Una mirada al desafio de la pandemia por Coronavirus, Bogotá 2020

El documento de una mirada al desafío de la pandemia por coronavirus-Bogotá-2020 menciona que el brote de coronavirus continúa sorprendiendo al mundo incluida la ciudad de Bogotá, que concentra el 33.0 % de los casos reportados en Colombia (corte 23-07-2020), donde se registran 74.599 casos confirmados de los cuales, el 48,5% son mujeres, y la mayor proporción de dichos casos se manifiesta entre personas con edades entre 20 y 39 años con un peso porcentual de 44%. De forma asertiva se han tomado diversas medidas de prevención y protección de la salud de la población capitalina, a través de herramientas técnicas, tecnológicas, biosanitarias y normativas que han resultado seguras y efectivas, lo cual se ve reflejado en la contención de la velocidad de la propagación del virus SARS-CoV-2, porque el 93% de los casos se encuentran en casa, el 51.6% presentan síntomas leves, el 33,9% no presentaron síntomas, el 6.0% tienen síntomas moderados y solo el 0,5% se encuentran en estado grave1 . Por su parte a nivel mundial, hasta la fecha, hay más de 10 millones de personas en doscientos países que han sido infectadas, dando resultado a más de 500 mil fallecidos según las últimas actualizaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Así las cosas, el diagnóstico y tratamiento médico del COVID-19 para enfrentar su rápida difusión y los graves efectos respiratorios en humanos hacen que ésta sea una tarea urgente respecto a poder conseguir una atmósfera en la que los pacientes puedan recibir atención rápida, se convierte en desafío vital en la lucha contra esta enfermedad. En la actualidad se ha descrito el gold standard en el diagnóstico como lo es la detección viral a través de la amplificación de ácidos nucleicos (NAAT o RT-PCR), sin embargo se han descrito varias dificultades, por lo cual se ha hecho este tema primordial y se han explorado nuevas herramientas tecnológicas; de la misma manera se ha mantenido a la vanguardia la actualización e innovación acerca del tratamiento que va desde antimaláricos hasta anticuerpos monoclonales y terapia con plasma convaleciente. Aquí se describen varias alternativas en estudio para hacer mayor claridad y certeza en cuanto a las tecnologías en desarrollo diagnóstico y terapéutico de esta pandemia.

Acaricidal activity of Metarhizium anisopliae isolated from paddocks in the Mexican tropics against two populations of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus.

The acaricidal effects of 55 strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, 1883 (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) isolated from paddocks of cattle farms were evaluated in two Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini 1887) (Ixodida: Ixodidae) populations, of which one was multi-resistant and one was susceptible to chemical acaricides. Percentage mortality and reproductive efficiency indices in R. microplus were evaluated by adult immersion tests at a dose of 1 × 108 conidia/mL for each fungal strain. Some strains were selected to calculate lethal concentrations to kill 50% (LC50 ) and 99% (LC99 ) of engorged ticks. Strains MaV22, MaV26 and MaV55 induced 100% mortality in R. microplus on day 14. Strains MaV05, MaV09 and MaV22 caused mortality of >90% from day 12 onward in both tick populations. The most effective acaricidal fungal strain, MaV55, inhibited egg laying by 54.86 and 55.86% in acaricide-resistant and -susceptible R. microplus populations, respectively. None of the fungal strains had statistically significant effects on larval hatching. In conclusion, nine strains of M. anisopliae demonstrated high acaricidal effects against R. microplus and reduced its egg laying. No differences in acaricidal effects were observed between the two populations of ticks tested.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento percutáneo de las malformaciones vasculares de bajo flujo en pediatría / Diagnosis and percutaneous treatment of low flow vascular malformations in children

