[Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire: cross-cultural adaptation and validation in nursing aides].

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to translate, culturally adapt, and validate a Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for a sample of nursing assistant aides. METHODS: The questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted. Next, it was included in a battery of tests that was completed by 526 nursing assistants working in residential care homes in the Principality of Asturias (Spain). To assess its validity, the Exploratory Factor Analysis and the Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used. The internal consistency was estimated with McDonald's Omega coefficient (?), complemented by the test-retest reliability analysis through the intraclass correlation coefficient. The validity of the criteria was established by the correlation between total score on the test and quality of life measures, job insecurity and psychological demand, and social support at work. RESULTS: The Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis adjustment indices confirmed it is a unidimensional test. The internal consistency values indicated very high reliability (? = 0.81). Similarly, the intraclass correlation coefficient showed statistically significant values and an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.95). The validity of the criteria showed a statistically significant correlation with all the constructs studied, particularly with quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: This Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire has good psychometric qualities for a population of nursing aides and therefore may be a valid and reliable tool for assessing musculoskeletal disorders.

Versión española del Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire: adaptación transcultural y validación en personal auxiliar de enfermería / Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire: cross-cultural adaptation and validation in nursing aides

Fundamento. El objetivo de este trabajo es traducir, adaptar culturalmente y validar una versión española del Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) en una muestra de personal auxiliar de enfermería. Metodología. Se realizó la traducción y adaptación cultural del cuestionario y se incluyó dentro de una batería de escalas, cumplimentada por 526 auxiliares de enfermería de centros residenciales para personas mayores del Principado de Asturias. Se analizó la validación de la escala a través de la sucesión del análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y el análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC). La consistencia interna se estimó con el coeficiente ordinal ω de McDonald, complementándose con el análisis de fiabilidad test-retest por medio del coeficiente de correlación intraclase (ICC). La validez de criterio se estimó a través de la correlación de la puntuación total de la prueba con las medidas de calidad de vida, incertidumbre laboral, demanda psicológica y apoyo social en el trabajo. Resultados. Los índices de ajuste de AFE y AFC mostraron que se trata de una prueba unidimensional. Los valores de consistencia interna señalaron una fiabilidad muy alta (ω= 0,81) y el ICC fue excelente (r= 0,95). La validez de criterio mostró una correlación estadísticamente significativa con todos los constructos estudiados, especialmente con la calidad de vida. Conclusiones. La presente versión española del NMQ presenta unas buenas cualidades psicométricas en la población de personal auxiliar de enfermería por lo que podría ser una herramienta válida y fiable en la evaluación de los trastornos musculoesqueléticos. (AU)

Background. The aim of this study is to translate, culturally adapt, and validate a Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for a sample of nursing assistant aides. Methods. The questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted. Next, it was included in a battery of tests that was completed by 526 nursing assistants working in residential care homes in the Principality of Asturias (Spain). To assess its validity, the Exploratory Factor Analysis and the Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used. The internal consistency was estimated with McDonald’s Omega coefficient (ω), complemented by the test-retest reliability analysis through the intraclass correlation coefficient. The validity of the criteria was established by the correlation between total score on the test and quality of life measures, job insecurity and psychological demand, and social support at work. Results. The Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis adjustment indices confirmed it is a unidimensional test. The internal consistency values indicated very high reliability (ω = 0.81). Similarly, the intraclass correlation coefficient showed statistically significant values and an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.95). The validity of the criteria showed a statistically significant correlation with all the constructs studied, particularly with quality of life. Conclusions. This Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire has good psychometric qualities for a population of nursing aides and therefore may be a valid and reliable tool for assessing musculoskeletal disorders. (AU)

