Rotavirus gastroenteritis hospitalizations in provinces with different vaccination coverage rates in Spain, 2013-2018.

BACKGROUND: Rotavirus (RV) vaccines are available in Spain since 2006 but are not included in the National Immunization Program. RV vaccination has reached an intermediate vaccination coverage rate (VCR) but with substantial differences between provinces. The aim of this study was to assess the ratio of RV gastroenteritis (RVGE) admissions to all-cause hospitalizations in children under 5 years of age in areas with different VCR. METHODS: Observational, multicenter, cross-sectional, medical record-based study. All children admitted to the study hospitals with a RVGE confirmed diagnosis during a 5-year period were selected. The annual ratio of RVGE to the total number of all-cause hospitalizations in children < 5 years of age were calculated. The proportion of RVGE hospitalizations were compared in areas with low (< 30%), intermediate (31-59%) and high (> 60%) VCR. RESULTS: From June 2013 to May 2018, data from 1731 RVGE hospitalizations (16.47% of which were nosocomial) were collected from the 12 study hospitals. RVGE hospital admissions accounted for 2.82% (95 CI 2.72-3.00) and 43.84% (95% CI 40.53-47.21) of all-cause and Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) hospitalizations in children under 5 years of age, respectively. The likelihood of hospitalization due to RVGE was 56% (IC95%, 51-61%) and 27% (IC95%, 18-35%) lower in areas with high and intermediate VCR, respectively, compared to the low VCR areas. CONCLUSIONS: RVGE hospitalization ratios are highly dependent on the RV VCR. Increasing VCR in areas with intermediate and low coverage rates would significantly reduce the severe burden of RVGE that requires hospital management in Spain. Clinical trial registration Not applicable.

Incidence of enterovirus in patients with acute gastroenteritis.

Enteroviruses (EV) have been linked to lymphocytic meningitis and exanthems, but they may also be involved in acute gastroenteritis (AGE), a condition whose aetiological agent often remains unidentified. In this work 1214 samples from individuals with AGE were studied with the aim of establishing the incidence of EV. The samples were collected between September and December in three different years and subjected to real-time genomic amplification in order to determine the viral load (VL). Of the 1214 samples studied, infection by a single virus was found in 328 cases (27%) and coinfection in 69 (5.7%). While adenoviruses (AdV) were the most frequent (14.8% of total), EV were present in 126 (10.4%) of the individuals tested. Of the 126 EV-positive samples, this virus was found as a single infection and coinfection in 76 (6.3%) and 50 (4.1%) cases, respectively. VL for EV was 5.58±1.51 log copies/ml (range 3.73-9.69) in the former and 6.27±1.75 (range 3.73-10.5) (p=0.02) in the latter. EV were identified in 97 children under 5 (16.9%) and in 29 (4.5%) patients over 5. Patients less than 5 years showed a higher VL that those more than 5 years age [6.08±1.57 (range 3.82-9.69) vs. 5.07±1.53 (range 3.73-10.58); (p=0.002)]. There was a high incidence of EV in AGE patients, and they were more frequent in those under 5, where they were found to replicate more efficiently. These results therefore indicate that testing for EV should be included in the diagnosis of AGE.

Estudio de prevalencia y perfil clínico de la enfermedad reumática infantil en nuestro medio / Prevalence and clinical characterization of infantile rheumatic disease in a hospital reference setting

Los reumatismos constituyen un grupo de enfermedades crónicas degenerativas frecuentes en la infancia que afectan a la calidad de vida y pueden ocasionar secuelas, además de generar un gasto importante para las familias, un coste elevado para el sistema sanitario y repercutir en la escolaridad e integración del niño. Los cursos evolutivos, pronósticos y tratamientos de las diferentes condiciones de naturaleza reumatológica son variables. Con el fin de conocer la frecuencia en nuestro medio de las diferentes entidades de debut en la infancia hemos realizado un estudio descriptivo mediante revisión de las historias clínicas de los casos ingresados en el Área de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría (AGC) del Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA) entre los años 2002 y 2017. Recogimos las variables individuales de edad, motivos de consulta, afectación articular y extraarticular, resultado de las pruebas diagnósticas, tratamientos recibidos y complicaciones. En total se incluyeron en el estudio 52 casos, siendo ampliamente predominante la artritis idiopática juvenil (AIJ), con la forma oligoarticular como la más diagnosticada (46,2% del total de la serie). Existió un predominio del género femenino (relación mujeres/hombres 1,5/1). La inflamación local fue el principal motivo de consulta (59,6%), seguida del dolor (50%), siendo la rodilla la articulación más frecuentemente afectada (63,4%). Entre las manifestaciones extraarticulares predominó la fiebre (15,4%); uveítis inicial presentaron el 7,7% de los casos, apareciendo posteriormente en el 26,9% (la mitad bilaterales). Respecto al tratamiento, todos recibieron antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, 51,9% metrotexato, 36,5% tratamiento con fármacos biológicos y 19 (36,5%) infiltraciones articulares