Las malformaciones vasculares (MV) son errores difusos o localizados del desarrollo embriológico del sistema vascular. se originan entre la cuarta y décima semana de vida intrauterina, encontrándose por lo tanto presentes desde el nacimiento, aunque pueden no ser evidentes hasta semanas, meses o años después. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar nuestra experiencia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento percutáneo en 48 pacientes con MV de bajo flujo: 21 con malformaciones venosas infiltradas con absoluto (n 18), ( n 3 con ethibloc) y 27 con malformaciones linfáticas infiltradas con Ethibloc. Los resultados funcionales y estéticos de los tratamientos fueron correlativos. El resultado se consideró como excelente y moderado en el 71 por ciento de las venosas y en el 96 por ciento de las linfáticas. Se registraron complicaciones en 3 pacientes (6.3 por ciento).

Concordancia interobservadores en la interpretación en forma ciega de cintigrafía de ventilación perfusión en pacientes con sospecha clínica de tromboembolismo pulmonar / Interobserver concordance in the interpretation of ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism

La pesquisa adecuada del tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) tiene importancia en el manejo terapéutico y en el pronóstico de los pacientes. El cintigrama de ventilación y perfusión (VQ) es un método bien establecido en la evaluación de esta patología. La concordancia interobservador puede ser bastante variable y debieran minimizarse las discordancias dentro de un mismo grupo. Objetivo: Conocer la concordancia entre observadores formados en nuestro centro y correlacionarlos con el informe oficial emitido con los antecedentes clínicos y radiológicos. Método: Se analizaron retrospectivamente 401 estudios de 382 pacientes con sospecha de TEP de diferente probabilidad clínica, informados por 6 observadores independientes con distinta experiencia. Se realizó lectura en forma ciega informando como alta, baja o intermedia probabilidad de TEP, basado en la experiencia individual y en criterios PIOPED modificados. Se aplicó kappa ponderado. Resultados: En los informes existió 27.2 por ciento de alta probabilidad de TEP, 5.5 por ciento fueron intermedia o indeterminada y 67.3 por ciento de baja probabilidad, casi normal o normal. La concordancia entre los observadores varió entre 72.6 y 86 por ciento con variación de índice kappa entre 0.582 y 0.743. La correlación con el informe emitido varió entre 74.3 y 81.8 por ciento y (k: 0.582 y 0.675). Hubo mayor concordancia entre los observadores con mayor experiencia. Conclusión: En nuestro centro existe una excelente concordancia interobservador con buenos índices kappa en la interpretación ciega de los VQ solicitados por TEP. Este ejercicio además, sirvió como entrenamiento práctico para los residentes del centro.

A longitudinal study of porcine proliferative enteropathy in a commercial pig farm in Yucatan Mexico

Avaliou-se a distribuição de Lawsonia intracellularis em fezes de suínos, coletadas diretamente no reto, durante a fase de crescimento/terminação, sob condições de campo, e determinou-se o efeito da infecção L. intracellularis no ganho de peso. O estudo epidemiológico longitudinal foi desenvolvido em uma granja de múltiplos sítios em Yucatan, México. A granja possuía três sítios geograficamente isolados com o sistema "todos dentro todos fora". Uma amostra de 56 suínos negativos para a bactéria foi calculada utilizando prevalência esperada de 5 por cento, nível de confiança de 95 por cento e população de 2000 suínos terminados. Os suínos foram amostrados 12 vezes desde o nascimento até a 23ª semana de idade. A detecção de DNA bacteriano nas fezes pela técnica de reação em cadeia pela polimerase em qualquer coleta representou um caso. Dos 56 suínos monitorados, 13 eliminaram L. intracellularis nas fezes e somente um resultou positivo duas vezes. A eliminação de L. intracellularis foi detectada desde a terceira até a 19ª semana de idade, observando-se maior número de animais positivos na 11ª semana. A incidência acumulada e a taxa de incidência foram 23,2 por cento e 1,21 suínos por 100 animais/semana em risco, respectivamente. As médias do ganho de peso por dia foram 0,742±0,06kg e 0,754±0,07kg para os suínos negativos e positivos, respectivamente (P>0,05). A eliminação da bactéria ocorreu durante todo o período de estudo. Pelo menos neste estudo, L. intracellularis não pode ser utilizado para predizer o efeito da bactéria sobre o ganho de peso.