Influence of Job Insecurity on Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Mediation Model with Nursing Aides.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are some of the most prevalent diseases in the world. They have a multifactorial aetiology encompassing ergonomic and psychosocial risk factors. The aim of this study is to analyse the way job insecurity and physical workload are linked to musculoskeletal disorders, as well as the mediating role other psychosocial work risks can have on this potential relationship. A parallel mediation path regression analysis was designed using a sample of 457 nursing aides. The influence job insecurity and physical workload has on the onset of musculoskeletal symptoms together with the variables which mediate this relationship were examined. The results prove that both independent variables explain the onset of musculoskeletal symptoms in these professionals. The influence exerted by job insecurity is mediated by the social support received at work and the demands of the job. However, when analysing the physical workload, the social support received at work is not relevant as a mediator in this relationship. Job insecurity and physical workload are significant variables on the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms. The data obtained supports the need to focus on physical and psychosocial factors in order to prevent these disorders.

The Influence of Gender Inequality in the Development of Job Insecurity: Differences Between Women and Men.

Job insecurity is an indicator of precarious work that refers to the fear of losing one's job. It is a relevant source of stress, with negative consequences on people's mental health. The main objective and contribution of this study is to identify how gender inequality and job insecurity are related, responding to the lack of consensus found in scientific literature in this field of study. To do so, a predictive study of job insecurity, broken down by gender, is developed, considering sociodemographic and labor variables as antecedents. The sample included 1,005 employees (420 men and 585 women) aged between 18 and 65, and a linear regression was conducted for each group. Results show that women perceive greater insecurity under precarious working conditions (temporary work, informal work, salary cuts, tenure), whereas in the case of men variables related to their professional careers (job category, education) and household incomes were relevant predictors. It is concluded that job insecurity affects both gender groups, but the conditions in which this perception grows are significantly impacted by gender inequality. These findings will allow for holistic and effective actions to decrease the effects of precarious work.

Job Insecurity and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Coping Strategies From a Gender Perspective.

Job insecurity is a growing phenomenon, typical of an employment context characterised by high rates of temporary work and unemployment. Previous research has shown a direct relationship between job insecurity and mental health impairment. The present analysis goes into this relationship in depth, studying the moderating role of coping strategies and predicting that men and women implement different types of strategies. A sample of 1.008 workers is analysed, 588 women and 420 men. The Tobin CSI scale was used to analyse the coping strategies, in addition to JIS-8 to assess job insecurity, the MOS Perceived Social Support Survey and the GHQ-28 test to evaluate mental health. Then, a hierarchical linear regression was designed to study the moderating role of 8 coping strategies of job insecurity and 4 mental health subscales in men and women, separately. Results illustrate that coping strategies play a moderating role in the relationship between job insecurity and mental health. However, the aggravating role of disengagement coping strategies is more relevant than the buffering role of engagement strategies. On the other hand, women implement a greater number of coping strategies, with more positive results for mental health. Also, in the relationship between job insecurity and mental health the most important strategies are the ones related to social interaction inside and outside an organisation, and these are the main ones used by women. It therefore follows that strengthening rich social relationships inside and outside the working environment is a guarantee of well-being.

Job insecurity and mental health: A meta-analytical review of the consequences of precarious work in clinical disorders / Incertidumbre laboral y salud mental: una revisión meta-analítica de las consecuencias del trabajo precario en trastornos mentales

Faced with the growing instability resulting from the world economic crisis, job insecurity gains relevance in the study of occupational health. In order to analyse the consequences of job insecurity on mental health, a reference document is provided including the empirical research advances in the current framework. This systematic review follows a metaanalytical technique through 56 independent samples with 53,405 participants in total. The analysis offers a significant correlation between subjective job insecurity and mental health. Thus, it has been found that job insecurity is related to the risk or presence of depression, anxiety and emotional exhaustion, as well as to general low satisfaction with life, international comparisons are made, and negative results among workers regardless of the economic situation of the countries are highlighted, too. Moreover, methodological and conceptual contributions have been made in terms of the quality of the metrics applied. Job insecurity appears as a major problem for workers' mental health, generating devastating effects on all kind of professional profiles and economic contexts

