.00 versus 36.29 ° C, p = 0.008) and the conductivity was significantly lower (14.00 ± 0.00 versus 14.29 ± 0.10 mS / cm, p = 0.030). CONCLUSION: HD may modify the foveal retinal thickness as a function of changing parameters such as bath temperature and conductivity.

¿Minimiza el carvedilol los requerimientos de fotocoagulación láser en la retinopatía diabética? / No disponible

No disponible

Ansiedad de separación: delimitación conceptual, manifestaciones clínicas y estrategias de intervención / No disponible

En este trabajo queremos destacar la importancia de la intervención en Atención Primariacon los padres y sus bebés en la organización de las interacciones precoces que darán lugara un apego seguro, base para un buen desarrollo. Para ello, se comentan las intervencionesposibles a propósito de varios casos clínicos(AU)

In this project we would like to explain the importance of the actions that can be taken inprimary care with parents and their babies, to show how early relations will encourage a secureattachment necessary for a good development. With this target, we comment different interventionsabout several clinical cases(AU)

Sustitución de figuras parentales en el duelo infanto-juvenil / Sustitution of family figures in the child and adolescent fight

El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar la elaboración del duelo infanto-juvenil a través del estudio de las historias de niños y adolescentes que acudieron al Servicio de Salud Mental de Parla tras haber sufrido la pérdida de una de sus figuras parentales (debido a la muerte de uno de ellos o por separación). Asimismo, se trató de determinar si la presencia de figuras sustitutas y la relación con la familia ejercen algún efecto modulador sobre el nivel de adaptación de los sujetos. Para ello, se contó con una muestra de 35 sujetos a quienes que se les aplicó un cuestionario para recoger información sobre variables hipotéticamente relevantes en la elaboración del duelo. La única variable que mostró dependencia estadísticamente significativa con el nivel de adaptación de sujeto fue la relación con la familia del progenitor perdido o discontinuo (AU)

Characterization of the chitin biosynthesis process as a compensatory mechanism in the fks1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Deletion of the 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase gene FKS1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces a compensatory mechanism that is reflected in a significant increase in chitin synthase III (CSIII) activity, leading to high rates of chitin synthesis. Deregulation of CSIII activity is mainly due to the intracellular delocalization of Chs3p and Chs4p, the two main components of the CSIII active complex.

Calcofluor antifungal action depends on chitin and a functional high-osmolarity glycerol response (HOG) pathway: evidence for a physiological role of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HOG pathway under noninducing conditions.

We have isolated several Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants resistant to calcofluor that contain mutations in the PBS2 or HOG1 genes, which encode the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAP kinases, respectively, of the high-osmolarity glycerol response (HOG) pathway. We report that blockage of either of the two activation branches of the pathway, namely, SHO1 and SLN1, leads to partial resistance to calcofluor, while simultaneous disruption significantly increases resistance. However, chitin biosynthesis is independent of the HOG pathway. Calcofluor treatment also induces an increase in salt tolerance and glycerol accumulation, although no activation of the HOG pathway is detected. Our results indicate that the antifungal effect of calcofluor depends on its binding to cell wall chitin but also on the presence of a functional HOG pathway. Characterization of one of the mutants isolated, pbs2-14, revealed that resistance to calcofluor and HOG-dependent osmoadaptation are two different physiological processes. Sensitivity to calcofluor depends on the constitutive functionality of the HOG pathway; when this is altered, the cells become calcofluor resistant but also show very low levels of basal salt tolerance. Characterization of some multicopy suppressors of the calcofluor resistance phenotype indicated that constitutive HOG functionality participates in the maintenance of cell wall architecture, a conclusion supported by the antagonism observed between the protein kinase and HOG signal transduction pathways.

Activated lymphocytes reduce adherence of Aspergillus fumigatus.