Rheumatisms constitute a group of chronic degenerative diseases which are common in childhood and affect the quality of life, causing significant consequences. Besides this, rheumatisms involve a substantial expenditure for the families, entail a high cost for the health system, and have a major impact on the child's schooling process and integration. The evolutionary process, prognoses and treatments options for the different conditions of the rheumatic disease are varied. For the purpose of determining the frequency of the different entities of childhood debut in our environment, we have conducted a descriptive study by means of a review of the medical records of the cases admitted to the Clinical Management Unit of Pediatrics of the Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA) from 2002 to 2017. We have collected the individual variables: age, reason for consultation, joint and extra-articular affectation, result of diagnostic tests, treatment received, and complications. A total of 52 cases have been included in the study, where juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been observed as clearly predominant, being the oligoarticular variant the most diagnosed (46.2% of the total series). There has been a predominance of the female gender (female/male ratio 1.5/1). Local inflammation has been the main reason for consultation (59.6%), followed by pain (50%), with the knee joint most frequently affected (63.4%). Among the extra-articular manifestations, fever predominates (15.4%). Initial uveitis has been found in 7.7% of the cases, appearing later in 26.9% of them (half of these bilateral). Regarding treatments, all the patients have received non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 51.9% methotrexate, 36.5% treatment with biological drugs, and 19 (36.5%) joint infiltrations

Valores de referencia de la proteína S100beta en población pediátrica / Serum S100Beta protein reference values in a paediatric population

INTRODUCCIÓN: La proteína S100β se ha propuesto como posible biomarcador en patología neurológica, tanto crónica como aguda. Los valores normales de esta proteína están bien definidos en adultos, no así en niños, en los que los valores séricos parecen variar con la edad. Nuestro objetivo es describir valores de referencia de S100β sérica en niños de 0 a 14 años. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo en 257 niños sanos. Se establecieron 3 grupos por edad (menores de 12 meses, de 12 a 24 meses y mayores de 24 meses). RESULTADOS: Se incluyó a 179 niños y 78 niñas. La edad media ± DE fue de 5,5 ± 3,75 años. La concentración sérica media de la proteína S100β en todo el grupo fue 0,156 (0,140-0,172) μg/l. En los menores de 12 meses, la concentración sérica de S100β fue de 0,350 (0,280-0,421) μg/l; 0,165 (0,139-0,190) μg/l en el grupo entre 12 y 24 meses y 0,121 (0,109-0,133) μg/l en el grupo de niños mayores de 24 meses. Se observó una relación inversa entre la edad y la concentración sérica de S100β, que desciende conforme se incrementa la edad. No se observaron diferencias en cuanto al sexo. CONCLUSIONES: La concentración de S100β permanece estable a partir de los 2 años de edad, siendo posible establecer unos valores de referencia de S100β para mayores de 2 años. En los 2 primeros años de vida, la concentración de S100β sérica es más elevada cuanto menor es la edad del niño. No se observan diferencias en el valor de S100β sérica entre ambos sexos

INTRODUCTION: S100β protein has been proposed as a potential biomarker for both chronic and acute neurological disorders. Reference values of this protein are well defined in adults but not in children, in whom serum levels appear to vary with age. Reference values for serum S100β in children from 0 to 14 years are presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 257 healthy children, who were divided into three age groups (under 12 months, 12 to 24 months and over 24 months). RESULTS: The study included179 boys and 78 girls, with a mean age of 5.5 (3.75) years. The mean serum concentration of protein S100β was 0.156 (0.140-0.172) μg/l. In children under 12 months, serum S100β concentration was 0.350 (0.280-0.421) μg/l; 0.165 (0.139-0.190) μg/l in the group between 12 and 24 months and 0.121 (0.109-0.133) μg/l in children older than 24 months. An inverse relationship was observed between age and serum S100β, which declines as age increases. No differences were observed between sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of S100β remains stable after two years of age, being possible to establish a baseline of S100β for over two years. During the first two years of life, S100β serum concentration is higher, the lower the age of the child. No differences in serum S100β levels between sexes are observed