Ante la creciente inestabilidad generada por la crisis económica mundial, la incertidumbre laboral vuelve a tomar relevancia en el estudio de la salud en el trabajo. Con el objetivo de analizar las consecuencias de la incertidumbre laboral en la salud mental, se aporta un documento referencial que recoge los avances realizados en la investigación empírica en el contexto actual. Esta revisión sistemática se realiza mediante la técnica meta-analítica a través de 56 muestras independientes con 53,405 participantes en total. El análisis ofrece una correlación significativa entre la incertidumbre laboral subjetiva y la salud mental. Así, se ha encontrado que la incertidumbre laboral guarda relación con el riesgo o presencia de depresión, ansiedad y cansancio emocional, así como con una baja satisfacción general con la vida. Así mismo, se realizan comparaciones internacionales, con resultados igualmente negativos en los trabajadores con independencia de la situación económica de los estados, y también se incorporaron aportaciones metodológicas y conceptuales sobre la calidad de las pruebas de medida utilizadas. De este modo, la incertidumbre laboral queda constatada como una problemática de primer orden para la salud mental de los trabajadores, generando efectos devastadores en todo tipo de perfiles profesionales y contextos económicos

Spanish Validation of the job insecurity scale jis-8: viability of the cognitive and affective model / Validación española de la escala de incertidumbre laboral JIS-8: viabilidad del modelo afectivo y cognitivo

Background: This instrumental study is the Spanish adaptation and validation of the Job Insecurity Scale in its 8-item version (JIS-8). This is one of the reference tests in this field and it also allows the distinction between affect and cognition in quantitative job insecurity to be tested. Method: The JIS-8 was carried out on a Spanish sample with 592 participants (186 men, 406 women; Mean age = 36.68), together with mental health and job satisfaction tests. An exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were carried out, and the relationship between the scale and other variables was examined. Results: The Spanish validation shows good construct validity, internal consistency and a Cronbach a = .88, higher than the value obtained in the validation of the original instrument. The analysis shows the consequences of job insecurity on workers’ mental health, as well as on their job satisfaction. The exploratory factor analysis as well as the confirmatory analysis, in which a one-dimensional and a two-dimensional model were tested, maintain the presence of two factors: the cognitive and the affective dimensions. Conclusions: The results underpin the fact that the test is appropriate for application to people in active employment in the Spanish population (AU)

Antecedentes: a través del presente estudio instrumental se adapta al castellano y se valida la Job Insecurity Scale en su versión de 8 ítems (JIS-8), una de las pruebas de referencia en este campo, que además permite poner a prueba la distinción cognitiva y afectiva en la incertidumbre laboral cuantitativa. Método: el JIS-8 fue administrado a una muestra española de 592 participantes (186 hombres, 406 mujeres; Media de edad = 36,68), junto a pruebas de salud mental y satisfacción laboral. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, y se ha estudiado la relación de la escala con otras variables. Resultados: la adaptación española muestra validez de constructo, buena consistencia interna y Cronbach a = .88, superior a la obtenida en la validación del instrumento original. El análisis llevado a cabo prueba las consecuencias de la incertidumbre laboral sobre la salud mental de los trabajadores, así como sobre su satisfacción laboral. Tanto el análisis factorial exploratorio como confirmatorio, donde se pusieron a prueba un modelo unidimensional y otro bidimensional, mantiene la presencia de dos factores: las dimensiones cognitiva y afectiva. Conclusiones: los resultados muestran que la prueba es adecuada para su uso en personas en situación laboral activa en población española (AU)

Spanish validation of the Job Insecurity Scale JIS-8: Viability of the cognitive and affective model.

