Social Stress during the Estrus or Luteal Phase in Sheep.

In mammals, progesterone and estrogens affect the stress response. The study aimed to compare the physiological and behavioral responses to the social isolation of ewes during the estrus or luteal phase. Estrous and diestrous ewes (n = 10 and 8 respectively) were individually isolated in a novel place for 10 min. Ewes' behavior was recorded during the test. Cortisol, blood proteins and glucose concentrations, and the skin surface temperature were determined before and after the test. Cortisol increased immediately after the test ended (P = 0.02). Serum total protein (P = 0.02), globulin (P < 0.0001), and plasma glucose (P = 0.006) concentrations were greater in estrus than in the luteal phase. The abdominal skin surface temperature was greater during estrus than during the luteal phase (P = 0.02). Ewes in estrus spent more time standing up immobile than ewes in the luteal phase (P = 0.05). In conclusion, the physiological and behavioral responses changed according to the phase of the estrous cycle. These results highlight the need for future studies focusing on how reproductive status influences the stress response to different management practices in sheep.

Prevalence of Adult Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Pests and Pathogens in the Five Beekeeping Regions of Mexico.

Mexico is a major honey producer, but not much information exists about the health status of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in the country. This study was conducted to determine the sanitary status of adult honey bees in Mexico's five beekeeping regions. Samples from 369 apiaries were diagnosed to identify pathogens such as Varroa destructor, which was quantified, Acarapis woodi, Nosema spp., and five viruses. Colonies were also inspected for the presence of the small hive beetle (SHB), Aethina tumida. Varroa destructor was found in 83.5% of the apiaries, with the Pacific Coast region having the highest prevalence (>95%) and rates (4.5% ± 0.6). Acarapis woodi was detected in only one apiary from the Pacific Coast, whereas Nosema spp. were prevalent in 48.5% of the apiaries, with the highest and lowest frequencies in the Yucatan Peninsula and North regions (64.6% and 10.2%, respectively). For viruses, deformed wing virus (DWV) was detected in 26.1% of the apiaries, with the highest frequency in the Pacific Coast region (44.7%). Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) was diagnosed in 3.2% of the samples and sacbrood bee virus (SBV) in 23.3% of them, with the highest frequency in the High Plateau region (36.4%). Chronic bee paralysis and Kashmir bee viruses were not detected. SHB prevalence was 25.2% nationwide, with the highest frequency in the Yucatan Peninsula (39.2%). This study shows that the most common parasites of adult honey bees in Mexico are V. destructor and Nosema spp., and that the most prevalent virus is DWV, whereas SHB is highly prevalent in the Yucatan Peninsula. This information could be useful to design disease control strategies for honey bee colonies in different regions of Mexico.

Semen collection and ejaculation trigger changes in the blood flow of the reproductive system in rams.

The aim of this study was to determine if ejaculation modifies the testicular and accessory sex glands' blood flow after ejaculation, and if those changes differ according to the process that leads to ejaculation. Twelve adult Corriedale rams were used and assigned at random to the four procedures that lead to ejaculation: (G1) electroejaculation; (G2) artificial vagina; (G3) transrectal ultrasound-guided massage of the accessory sex glands; (G4) natural mating. Hemodynamic characteristics evaluation of the male reproductive system was conducted immediately before and at 30 and 90 min after ejaculation. The internal iliac artery peak systolic velocity (PSV) decreased (P=0.01) and supratesticular artery PSV increased (P=0.042) 90 min after ejaculation in all groups. In conclusion, ejaculation modifies the reproductive system's blood flow, with slight variations depending on the studied ejaculation methods. Additionally, ejaculation altered the internal iliac and supratesticular arteries PSV, and the supratesticular artery end-diastolic velocity (EDV) in rams. The supratesticular artery PSV was the only studied variable that differed according to the procedure that triggered the ejaculation.

[Educational intervention on organ and tissue donation at UMAE No. 34]. / Intervención educativa sobre donación de órganos y tejidos en la UMAE No. 34.