A longitudinal study of porcine proliferative enteropathy in a commercial pig farm in Yucatan Mexico / Estudo longitudinal da enteropatia proliferativa suína em uma granja de suínos no México

Avaliou-se a distribuição de Lawsonia intracellularis em fezes de suínos, coletadas diretamente no reto, durante a fase de crescimento/terminação, sob condições de campo, e determinou-se o efeito da infecção L. intracellularis no ganho de peso. O estudo epidemiológico longitudinal foi desenvolvido em uma granja de múltiplos sítios em Yucatan, México. A granja possuía três sítios geograficamente isolados com o sistema "todos dentro todos fora". Uma amostra de 56 suínos negativos para a bactéria foi calculada utilizando prevalência esperada de 5%, nível de confiança de 95% e população de 2000 suínos terminados. Os suínos foram amostrados 12 vezes desde o nascimento até a 23ª semana de idade. A detecção de DNA bacteriano nas fezes pela técnica de reação em cadeia pela polimerase em qualquer coleta representou um caso. Dos 56 suínos monitorados, 13 eliminaram L. intracellularis nas fezes e somente um resultou positivo duas vezes. A eliminação de L. intracellularis foi detectada desde a terceira até a 19ª semana de idade, observando-se maior número de animais positivos na 11ª semana. A incidência acumulada e a taxa de incidência foram 23,2% e 1,21 suínos por 100 animais/semana em risco, respectivamente. As médias do ganho de peso por dia foram 0,742±0,06kg e 0,754±0,07kg para os suínos negativos e positivos, respectivamente (P>0,05). A eliminação da bactéria ocorreu durante todo o período de estudo. Pelo menos neste estudo, L. intracellularis não pode ser utilizado para predizer o efeito da bactéria sobre o ganho de peso.(AU)

Bollgard cotton and resistance of tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to conventional insecticides in southern Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Insecticide susceptibility in tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was determined for 8 yr (1991-2001) with larvae sampled from cotton in southern Tamaulipas, Mexico. Before 1996, when Bollgard cotton expressing the Cry1A(c) delta-endotoxin was introduced into the region, two important patterns were documented. The first was economically significant increases in resistance to certain insecticide groups. The second was occurrence of virtually complete control failures in the field during 1994 and 1995. The largest resistance changes were recorded for the type II pyrethroids cypermethrin and deltamethrin. These products are the most widely used products in the region. Resistance ratios for these products increased up to > 100-fold from 1991 to 1995. After 1996, the resistance levels declined. These findings did not occur with other products of scant use (e.g., permethrin, profenofos, and endosulfan) or low tobacco budworm efficacy coupled to a high use pattern (e.g., methyl parathion). This clear trend toward reversal of resistance to type II pyrethroids can be understood, in part, with respect to two factors: 1) the high adoption rate of transgenic cotton in the region, from 31.2% in the beginning (1996) to approximately 90% in 1998; this has considerably curbed the use of synthetic insecticides, with the attending loss of selection pressure on this pest; and 2) the potential immigration to the region of susceptible tobacco budworms from cultivated and wild suitable hosts as well as from transgenic cotton might have influenced the pest population as a whole. The influence of transgenic cotton on southern Tamaulipas can be more clearly seen by the drastic reduction of insecticide use to control this important pest. Now tobacco budworms in this region are susceptible to type II pyrethroids. Two effective and fundamentally different pest management tools are now available to cotton growers in southern Tamaulipas: transgenic cotton, coupled with careful use of pyrethroids, offers the possibility of sustainable and profitable cotton production.

A rapid procedure to prepare cefotaxime.