[Serum S100ß protein reference values in a paediatric population]. / Valores de referencia de la proteína S100ß en población pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: S100ß protein has been proposed as a potential biomarker for both chronic and acute neurological disorders. Reference values of this protein are well defined in adults but not in children, in whom serum levels appear to vary with age. Reference values for serum S100ß in children from 0 to 14 years are presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 257 healthy children, who were divided into three age groups (under 12 months, 12 to 24 months and over 24 months). RESULTS: The study included179 boys and 78 girls, with a mean age of 5.5 (3.75) years. The mean serum concentration of protein S100ß was 0.156 (0.140-0.172) µg/l. In children under 12 months, serum S100ß concentration was 0.350 (0.280-0.421) µg/l; 0.165 (0.139-0.190) µg/l in the group between 12 and 24 months and 0.121 (0.109-0.133) µg/l in children older than 24 months. An inverse relationship was observed between age and serum S100ß, which declines as age increases. No differences were observed between sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of S100ß remains stable after two years of age, being possible to establish a baseline of S100ß for over two years. During the first two years of life, S100ß serum concentration is higher, the lower the age of the child. No differences in serum S100ß levels between sexes are observed.

Forensics ergonomics in Spain. Research priorities by the Delphi technique.

Among the many fields of application of Ergonomics, this research deals with the services offered to Justice from the expertise recognized by the Law on prevention of occupational risks within the framework of the Law of Civil Procedure: Ergonomics forensic also called Legal Ergonomics. In Spain there are experiences since 1995 and an important development and this paper is to investigate the actions required for a more widespread use in trials. Consensus methods such as the Delphi survey technique are being employed to help enhance effective decision-making in the future development of Ergonomics Forensics. The Delphi survey is a group facilitation technique, which is an iterative multistage process, designed to transform opinion into group consensus. It is a flexible approach, that is used commonly within the health and social sciences, however, there is little use and practice of ergonomics as a technique to facilitate the participation of all experts involved: judges, lawyers and expert ergonomists.

Multilayer perceptron neural network for flow prediction.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have proven to be a tool for characterizing, modeling and predicting many of the non-linear hydrological processes such as rainfall-runoff, groundwater evaluation or simulation of water quality. After proper training they are able to generate satisfactory predictive results for many of these processes. In this paper they have been used to predict 1 or 2 days ahead the average and maximum daily flow of a river in a small forest headwaters in northwestern Spain. The inputs used were the flow and climate data (precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed) as recorded in the basin between 2003 and 2008. Climatic data have been utilized in a disaggregated form by considering each one as an input variable in ANN(1), or in an aggregated form by its use in the calculation of evapotranspiration and using this as input variable in ANN(2). Both ANN(1) and ANN(2), after being trained with the data for the period 2003-2007, have provided a good fit between estimated and observed data, with R(2) values exceeding 0.95. Subsequently, its operation has been verified making use of the data for the year 2008. The correlation coefficients obtained between the data estimated by ANNs and those observed were in all cases superior to 0.85, confirming the capacity of ANNs as a model for predicting average and maximum daily flow 1 or 2 days in advance.

Simulación avanzada para pediatras de atención primaria. Desarrollo de un programa itinerante y opinión de los participantes / Advanced simulation for primary care paediatricians. Development of an itinerant program and opinions of participants