Lymphocytes comprise up to 30% of the cells present in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and thus could participate in host response to infectious Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. We have examined the possibility that lymphocytes might play a role during early infection by either damaging the fungus or interfering with adherence. When incubated with A. fumigatus conidia for 20 h, highly purified 5-day-old lymphocytes activated with either IL-2 or phytohaemagglutinin, but not untreated lymphocytes, were consistently able to reduce residual fungal biomass as estimated by a metabolic assay. T lymphocytes, but not NK cells, appeared to be responsible for this activity. Lymphocytes bound both A. fumigatus conidia and hyphae, and the antifungal activity of the lymphocytes required direct lymphocyte fungus contact. In a separate set of experiments using release of 51Cr from 51Cr-loaded fungi as an estimate of fungal damage, lymphocyte-induced loss of fungal biomass was found to be due to loss of fungal adherence rather than to direct fungal damage. The detached hyphae were also found to be metabolically intact and to have normal morphology by electron microscopy. These data demonstrate that IL-2- and phytohaemagglutinin-activated lymphocytes exhibit a contact-dependent ability to reduce adherence of germinating conidia of A. fumigatus to a surface.

Hydrogen bonding in a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug--Naproxen.

Photophysical properties of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Naproxen (6-methoxy alpha-methyl-2-naphthalene acetic acid sodium salt), were investigated in solvents of different polarity, hydrogen donor ability and also in cyclodextrins. The results indicate that in all cases the emitting state is the 1L(b) singlet. In alcoholic solvents, an intermolecular hydrogen bond is responsible for the observed photophysical behaviour of the probe whereas in non-protic solvents (polar and weakly polar) an intramolecular hydrogen bond type is postulated to rationalize the data found. In water, the non-radiative rate constant has a value similar to those found in aqueous solutions of alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins where the probe form complexes. The behaviour in water is explained by a water-structure enforced hydrophobic effect. The spectroscopic results are interpreted on the basis of a multiple-parameter model that considers specific solute-solvent interactions. These were also observed in the ground state and detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular orbital (AM1) calculations also support the existence of two conformations (rotamers) in Naproxen with non-equivalent intramolecular hydrogen bond-like formation.

Kinetics of the acid hydrolysis of diazepam, bromazepam, and flunitrazepam in aqueous and micellar systems.

A kinetic study of the acid hydrolysis of aqueous diazepam, bromazepam, and flunitrazepam was carried out at 25 degrees C using a spectrophotometric method. For diazepam and flunitrazepam, the experimental pseudo first-order rate constant decreased as the acid concentration was increased. The contrary behavior was found in the case of bromazepam. A kinetic scheme that includes the hydrolysis reaction of both protonated and nonprotonated species of the drug can account for these results. Also, the kinetics of the acid hydrolysis of the same drugs in the presence of micellar aggregates [nonionic polyoxyethylene-23-dodecanol (Brij 35); cationic cetyl trymethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB); and anionic sodium decyl (SdeS), dodecyl (SDS), and tetradecyl (STS) sulfate] was studied at 25 degrees C. Negligible effects were observed in the cases of nonionic and cationic micelles. Anionic micelles produced an inhibitory effect in the reaction velocity. This effect increased as the hydrophobic nature of the surfactant increased. All these facts are interpreted quantitatively by means of a pseudophase model.

Serum hormone changes in parturients given steroid preparations to suppress lactation.

Prior to the introduction of bromocriptine as the drug of choice for the suppression of puerperal lactation, long-acting sex steroid preparations, especially estrogen-androgen combinations, were utilized for many years to suppress postpartum lactation. In spite of the popularity of these steroids, little information is available concerning serum hormonal levels following their postpartum administration. In this study, 31 postpartum women were divided into three groups: group C, 12 women receiving no hormone therapy; group E + T, 10 women receiving an estrogen-testosterone preparation; group E, 9 women receiving an estrogen preparation. Immediately after delivery, serum estradiol, testosterone, and prolactin levels were elevated--and similar--in the three groups. Following treatment, serum estradiol levels were higher in groups E + T and E than in group C. In group E + T, serum testosterone levels increased to the high adult male range by 24 hours after injection and rose further to as high as 7,000 ng% (mean 2,000 ng%) by 72 hours. At 2 weeks, serum testosterone levels in this group of patients were still above the upper limit of the normal adult male range. After 6 weeks, the mean serum testosterone level was still five times the normal level for a nonpregnant female.