A rapid procedure is reported for the synthesis of cefotaxime, by acylation of the 7-amino cephalosporanic acid with the 2-mercaptobenzothiazolyl thioester of (Z)-2-[2-aminothiazol-4-yl]-2-methoxyimino acetic acid (MAEM) that is a commercial reagent. The reaction was carried out at room temperature for 1 h, obtaining 95% yield. 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole was recovered as a side-product with a high purity and yield. The proposed method differentiates from those reported previously for a shorter time and very mild reaction condition, as well as for a ready for use reagent.

Susceptibility of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) populations in Mexico to commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis.

Populations of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), sampled from commercial fields of crucifers in three states of Mexico, were tested for susceptibility to commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Berliner) (Dipel 2X), B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (XenTari), delta endotoxin Cry 1C (MC), and CryIA(c) (MVP), and a mixture of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and subsp. aizawai (Agree). Leaf-dip bioassays confirmed variation in susceptibility of up to 13-fold for MVP, 12-fold for Dipel 2X, sevenfold for XenTari, fivefold for Agree, and less than fivefold for MC. Comparisons with previously published data indicate that at least the 12-fold variation in Dipel 2X would result in significant differences in control in the field. Based on the LC99 values observed for the products, we propose discriminating concentrations for each product. To ensure continued performance in the field we suggest that a resistance monitoring program be implemented to detect any changes in susceptibility to B. thuringiensis products and specific toxins and that their use be restricted to one generation per crop and that they be rotated with other groups of insecticides. Furthermore, we suggest enforcement of a crucifer host-free period and the development and implementation of cultural and biological control strategies to reduce overall population pressure so that fewer insecticidal treatments will be needed.

Detection of Oestrus ovis and associated risk factors in sheep from the central region of Yucatan, Mexico.

A cross-sectional epidemiologic study was conducted in order to detect the presence of and to estimate the seroprevalence of Oestrus ovis L. infection in flocks of sheep from the central region of the state of Yucatan, Mexico. The risk factors associated with disease were also identified. A sample size of 10 animals per farm was used to detect seropositive animals, considering a 30% prevalence and 95% confidence level. Blood samples of 689 sheep from 88 flocks were collected and a questionnaire with questions about the flock and the host was applied. The thin layer immune assay test was used. The risk factors were screened using logistic regression procedures. 77% of the flocks had at least one-positive animal with antibodies against O. ovis. The overall seroprevalence and standard error was 30.6 +/- 3.5%. Only flock size and sheep nose color showed association (P < 0.05) with the disease. The odds ratios for flocks with less than 11 and with 11 to 25 sheep, as related to herds with 25 or more sheep, were 0.74 and 1.73, respectively. Sheep with dark noses had a higher risk (OR = 1.46) compared with sheep having light noses (P < 0.05).

Craniofacial distraction osteogenesis en bloc.

Bone distraction of the superior and medial thirds of the craniofacial skeleton en bloc, avoiding a frontal craniectomy is presented. We applied this procedure in eight patients who were more than 5 years old with different types of craniofacial synostosis and who had not received previous treatment, and with a normal frontal shape. During monobloc advancement, major complications were encountered in older patients, especially the impossibility of the brain to expand rapidly to fill the retrofrontal dead space. Distraction osteogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton en bloc (without craniectomy) is feasible. Miniplates and screws are avoided as well as the possibility of frontal relapse or fractures of the frontozygomatic region. The patients did not need skull vault remodeling, except for a small cranioplasty at the bregma zone. The results obtained were satisfactory and stable at the time. This procedure avoids any kind of osteosynthesis, there is no extradural dead space, the operative time is brief, and blood loss is minimal. The inconvenience is the necessity of a second operation to remove the distractor.

[Biodistribution of 99mTC-HMPAO in healthy rats and B16 melanoma carriers]. / Biodistribución de 99mTc-HMPAO en ratones sanos y portadores de melanoma B16.