Background: The lack of information associated with donation is devastating for those patients in need of a transplant and requires a solution based on changing social perception through educational interventions. Objective: Determine the level of knowledge of the general population after an educational intervention about organ and tissue donation at the Hospital de Cardiología UMAE No. 34. Methods: Educational intervention study with measurement before and after, prospective. Instrument validated using the Kuder-Richardson formula with a reliability coefficient of 0.74. The study population was made up of the general population in the waiting rooms at UMAE No. 34, only the associations with values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: 266 evaluation instruments were applied to 133 participants. The educational intervention contributed to an increase in the level of knowledge (p = 0.0001). The level of knowledge after the intervention was higher in the younger participants (p = 0.013) and in those with a university studies (p = 0.0001). The relation between age and the level of subsequent knowledge showed favorable significance in the intention to donate in younger participants with high subsequent knowledge (p = 0.046). Conclusions: An educational intervention on donation of organs and tissues for transplant purposes is an effective strategy to increase and reinforce the knowledge of the general population.

Introducción: la falta de información relacionada con la donación de órganos y tejidos resulta devastadora para aquellos pacientes en necesidad de un trasplante, y requiere de una solución basada en el cambio de percepción social mediante intervenciones educativas. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de conocimiento de la población general posterior a una intervención educativa sobre la donación de órganos y tejidos en el Hospital de Cardiología No. 34. Métodos: estudio de intervención educativa con medición antes y después, prospectivo. Instrumento validado mediante fórmula de Kuder-Richardson con coeficiente de fiabilidad de 0.74. La población de estudio se conformó por la población general en las salas de espera de la UMAE No. 34. Las asociaciones con valores de p < 0.05 se consideraron estadísticamente significativas. Resultados: se aplicaron 266 instrumentos de evaluación en 133 participantes. La intervención educativa contribuyó a aumentar el nivel de conocimiento (p = 0.0001). El nivel de conocimiento posterior a la intervención fue mayor en los participantes jóvenes (p = 0.013) y en aquellos con estudios universitarios (p = 0.0001). La relación entre la edad y el nivel de conocimiento posterior mostró significancia favorable en la intención de donación en jóvenes con conocimiento posterior alto (p = 0.046). Conclusiones: una intervención educativa sobre la donación de órganos y tejidos con fines de trasplantes es una estrategia eficaz para aumentar y reforzar el conocimiento de la población general.

Characterization of uterine involution using B-mode ultrasonography, color Doppler and elastography (acoustic radiation force impulse) for assessing postpartum in Santa Inês ewes.

The aim of this study was to investigate uterine involution using ultrasonography techniques during postpartum. Postpartum ultrasonography evaluation (B-mode, color Doppler and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse elastography) of the uterus was performed by transabdominal approach at immediate after birth and sequentially every 48 hours, during 30 days. The uterine echotexture did not present significant variations (P >0.05) being homogeneous in most evaluations; echogenicity of the uterus increased along the evaluation period (P =0.0452). Progressive and remarkable decrease of the total uterine diameter (UD) were observed (P <0.0001), especially during the first days postpartum. The thickness of uterine wall gradually decreased, as well the endometrial, myometrium and lumen diameters (P <0.0001). Uterine blood flow was assessed by Doppler and decreased during postpartum period, being significantly lower (P=0.0225) on the 30th day of postpartum. Uterine parenchyma presented as homogeneous dark areas (not deformable) on qualitative ultrasound elastography and the means shear velocity values of the uterine wall on quantitative elastography did not differ. This is the first study that evaluate the stiffness of uterine wall in healthy ewes, providing baseline data about quantitative and qualitative stiffness of the normal uterus, and it may be a useful tool for early diagnosis of uterine alterations during the postpartum period, using the reference parameter established for the assessment of uterine integrity during postpartum period.