BACKGROUND: This instrumental study is the Spanish adaptation and validation of the Job Insecurity Scale in its 8-item version (JIS-8). This is one of the reference tests in this field and it also allows the distinction between affect and cognition in quantitative job insecurity to be tested. METHOD: The JIS-8 was carried out on a Spanish sample with 592 participants (186 men, 406 women; Mean age = 36.68), together with mental health and job satisfaction tests. An exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were carried out, and the relationship between the scale and other variables was examined. RESULTS: The Spanish validation shows good construct validity, internal consistency and a Cronbach a = .88, higher than the value obtained in the validation of the original instrument. The analysis shows the consequences of job insecurity on workers’ mental health, as well as on their job satisfaction. The exploratory factor analysis as well as the confirmatory analysis, in which a one-dimensional and a two-dimensional model were tested, maintain the presence of two factors: the cognitive and the affective dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: The results underpin the fact that the test is appropriate for application to people in active employment in the Spanish population.

[Interpersonal relations as a source of risk of mobbing in the local police]. / Las relaciones interpersonales como fuente de riesgo de acoso laboral en la policía local.

Social relations in the workplace are one of the main sources of risk for the onset of mobbing. In this work, we analyzed, through the perceived social climate, the influence of interpersonal relations on the characterization of the processes of mobbing, in a sample of local police (N = 235). In particular, the policemen and women's opinions of the quality of the personal relations among the group members and the treatment they receive from the command posts were assessed. The results of the study show that the development of guidelines of social interaction based on discrimination and abuse of authority are predicting variables of mobbing in this group.

Las relaciones interpersonales como fuente de riesgo de acoso laboral en la Policía Local / Interpersonal relations as a source of risk of mobbing in the Local Police

Las relaciones sociales en el trabajo constituyen una de las principales fuentes de riesgo para la aparición del acoso laboral. En este trabajo se analiza cómo influyen las relaciones interpersonales en la caracterización de los procesos de acoso laboral, a través del clima social percibido por una muestra de policías locales (N= 235). En concreto, se evalúan las opiniones de los agentes de policía acerca de la calidad de las relaciones personales entre los miembros de las plantillas y del trato que reciben por parte de los puestos de mando. Los resultados del estudio constatan que el desarrollo de pautas de interacción social basadas en la discriminación y en el abuso de autoridad actúan como variables predictoras de acoso laboral en este colectivo

Social relations in the workplace are one of the main sources of risk for the onset of mobbing. In this work, we analyzed, through the perceived social climate, the influence of interpersonal relations on the characterization of the processes of mobbing, in a sample of local police (N = 235). In particular, the policemen and women’s opinions of the quality of the personal relations among the group members and the treatment they receive from the command posts were assessed. The results of the study show that the development of guidelines of social interaction based on discrimination and abuse of authority are predicting variables of mobbing in this group

Discursos juveniles sobre inmigración: un análisis psicosociológico en estudiantes de ESO / Youthful speeches on immigration: a psycho-sociological analysis in secondary school students

El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar, a través de una aproximación psicosocial, los discursos juveniles sobre inmigración de una muestra de estudiantes asturianos, autóctonos e inmigrantes, que cursan estudios de Educación Secundaria y Bachiller. Utilizando el grupo de discusión como técnica central de la investigación, y complementándola con otras técnicas como son la observación participante, la entrevista a expertos en temas relacionados con el fenómeno migratorio, y diferentes técnicas de documentación, buscamos desentrañar la forma en que estos estudiantes organizan y dotan de sentido a esta nueva realidad multicultural, pues se considera que el conocimiento de sus discursos es crucial y decisivo para favorecer y propiciar la integración escolar del inmigrante, y por ende, para intervenir adecuada y eficazmente en los problemas de segregación y racismo que surgen o pudieran surgir en el contexto socioeducativo (AU)