Scintigraphic studies carried out in melanoma patients have demonstrated that the 99mTc-HMPAO complex makes it possible to locate the lesion. A biodistribution and pharmacokinetic study of the 99mTc-HMPAO complex was carried out in B16-melanoma tumor healthy and carrier mice after an intravenous injection. Radioactivity was measured in the liver, kidneys, spleen, stomach, brain, blood and tumor. It was seen that at 15 minutes of the injections, 40% of the total activity distributed in the animal body was recorded in the tumor. An interesting effect observed is an increase in the tissue distribution curves in both experimental groups at 1-2 hours post-injection. According to the seriated imaging study results with 99mTc-HMPAO in B16 melanoma bearing mice, the best image is obtained 10-30 minutes after the injection.

[Validation of an ELISA for the measurement of human IgG against serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis protein]. / Validación de un ELISA para la cuantificación de IgG humana antiproteína de Neisseria meningitidis serogrupo B.

An indirect ELISA test was optimised in which B meningoccocus outer membrane proteins included in the Cuban Vaccine known as VA-MENGOC-BC were used as capture antigents. Specific antibodies in serum samples from vaccinated individuals were detected using a human anti-IgG conjugate, i.e. alklayne phosphatase, thus the reaction developed with a specific substrate called p-nitrophenilphophate. Standard serum was obtained from a reference standard, the gage curve range was 625 to 20,000/mL. The control serum was selected from the most interesting areas for the samples, hence, assay characteristics were determined. Intra-assay, inter-assay and total inaccuracies were lower than 10% in the most linear area of the curve. Detectability was 700/mL. Recovery, paralelism and linearity studies showed an under 10% inaccuracy.

Mandibular distraction in glossoptosis-micrognathic association: preliminary report.

Surgical treatment for glossoptosis-micrognathic association is indicated in the most severe cases. Usually, complications occur. We used mandibular distraction to pull the tongue away from the posterior pharyngeal wall. This procedure, used in 3 patients, was effective.

Differential effects of glycosylated and non-glycosylated porcine prolactin on estradiol and progesterone secretion by rat granulosa cells in culture.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to better understand the interactions between prolactin and ovarian function. METHODS: The effects of two variants of porcine prolactin (pPRL) on estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) production by rat granulosa cells in culture were studied using granulosa cells obtained from large preovulatory follicles of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)-treated immature Sprague-Dawley rats. Cultures were performed in the absence or presence of hCG (0.1 IU/ml) and different concentrations of either glycosylated and non-glycosylated (g-pPRL and ng-pPRL, respectively) pPRL. RESULTS: Dose-response studies showed that maximal stimulation occurred in all instances with g-pPRL at the dose of 10 ng/mL during the 72-h treatment period. In the case of E2, the maximal response was obtained in hCG-stimulated cultures, whereas the response of P4 was higher in cultures stimulated with g-pPRL in the absence of hCG. In a similar manner, the non-glycosylated form of pPRL increased, although to a lesser extent, the secretion of P4 only in those cultures incubated in the absence of hCG. In contrast to these observations, ng-pPRL was about twice as active than the glycosylated form on the stimulation of growth of Nb2 lymphoma cells. CONCLUSIONS: These data point out that glycosylation is involved in the differential effects of pPRL on ovarian steroidogenesis and support the role of carbohydrates in the structural-functional polymorphic nature of the hormone.

Derivative spectrophotometric determination of the triethylammonium salt of cefotaxime in presence of related compounds from the synthesis.

Cefotaxime sodium is a broad spectrum third generation antibiotic. It is obtained by reaction of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) and S-(2-benzothiazolyl)2-amino-alpha-(methoxyimino)-4-thiazoleethanethio ate. 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is a by-product of this reaction. A derivative spectrophotometric determination of cefotaxime is proposed for its determination in a reaction mixture in the presence of the related compounds from synthesis. With this method Beer's law is obeyed over a concentration range from 0.005 to 0.080 mg ml(-1) at 276.8 nm (r = 0.9995). This technique is accurate, precise (RSD = 0.4%), and has a sensitivity of 1.2% (differences in analytical response of 0.74 microg ml(-1) could be detected). Recovery experiments of cefotaxime from reaction mixtures include 100% for all assayed concentrations. For these reasons, this technique is found valid for the intended purposes.

