Early-life trauma, impulsivity and suicide attempt: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Suicide is a worldwide health concern and up to date there is no good predictor of it except a previous suicide attempt. Therefore, there are increasing efforts in the understanding of which factors, genetic or environmental, are associated with suicide behaviour. OBJECTIVE: To review evidence of the effect of childhood trauma and impulsivity on suicidal behavior through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Searches were conducted on the 12th of June 2021 in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Two reviewers evaluated each record for eligibility and discussed upon disagreement, when no consensus was reached, a third reviewer was involved to make a decision. RESULTS: A total of 11,530 records were identified through the searches. After duplicates were removed, 6,595 records remained to be screened. The full text was sought for 1,561 records. Our qualitative synthesis included 22 studies, from which 9 were included in the meta-analyses. We found a significant effect of sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse and physical neglect on suicide attempts in the prisoners, and Substance Use Diorder (SUD) subgroups. Moreover, there was a significant effect of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) total score and emotional neglect dimension for all the subgroups. CONCLUSION: The present study has provided an overview of the state-of-the-art research on childhood trauma and impulsivity and their association with suicidal behavior and quantified their effects on suicide attempts. Hopefully this evidence will be considered in future research and harnessed for clinical gain in detection and treatment of suicide behaviour.

Diagnosis of bipolar and major depressive disorders: The appropriateness of MINI compared to the clinical interview in a sample of patients with mood disorders in tertiary mental health care.

OBJECTIVE: The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) is one of the most used instruments for the assessment of Mental Disorders, playing an essential role in psychiatric research and in clinical and hospital practice. Despite this, the accuracy of the MINI, when used by a psychiatrist, is poorly studied, particularly in relation to Bipolar Disorder (BD). The early diagnosis of BD and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is extremely important, as it provides an opportunity for intervention that can reduce the impact on the patient's daily life and functionality. As such, this study assesses the suitability of MINI for diagnosing BD or MDD in a sample of patients with mood disorders. METHOD: Agreement between the MINI and the clinical interview was assessed in a sample of 347 outpatients by calculating Cohen's kappa, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: The sample consisted of 347 patients with mood disorders. 279 were women (80.40%), 105 (30.3%) were diagnosed with MDD and 242 (69.7%) with BD from the assessment performed in the clinical interview. In the MINI assessment, 97 individuals (28%) were classified with a diagnosis of MDD and 250 (72%) with BD. We found a sensitivity of 87.2% and specificity of 62.8% for the MINI in the diagnosis of BD and a Cohen's kappa between the MINI and the clinical interview of 0.51. The AUC was 0.75. CONCLUSIONS: MINI has greater sensitivity (87.2%) for the diagnosis of BD and greater specificity (87.2%) for the diagnosis of MDD. In addition, the moderate Cohen kappa (0.51) and AUC (0.75) values between the MINI and the clinical interview are acceptable when considering most available psychiatric diagnostic tools.

A prevalência de estresse em uma amostra de estudantes do curso de medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul / Prevalence of stress in a sample of medical students of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Introdução: O ingresso na Faculdade de Medicina representa uma transição a um novo estilo de vida e maior grau de exigência curricular. O estresse pode influenciar o desempenho acadêmico e as habilidades para tomar decisões e estabelecer uma adequada relação médico-paciente. O presente estudo avaliou a prevalência de estresse e fatores associados em uma amostra de estudantes da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) através do Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp (ISLL). Métodos: Estudo transversal não controlado, amostra aleatória (168 alunos). Instrumentos: ISLL, questionário com dados demográficos, uso de álcool e outras substâncias e sintomas de ansiedade. Resultados: Encontrou-se uma prevalência de estresse de 51,3% (IC95% 40,2-62,2), com maior prevalência de sintomas físicos do que psíquicos. A partir do sexto semestre os alunos apresentaram maior prevalência de estresse (55,3%), sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os semestres. O uso regular de álcool (43,6%) e estimulantes foi semelhante entre os alunos com e sem estresse (P = 0,63). Entre os alunos com estresse, 40% afirmaram já ter experimentado sintomas de pânico, enquanto apenas 5,3% dos sem estresse referiram esses sintomas (P <0,001). Entre os alunos com estresse, 90% relataram presença de sintomas de ansiedade nos últimos 6 meses, enquanto apenas 39,5% dos sem estresse o referiram (P < 0,001). Conclusão: Nossos achados apontam para a necessidade de investigar as causas da alta prevalência de estresse encontrada, a fim de propor medidas preventivas e/ou oferecer apoio psicológico para os estudantes, proporcionando uma melhor formação médica.

Background: Entering Medical School represents a transition toward a new lifestyle and higher curricular standards. Stress can influence academic performance and decision-making skills and establish a proper physician-patient relationship. This study examined the prevalence of stress and associated factors in a sample of medical students of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) using Lipp’s Adult Stress Symptoms Inventory (ASSI). Methods: This is a cross-sectional, uncontrolled study using a random sample (168 students). Instruments: ASSI, questionnaire with demographic data, use of alcohol and other substances and anxiety symptoms. Results: There was a prevalence rate of stress of 51.3% (95%CI 40.2-62.2), with higher prevalence of physical symptoms than psychological symptoms. From the sixth semester students had higher prevalence of stress (55.3%), with no statistically significant difference between semesters. Regular use of alcohol (43.6%) and stimulants was similar between students with and without stress (P= 0.63). Among students with stress, 40% reported having already experienced panic symptoms, while only 5.3% of those without stress reported such symptoms (P <0.001). Among students with stress, 90% reported presence of anxiety symptoms in the last 6 months, while such symptoms were present in only 39.5% of those without stress (P <0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest the need to investigate the causes of high prevalence of stress to propose preventive measures and/or to provide psychological support for students, providing better medical training.