The objective of this work consists in analyzing, through a psycho-social approach, the youthful speeches on inmigration of a sample of Asturian students, natives and inmigrants, who study Secondary Education. Using discussion groups as the central technic of the investigation and complementing it with other techniques as participant observation, interview to experts in subjects related to migratory phenomenon and different techniques of documentation, we try to unravel the way those students organize and give sense to this new multicultural reality, because we consider that the knowledge of their speeches is decisive to obtain scholastic integration of inmigrant people, and, therefore, to effectively take part in problems as segregation or racism that arise or could arise in educative contexts (AU)

Jóvenes, fin de semana y uso recreativo de drogas: evolución y tendencias del ocio juvenil / Youth, week-end and recreative use of drugs: evolution and tendencies in leisureamong the youth

Objetivo: análisis de la evolución del ocio en los jóvenes, centrándose en los cambios actitudinales y en la aparición de nuevas actividades recreativas. Método: revisión de los datos obtenidos en distintos estudios, especialmente los institucionales (INJUVE, CIS, Observatorio Español de Drogas), sobre la juventud y sus formas de ocio. Resultados: se observa un cambio en el propio concepto de juventud, que incluye cada vez a un sector más amplio y heterogéneo de población. No obstante, el ocio de los jóvenes tiende a una progresiva homogeneización tanto en las actividades como en el lugar –la calle– y tiempo –la noche, especialmente el fin de semana– en que se desarrolla y en el sentido que adquiere. Esta forma de ocio lleva asociado un consumo importante de alcohol y otras drogas ilegales, banalizándose su consumo y dando lugar a la aparición de fenómenos sociales como el “botellón” y la proliferación del consumo de las drogas de síntesis. Conclusiones: la juventud actual percibe estas sustancias como carentes de riesgos para la salud, y además, les atribuyen valor sociogénico (AU)

An analysis was conducted of how leisure time in young people has evolved, focussing on changes in attitudes and the emergence of new recreational activities. Data from different psychosocial studies regarding young people and their leisure activities were analysed, particularly institutional ones (INJUVE, CIS, Spanish Drug Monitoring Centre). A change has been observed in the very concept of youth, covering a broader and more heterogeneous sector of the population. However, young people’s free time tends to become more homogenous in terms of activities, as well as where (outside the home) and when (at night and particularly, at the weekends) these activities take place and in the meaning they acquire. This form of leisure involves considerable amounts of alcohol and other illegal drugs, dismissing the significance of alcohol and drug consumption, giving rise to social phenomena such as the “botellón” (groups of young people get together in public places and buy alcohol to share. It is less expensive than going to a bar and each one ordering his/ her own drink) and the proliferation of synthetic drug consumption. Conclusions: young people currently perceive these substances as risk-free in terms of their health, in addition to considering them sociogenic (AU)

Psicología social y ocio: una articulación necesaria / Social psychology and leisure: A neccesary articulation

Desde que a mediados de los años 60 la psicología comenzase a prestar interés al estudio riguroso y sistemático del ocio como un factor determinante en la vida de las personas, la psicología social se ha venido posicionando como el área disciplinar más pertinente a la hora de llevar a cabo dicho análisis. El objeto del presente estudio ha consistido en llevar a cabo un abordaje crítico y sistemático de las contribuciones más significativas en este ámbito y destacar cómo la relación psicología social-ocio ha ido adquiriendo una relevancia cada vez más significativa. Sin embargo, creemos necesario que esta vinculación debe adquirir el carácter de definitiva e integral con el fin de que el estudio, la investigación y la intervención en dicho campo sean cada vez más fructíferos y enriquecedores. (AU)

Since psychology started paying attention to the rigorous and systematic study of leisure as a determining factor in the lives of people back in the mid sixties, social psychology has begun positioning itself as the most pertinent disciplinary field when it comes to carrying out such analysis. The object of present study consisted in carrying out a critical and systematic approach of the most significant contributions in this area, as well as in pointing out how the relation social psychology-leisure has been acquiring an increasingly significant relevance. However, we believe it necessary that this link acquire a definitive and integral character, so that the study, the research and the intervention on this field may thus become more fruitful and enriching (AU)