Introducción y objetivos: La simulación avanzada (SA) es una metodología docente útil para la capacitación de profesionales en el ámbito hospitalario, con aplicación limitada en atención primaria (AP). Nuestro objetivo ha sido desarrollar un proyecto de SA orientado a los pediatras de AP y conocer las opiniones de los alumnos como uno de los elementos para valorar su idoneidad. Material y métodos: Fase 1: Se organizó un grupo de trabajo multidisciplinario, auspiciado por la Sociedad Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria, para diseñar y poner en práctica el curso. Fase 2: Se pusieron en marcha cursos itinerantes por distintas ciudades españolas. Al finalizar cada curso se realizó una encuesta anónima de opinión, centrada en los aspectos motivacionales y la adecuación del programa y la metodología. Cada ítem se puntuó de 0 (muy mal) a 10 (muy bien). Período de estudio: mayo de 2008 a mayo de 2009. Resultados: Tras analizar las necesidades formativas de la población diana, el tiempo disponible, el material docente existente y la metodología de simulación y análisis de casos, se diseñó un modelo de curso y se programaron los casos. Se realizaron 12 cursos en 12 ciudades. Asistieron 186 profesionales y 177 (95,2%) contestaron la encuesta. La puntuación media de los ítems principales fue la siguiente: organización general (9,23±0,50), objetivos en relación con las expectativas (9,29±0,43), curso útil para la situación laboral (9,42±0,43), casos cercanos a la realidad laboral (9,18±0,42) y buena relación docentes-alumnos (9,68±0,20). Conclusiones: El curso de SA para pediatría de AP, con el formato propuesto, es factible y se adapta a las necesidades de la población diana. Los pediatras de AP consideran a esta enseñanza una herramienta útil para su formación continuada y la mejora de su capacitación (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Advanced simulation (AS) is a teaching methodology that has shown to be useful for training health staff at hospital level; however, its application in primary care paediatrics is very limited. Our objective was the development of an AS project focused on the learning needs of the primary care paediatricians, as well as to know the participants’ opinions as one of the elements to assess its appropriateness. Material and methods: Phase 1: A multidisciplinary working group was organized and sponsored by the SEPEAP to design and put the course into practice. Phase 2: Itinerant courses were carried out in several cities in Spain. At the end of each course, a survey was carried out that was focused on motivation aspects, pertinence of contents and methodology. Each item was scored on a numerical scale from 0 (very bad) to 10 (very good). Study period: May 2008 to May 2009. Results: After analysing the potential learning needs of target population, available time, teaching material available and methodology of simulation and debriefing, a course model was designed and the cases were programmed. Twelve courses were carried out in 12 cities. The total number of participants was 186; of them, 177 (95.2%) answered the survey. Mean±SD scores for main items were: organization (9.23±0.50), objectives related to prior expectation (9.29±0.43), usefulness of course program to work activity (9.42±0.43), cases that resemble reality (9.18±0.42) and good instructors-participants relationship (9.68±0.20). Conclusions: The AS course for primary care paediatrics, with the proposed format, is feasible and well adapted to the needs of the target population. Primary care paediatricians consider this type of teaching and learning activity as a useful tool for their continuing education and for improving their professional abilities (AU)

[Advanced simulation for primary care paediatricians. Development of an itinerant program and opinions of participants]. / Simulación avanzada para pediatras de atención primaria. Desarrollo de un programa itinerante y opinión de los participantes.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Advanced simulation (AS) is a teaching methodology that has shown to be useful for training health staff at hospital level; however, its application in primary care paediatrics is very limited. Our objective was the development of an AS project focused on the learning needs of the primary care paediatricians, as well as to know the participants' opinions as one of the elements to assess its appropriateness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Phase 1: A multidisciplinary working group was organized and sponsored by the SEPEAP to design and put the course into practice. Phase 2: Itinerant courses were carried out in several cities in Spain. At the end of each course, a survey was carried out that was focused on motivation aspects, pertinence of contents and methodology. Each item was scored on a numerical scale from 0 (very bad) to 10 (very good). STUDY PERIOD: May 2008 to May 2009. RESULTS: After analysing the potential learning needs of target population, available time, teaching material available and methodology of simulation and debriefing, a course model was designed and the cases were programmed. Twelve courses were carried out in 12 cities. The total number of participants was 186; of them, 177 (95.2%) answered the survey. Mean+/-SD scores for main items were: organization (9.23+/-0.50), objectives related to prior expectation (9.29+/-0.43), usefulness of course program to work activity (9.42+/-0.43), cases that resemble reality (9.18+/-0.42) and good instructors-participants relationship (9.68+/-0.20). CONCLUSIONS: The AS course for primary care paediatrics, with the proposed format, is feasible and well adapted to the needs of the target population. Primary care paediatricians consider this type of teaching and learning activity as a useful tool for their continuing education and for improving their professional abilities.

Absceso pulmonar metaneumónico en pediatría / Metapneumonic lung abscess in pediatrics

El absceso pulmonar es una patología actualmente infrecuente en el niño, que puede desarrollarse como complicación de una neumonía bacteriana. En la mayoría de los casos responde favorablemente al tratamiento antibiótico parenteral y sólo una minoría requieren técnicas intervencionistas de drenaje. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 26 meses de edad, que desarrolló un absceso pulmonar en el transcurso de una neumonía, y mostró excelente respuesta a antibioterapia empírica convencional (AU)

Lung abscess is nowadays a very uncommon lesion in children that can develop as a complication of bacterial pneumonia. In most cases, it shows an excellent response to parenteral antibiotic therapy, and interventional drainage is required in only a minority of the patients. Here we report the case of a26-month-old girl who developed a lung abscess during the course of a bacterial pneumonia, with an excellent response to conventional antibiotic therapy (AU)

