Management of Patients With Graves Orbitopathy Using Endonasal Endoscopic Techniques.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the authors' study is to show their surgical results in orbital decompression using different endonasal endoscopic techniques. These approaches are according to the degree of proptosis and the presence or not of sight threatening. METHODS: The authors performed 31 orbital decompressions on 20 Graves orbitopathy patients. Average age at surgery was 52 years. There were 5 males and 15 females. Five patients were diagnosed as having severe or for sight-threatening Graves orbitopathy. These included 3 men and 2 women having an average age of 54 years old. Minimum postsurgical follow-up was 12 months in all patients. RESULTS: Orbital decompression was performed in 15 patients for proptosis and in 5 patients for urgent sight threat. Thirteen orbits showed mild proptosis and 18 orbits presented moderate proptosis. In patients without sight threatening reduction of proptosis had a mean value of 2.8 mm as determined by exophtalmometry, being 3.3 mm when measured on magnetic resonance imaging. The mean millimeter in mild proptosis was between 1.5 and 1.7 and between 3.4 and 4.2 in moderate proptosis. In patients having sight threat mean visual acuity after surgery improved from 0.6 to 0.9.Only 1 patient without diplopia preoperative developed diplopia after surgery (17%). In 55% of patients strabismus and/or eyelid surgery were required.In postoperative follow-up, 2 patients developed a mucocele and 1 patient developed corneal erosion. CONCLUSION: The authors recommend the preservation of the periorbital sling and the anterior ethmoido-maxillary angle in patients with mild-moderate exophthalmos and without threatened vision. In case of sight threatening the authors resected the most periorbita as much as possible.Evidence-based medicine Level V.

Nuestra experiencia en el manejo de las complicaciones orbitarias en la rinosinusitis aguda / Our experience in the management of orbital complications in acute rinosinusitis

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO: La propagación de una infección a partir de los senos paranasales es poco frecuente pero grave. Entre un 4 y un 20% de las rinosinusitis se pueden complicar; de ellas, las orbitarias (60-75%) son las más prevalentes. La gran mayoría se presentan en la edad pediátrica, si bien en la edad adulta son más graves. Nuestro objetivo es analizar las características epidemiológicas de estos pacientes así como plantear un protocolo de actuación ante esta situación. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 21 pacientes diagnosticados de una complicación orbitaria en el curso de una rinosinusitis aguda entre 2005 y 2018. El diagnóstico se basó en la historia clínica, la exploración endoscópica y las pruebas de imagen. Todos los pacientes recibieron antibioterapia intravenosa y fueron valorados por oftalmología. Se llevó a cabo un tratamiento quirúrgico urgente en caso de existir un absceso o mala evolución con el tratamiento médico. RESULTADOS: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 24 años. El 52% fueron varones y el 48% mujeres. Según la clasificación de Chandler, el 43% (9/21) fueron celulitis preseptales (7 adultos y 2 niños), el 10% (2/21) celulitis orbitarias (un adulto y un niño), el 43% (9/21) abscesos subperiósticos (2 adultos y 7 niños), hubo un caso de absceso orbitario en un adulto y ningún caso de trombosis de seno cavernoso. Se solicitó una TC a todos los pacientes y se optó por el tratamiento quirúrgico en caso de absceso subperióstico u orbitario, a excepción de 2 abscesos de pequeño tamaño (< 4 mm), subperiósticos mediales y en edad pediátrica (< 4 años) que presentaron una correcta evolución con tratamiento conservador. El abordaje quirúrgico fue por vía endoscópica endonasal: se resecó la lámina papirácea y se mantuvo intacta la periórbita en el caso de abscesos subperiósticos, pero se incidió en ella en el absceso orbitario. Se complementó con un abordaje externo palpebral en los 4 casos que presentaron una colección en el techo de la órbita o en la pared lateral. Dos pacientes adultos jóvenes (10%) presentaron de manera concomitante una complicación intracraneal. CONCLUSIONES: Las complicaciones orbitarias de la rinosinusitis aguda son poco frecuentes pero potencialmente graves. Es importante conocerlas y sospecharlas para actuar con rapidez. El tratamiento multidisciplinar, la localización y la extensión del cuadro son esenciales para el correcto manejo de estas complicaciones. El abordaje quirúrgico se realiza mediante endoscopia endonasal. Su limitación son las colecciones localizadas en el techo de la órbita o en pared lateral, en las que se tendrá que complementar la actuación con un abordaje externo palpebral