Factors affecting mortality of crossbred and exotic chickens kept under backyard systems in Yucatan, Mexico.

Chicken mortality was studied in 24 randomly selected smallholder flocks in one village in Yucatan, Mexico between July and December 1993. Each family received a package of 10 to 12 chicks of 3 weeks of age. Approximately half of the chicks were purebred and the remainder were crosses produced by mating exotic with local breeds. All smallholders were visited twice a week. Feeding and management (except vaccination and medication) were left to smallholders. Data were processed by Chi-square, Mantel-Haenzel test and survival analysis. Before reaching 140 days of age 43.2% of the birds died. The highest mortality was observed during the 113 to 140 days of age period and the lowest was in the period between 22 and 56 days of age. Of all birds, 10.5% died from coccidiosis and 7.6% from Marek's disease. Of the risk factors investigated only medication and genotype showed significant effects on mortality. The effect of genotype was significant up to 112 days of age (P < 0.05). Crossbred birds lived longer than purebred; independently, medicated birds lived longer than non-medicated birds.

[A computer program for the geographic distribution of fluvial mollusks of medical interest in Cuba]. / Un programa de computadora para la distribución geográfica de moluscos fluviales de importancia médica en Cuba.

The need to know the distribution of mollusks considered to play an important medical role in Cuba through a geographic representation motivated us to develop a software capable of acting as a system for the retrieval of geographic information in which the requested data would be presented in maps. The system has been called DMIM and it is a useful tool for malacological studies, and assessment and planning of programs for the control of intermediate host mollusks, as well as for teaching purposes.

[Women and violence: an everyday fact]. / Mujer y violencia: un hecho cotidiano.

In comparison with other countries, Mexico lacks information on the issue of violence against women, especially regarding the incidence and prevalence of battering and emotional abuse. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and distribution of violence against women among both rural and urban populations in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted among two groups randomly selected; 1,163 rural women (RW) and 427 urban women (UW). Variables included: frequency of violence of family members against women and vice versa, socioeconomic variables and reason for violence. The results were: a) 44.2 per cent and 56.7 per cent rural and urban female population, respectively, suffered some form of violence; b) the principal aggressor was the husband in more than 60 per cent of the cases in both rural and urban areas. Significant statistical difference (p < 0.05) were found between rural and urban groups in relation to low education, middle-age and family size over 7 members.

[Working women and health of 4 groups of women in Guadalajara, Mexico]. / El trabajo femenino y la salud de cuatro grupos de mujeres en Guadalajara, México.

Today, the incorporation of women into the work force has changed the profile of health concerns of this population, extending it beyond the traditional gynecological/obstetrical framework. In order to describe the health problems of women in the context of their activities both inside and outside the home, a descriptive study was carried out using a four-part questionnaire (sociodemographic characteristics, domestic activities, renumerated activities, and the Cornell Medical Index) to identify similarities and differences among nurses, teachers, secretaries, and housewives living in Guadalajara, Mexico, in 1989. The results showed that the working woman's schedule, defined as the time devoted to work both inside and outside the home, is very long in all the groups studied, amounting to a total of between 66 and 78 hours a week. The housewives spend an average of 70 hours a week on domestic tasks, while the nurses, teachers, and secretaries spend between 34 and 42 hours a week on such activities. With regard to work-related risks, occupational diseases were the most common complaint of all the groups, especially the teachers. On the other hand, housewives had the highest overall morbidity according to the Cornell Medical Index. These observations point out that different occupational health risks and morbidity indexes are associated with different activities performed by women, and it is suggested that these differences should be examined more fully through descriptive studies on women's health such as the one presented here.