Traumatismo abdominal / Abdominal traumatism

No disponible

Manejo y características de la bronquiolitis en niños ingresados menores de 3 meses en un hospital de tercer nivel / Management and characteristics of bronchiolitis in children under three months of age admitted to a tertiary hospital

Objetivos: Describir la presentación clínica, parámetros analíticos, epidemiología, manejo terapéutico, así como la evolución respiratoria en los 3 meses posteriores, de los lactantes menores de 90 días, ingresados con diagnóstico de bronquiolitis durante el primer semestre del 2006 en el Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias. Material y métodos: Estudio epidemiológico, retrospectivo, realizado en el Departamento de Pediatría del Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias. Se revisaron las historias de los lactantes menores de 90 días ingresados con diagnóstico de bronquiolitis, entre el 1 de enero y 30 de junio de 2006, describiéndose parámetros clínicos, analíticos, epidemiológicos y terapéuticos. Resultados: En dicho periodo se atendieron 15.500urgencias pediátricas, de las que 415 fueron bronquiolitis (2,6% del total), de ellos 88 eran lactantes de menos de 3meses de edad (21,2% de la muestra). De todas las bronquiolitis ingresaron 129 (31% de la muestra), de estos ingresados54 pacientes tenían menos de 90 días (61% de los lactantes menores a 3 meses, edad media de 47 días). La media de duración del ingreso fue de 8 ± 11,57 días (mediana: 8días); la del score de Wood-Downes-Ferrés fue 4. El cultivo de exudado nasal fue positivo en el 50% para virus sincitial respiratorio (VSR), y el 7,4% para metapneumovirus. Se realizó radiografía torácica al 70,4%, siendo patológica en el24,1%. El 20,4% presentaba tabaquismo pasivo, y el 35%antecedentes de atopia en familiares de primer grado. El85,2% ingresó en planta de hospitalización, mientras que el14,6% requirió ingreso en UCIP. En cuanto al tratamiento, hasta el 83,33% recibió adrenalina nebulizada, mientras que hasta el 38,9% recibió salbutamol nebulizado. El 14,8% ingresó en los 3 meses siguientes por proceso respiratorio. Comentarios: La bronquiolitis es una enfermedad potencialmente grave, tanto más cuanto más pequeña sea la edad del niño. Por esto, especialmente en este grupo etario, un porcentaje importante requiere ingreso en UCIP. El manejo terapéutico es un aspecto muy controvertido sin existir una indicación terapéutica de grado de evidencia Ao B. En nuestra serie la adrenalina nebulizada es el fármaco más utilizado en los lactantes más pequeños (AU)

Objectives: Describing the clinic presentation, analytic parameters, epidemiology and therapeutical management of infants younger than three months, admitted at the Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis during the first semester of 2006.Material and methods: An epidemiological retrospective study, was performed in the paediatrics department of the Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias. Clinical records, from January, 1 to June, 30 of infants younger than3 months of age hospitalised with diagnosis of bronchiolitis were reviewed, describing clinical, analytic, epidemiologic and therapeutical parameters. Results: In this period 15500 pediatric emergencies were attended, being 415 of them bronchiolitis (2.6%), admitting to the hospital 129 (31%). 54 of them were less than 3 months of age (42%), over a total amount of 88 infants who were attended less than that age (rate of admission: 61%; mean age was 47 days). 64.8% were males. Median length of admission was 6 days, and Wood-Downes-Ferrés´s scoremedian was 4. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was isolated in 50% nasal culture, and metapneumovirus in 7.4%.Chest x-ray was performed in 70.4%, being pathological in24.1%. In 20.4% first grade relatives smoked, and 35% had personal records of a topy in first grade relatives. Eighty five percent were admitted to the hospitalization floor; and 14.6%were admitted at the intensive care unit. Focusing on medical therapy, 83.3% of them received nebulized epinephrine, while 38.9% received nebulized salbutamol. Nearly fifteen percent were admitted to the hospital in the next three months because of a respiratory process. Commentaries: Bronchiolitis is a potentially severe disease, in relation with the child´s age. Because of its severity, especially in this group of age, an important percentage requires admission to an intensive care unit. Therapeutical management is still controversial, as it does not exist a therapeutical indication with an A or B grade of evidence. In our cohort nebulized epinephrine was the most used therapy in the youngest infants (AU)