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The spread of an infection from the paranasal sinuses is rare but severe. Between 4% and 20% of all rhinosinusitis can become complicated, orbital involvement being the most frequent (60-75%). Orbital complications are more common in children but more severe in adults. We aim to analyse the epidemiological characteristics of these patients and to propose a management algorithm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective review of 21 patients with orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis diagnosed in the same institution from 2005 to 2018. The diagnosis was based on clinical history, endoscopic examination and imaging tests. All patients received an intravenous antibiotic and were assessed by ophthalmology. An immediate surgical treatment was performed in the case of an abscess or poor response to medical management. RESULTS: The average age was 24 years. Fifty-two percent were males and 48% females. According to Chandler's classification, 43% (9/21) had preseptal cellulitis (7 adults and 2 children), 10% (2/21) orbital cellulitis (one adult and one child), 43% (9/21) subperiosteal abscess (2 adults and 7 children), there was one case of orbital abscess in an adult and there were no cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis. A CT scan was performed in all patients and the cases of subperiosteal or orbital abscess were treated surgically, except 2 paediatric patients (< 4 years) with a small and medial subperiosteal abscess (< 4 mm) who responded well to medical treatment. The surgical approach is performed by endonasal endoscopy, perforating the lamina papyracea in cases of subperiosteal abscess and also opening the periorbita in orbital abscess. It was combined with an external palpebral approach in the 4 cases that presented a superior or lateral abscess. Two young adults (10%) presented an intracranial complication concomitantly. CONCLUSION: Orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis are rare but potentially severe. It is important to be aware of and suspect them in order to act quickly. It is essential to define the location and extension of the infection for correct management, as well as multidisciplinary treatment. The surgical approach is performed by endonasal endoscopy. It is limited by abscesses located on the roof of the orbit or on the lateral wall, when a combined external palpebral approach is required

Our experience in the management of orbital complications in acute rhinosinusitis. / Nuestra experiencia en el manejo de las complicaciones orbitarias en la rinosinusitis aguda.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The spread of an infection from the paranasal sinuses is rare but severe. Between 4% and 20% of all rhinosinusitis can become complicated, orbital involvement being the most frequent (60-75%). Orbital complications are more common in children but more severe in adults. We aim to analyse the epidemiological characteristics of these patients and to propose a management algorithm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective review of 21 patients with orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis diagnosed in the same institution from 2005 to 2018. The diagnosis was based on clinical history, endoscopic examination and imaging tests. All patients received an intravenous antibiotic and were assessed by ophthalmology. An immediate surgical treatment was performed in the case of an abscess or poor response to medical management. RESULTS: The average age was 24 years. Fifty-two percent were males and 48% females. According to Chandler's classification, 43% (9/21) had preseptal cellulitis (7 adults and 2 children), 10% (2/21) orbital cellulitis (one adult and one child), 43% (9/21) subperiosteal abscess (2 adults and 7 children), there was one case of orbital abscess in an adult and there were no cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis. A CT scan was performed in all patients and the cases of subperiosteal or orbital abscess were treated surgically, except 2 paediatric patients (<4 years) with a small and medial subperiosteal abscess (<4mm) who responded well to medical treatment. The surgical approach is performed by endonasal endoscopy, perforating the lamina papyracea in cases of subperiosteal abscess and also opening the periorbita in orbital abscess. It was combined with an external palpebral approach in the 4 cases that presented a superior or lateral abscess. Two young adults (10%) presented an intracranial complication concomitantly. CONCLUSION: Orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis are rare but potentially severe. It is important to be aware of and suspect them in order to act quickly. It is essential to define the location and extension of the infection for correct management, as well as multidisciplinary treatment. The surgical approach is performed by endonasal endoscopy. It is limited by abscesses located on the roof of the orbit or on the lateral wall, when a combined external palpebral approach is required.

Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Corticosteroid-Resistant Graves Orbitopathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the efficacy of the anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody tocilizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe corticosteroid-resistant Graves orbitopathy (GO). DESIGN: Double-masked randomized clinical trial. METHODS: Setting and Participants: Thirty-two adults with moderate-to-severe corticosteroid-resistant GO from 10 medical centers in Spain were randomized (1:1). INTERVENTION: Randomization to either 8 mg/kg body weight tocilizumab or placebo administered intravenously at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12, and follow-up for an additional 28 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a change from baseline to week 16 of at least 2 in the clinical activity score (CAS). RESULTS: The primary outcome was met by 93.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 70.1%-98.8%) of the patients receiving tocilizumab and 58.8% (36%-78.3%) receiving placebo (P = .04; odds ratio, 9.8 [CI 1.3-73.2]). A significant difference was also observed in the proportion of patients achieving a CAS < 3 (86.7% [CI 62.1%-96.2%] vs 35.2% [CI 17.3%-58.7%], P = .005; OR 11.9 [CI 2.1-63.1]) at week 16. Additionally, a larger proportion of patients with improvement in the European Group on GO-proposed composite ophthalmic score at week 16 (73.3% [CI 48%-89.1%] vs 29.4% [CI 13.2%-53.1%]; P = .03), and exophthalmos size change from baseline to week 16 (-1.5 [-2.0 to 0.5] mm vs 0.0 [-1.0 to 0.5] mm; P = .01) were seen with tocilizumab. One patient experienced a moderate increase in transaminases at week 8; another had an acute pyelonephritis at week 32 in the tocilizumab-treated group. CONCLUSION: Tocilizumab offers a meaningful improvement in activity and severity in corticosteroid-resistant GO. This trial justifies further studies to characterize the role of tocilizumab in GO.

Surgical Anatomy of the Medial Wall of the Orbit in 14 Human Cadavers.

Objective The aim of our study is to present the anatomical landmarks to perform an endoscopic endonasal approach to the medial wall of the orbit (EEAMO). Material and Methods We performed 14 complete nasal and orbital endoscopic dissections in 7 adult cadaveric heads. Results The EEAMO provides a surgical corridor between the medial rectus muscle superiorly and the inferior rectus muscle inferiorly .The mean distance between the ethmoidal crest and medial rectus muscle was 1.5 cm (range, 1.3-1.9 cm). The width of the medial rectus muscle was 1.2 cm (range, 1-1.5 cm). The main vascular structure in this retrobulbar space was the ophthalmic artery that crosses over the optic nerve in 86% of the cases. In its intraorbital route, the anterior ethmoidal artery and the ethmoidal nerves were situated inferior to the superior oblique muscle in all cases. The posterior ethmoidal artery was found superior to it. We could identify the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve in this surgical approach. Conclusions The EEAMO allows adequate exposure of the space between the medial rectus muscle and the inferior rectus muscle. The location of the ethmoidal crest of the palatine bone, and its relationship with the medial rectus muscle, is a useful anatomical landmark for this surgical approach.

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a 5-month heart transplant recipient.

Mucormycosis is an opportunistic acute fungal infection with a high mortality rate seen in immunocompromised patients. It is extremely rare in heart transplant recipients. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis (RM) is the most frequently observed presentation. We report a case of RM in a heart transplant recipient 5-month after the procedure, with a fatal outcome.

Endonasal endoscopic scalpel-forceps dacryocystorhinostomy vs endocanalicular diode laser dacryocystorhinostomy.

Purpose. To compare the efficacy of endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy and endocanalicular diode laser dacryocystorhinostomy. Materials and methods. A total of 126 dacryocystorhinostomies were performed in 111 patients with epiphora. In 55% of cases (69/126) we performed an endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy and in 45% (57/126) we carried out an endocanalicular dacryocystorhinostomy using diode laser. The mean age at diagnosis was 63 years. The mean age was higher in the endocanalicular group than in the endonasal endoscopic group: 64 versus 62 years. There were 25 men (23%) and 86 women (77%). Results. Successful results were achieved in 73% of patients (92/126). In the endonasal endoscopic group, 83% of patients (57/69) were symptom free compared to 62% of patients (35/57) in the laser diode group. A bicanalicular nasal silicone tube was left in place for a mean of 2.32 months in the endoscopic endonasal group and for 2.82 months in the laser diode group (p=0.164). Median time of recurrence after removal of the tube was 3.56 months (range 0-9.6): 2.84 months in the laser diode group and 4.87 months in the endonasal endoscopic group (p=0.069). Conclusions. The endonasal endoscopic approach achieved better results for nasolacrimal obstruction than the endocanalicular laser diode technique.