Manejo y características de la fiebre de origen desconocido en pediatría / Management and characteristics of fever of unknown origin in pediatrics

La fiebre de origen desconocido (FOD) es una entidad de difícil manejo si no se tienen en cuenta sus características clinicoepidemiológicas. El abordaje por parte del médico debe ser sistemático y ordenado para un correcto estudio; de no ser así, puede retrasarse o incluso obviar el diagnóstico de enfermedades potencialmente graves, así como comprometer futuros tratamientos. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer al clínico una visión general de la FOD, así como contribuir a su mejor estudio mediante diversos protocolos de actuación. Se revisarán sus características, mostrando sus diferentes etiologías. Un aspecto básico es el diagnóstico; la historia clínica y la exploración física son fundamentales, pero el punto de mayor controversia son las pruebas de laboratorio y de imagen que se han de solicitar, aportando para ello un esquema sencillo de las pruebas que se requieren en cada momento. Como conclusión, cabría destacar que la FOD no es una entidad infrecuente en pediatría, genera incomodidad en el médico y ansiedad en la familia, por lo que parece necesario un manejo adecuado del paciente y un uso racional de las pruebas complementarias para poder llegar a un diagnóstico correcto

Fever of unknown origin is difficult to manage if its clinical and epidemiological characteristics are not taken into account. Its proper study requires a systematic and methodical approach. Otherwise, the diagnosis of potentially serious diseases can be delayed or even overlooked, and future treatments may be jeopardized. The objective of this report is to offer the physician a general overview of fever of unknown origin and to contribute to a more thorough study of this entity using different diagnostic protocols. The characteristics of fever of unknown origin are reviewed and the different etiologies are identified. The diagnosis is the basic aspect; the clinical history and physical examination are fundamental, but the most controversial point concerns which laboratory tests and imaging studies should be requested. For this purpose, a simple outline of the studies to be requested and their timing is provided. In conclusion, it should be stressed that fever of unknown origin is not an uncommon entity in pediatrics. However, it generates uneasiness in the physician and anxiety in the family. Thus, correct patient management and a rational use of the complementary tests would appear to be necessary in order to reach a correct diagnosis

Vesículas faciales / Facial vesicles

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Celulitis y erisipela en la infancia / Cellulitis and eryisipela in childhood

Los cuadros de celulitis y erisipela en la infancia son una importante causa de morbilidad y en ocasiones de hospitalización. La erisipela tiene una presentación clínica característica y se asocia de forma casi universal a infección por Streptococcus pyogenes y con menor frecuencia a estreptococos de otros grupos, por lo que el tratamiento de elección es la penicilina o sus derivados semisintéticos, cuya vía de administración vendrá dada por la severidad del cuadro clínico. La celulitis tiene una apariencia clínica más indefinida y un mayor espectro etiológico, predominando el Streptococcus pyogenes y el Staphylococcus aureus entre otros agentes causales, por lo que requiere para su tratamiento antibióticos estables frente a beta-lactamasas. La emergencia de infecciones severas e invasoras asociadas a Streptococcus pyogenes, como fascitis necrotizante o síndrome de shock tóxico estreptocócico, obliga a considerar esta posibilidad en caso de infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos con evolución local desfavorable o asociadas a síndrome toxiinfeccioso con afectación del estado general. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar los aspectos clínicos más relevantes de ambas entidades así como su tratamiento, resaltando la importancia de la identificación precoz de las formas invasoras (AU)

Both cellulitis and erysipelas have an important morbidity and sometimes may require hospitalization. The clinical appearance of erysipelas is very typical. It is caused in the vast majority of cases by Streptococcus pyogenes and in a less extent by other stretopcocci. Penicillin or its semisyntetic derivates is the first treatment and the route of administration depends on the clinical severity. Cellulitis has more undefined clinical appearance and bigger microbiological spectrum, being Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus the most frequent causal agents. Its treatment requires beta-lactamase resistant antibiotics. The recent increase of severe and invasive infections associated with Streptococcus pyogenes, such as necrotizing fascitis and streptoccocal toxic shock syndrome, leeds to keep in mind these entities mainly in case of skin and soft-tissue infections associated with poor local evolution or systemic toxicity. The most important clinical findings and the treatment of both entities are revisited in this article, pointing out the importance of early identification of invasive forms (AU)

Lesiones cupuliformes en la mucosa oral / Cupuliform lesions in the oral mucosa

No disponible

Deshidratación aguda. Rehidratación / Acute dehydration. Rehydration

No disponible

Maltrato infantil / Infant maltreatment

No disponible