Resección videoasistida transumbilical de duplicación intestinal tipo tubular no comunicante / Videoasisted transumbilical resction of non communicating tubular intestinal duplication

Las duplicaciones intestinales constituyen malformaciones quísticas o tubulares, que pueden aparecer en proximidad en todo el tubo digestivo. El abordaje videoasistido transumbilical combina las ventajas conocidas de la cirugía mínima invasiva convencional con el ahorro de tiempo y costo de material de la cirugía abierta. Se reporta el caso de pre- escolar masculino de 4 años de edad quien presentó varios episodios de dolor abdominal difuso acompañado de vómitos e hiporexia de 4 meses de evolución. Los estudios de imagen revelaron lesión de ocupación de espacio quística en hemiabdomen inferior derecho. Se realizó laparoscopia diagnóstica más resección transumbilical de lesión sacular del borde mesentérico del íleon, a 60 cm de la válvula ileocecal, así como anastomosis ileoileal termino-terminal. El paciente egresó al quinto día post-operatorio en óptimas condiciones. La biopsia reportó duplicación intestinal tipo tubular no comunicante. Concluimos que este abordaje es factible y ventajoso en el paciente pediátrico(AU)

Intestinal duplications are cystic or tubular malformations, which can appear in proximity to the entire digestive tract. The transumbilical video-assisted approach combines the known advantages of conventional minimally invasive surgery with the savings in time and material cost of open surgery. The case of a 4-year-old male preschooler who presented several episodes of diffuse abdominal pain accompanied by vomiting and hyporexia of 4 months of evolution is reported. Imaging studies revealed cystic space-occupying lesion in the lower right abdomen. Diagnostic laparoscopy plus transumbilical resection of a saccular lesion located on the mesenteric edge of the ileum, nearly 60 cm from the ileocecal valve, and a two layer end-to-end ileo-ileal anastomosis was performed. The patient was discharged on the fifth postoperative day in optimal conditions. The biopsy reported noncommunicating tubular type intestinal duplication. We conclude that this approach is feasible and advantageous in the pediatric patient(AU)

Luteal Function, Biometrics, and Echotextural Attributes in Santa Inês Ewes Superovulated with Different Total Doses of Porcine Follicle-Stimulating Hormone.

Premature regression of corpora lutea (PRCL) may adversely affect the outcome of hormonal ovarian superstimulation in small ruminants, and the total dose of exogenous gonadotropins used may be one of the causes of this condition. There were two major objectives of the present study: (1) to evaluate the effects of different superovulatory doses of porcine follicle-stimulating hormone (pFSH) on the biometry, blood perfusion (Doppler), and echotextural characteristics of luteal structures; and, (2) to determine the usefulness of biometric, vascular, and echotextural luteal variables, as well as measurements of circulating progesterone (P4) concentrations for early detection of PRCL in superovulated Santa Inês ewes. Twenty-seven Santa Inês ewes received an intravaginal P4-releasing device (CIDR) from Days 0 to 8 (Day 0 = random day of the anovulatory period). An IM injection of d-cloprostenol (37.5 µg) was given at the time of the CIDR insertion and withdrawal. On Day 6, all the ewes received 300 IU of eCG IM and were divided into three treatment groups (each n = 9): G100 (100 mg); G133 (133 mg); and G200 (200 mg of pFSH) administered IM every 12 h in eight injections. Transrectal ovarian ultrasonography and jugular blood sampling for serum P4 measurements were performed on Days 11 to 15. On the day of embryo recovery (Day 15), all the ewes underwent diagnostic videolaparoscopy and were classified, based on their luteal characteristics, into three response groups: nCL (ewes with normal CL only); rCL (ewes with regressing CL only); and ewes with both nCL and rCL following the superovulatory regimen. Our present results indicate that the total pFSH doses of 100 mg and 200 mg result in similar ovulatory responses and luteal function/biometrics, although the percentage of donor ewes with nCL was greater (p < 0.05) for G100 compared with the G200 animals. An application of 133 mg of pFSH was associated with diminished luteogenesis. Lastly, circulating P4 concentrations, ultrasonographic estimates of total luteal area, and CL pixel heterogeneity (standard deviation of numerical pixel values) are promising markers of luteal inadequacy in superovulated ewes.

Cellulase and chitinase activities and antagonism against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 1 of six Trichoderma strains isolated from Mexican maize cropping.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the enzymatic and biocontrol capacity of native Trichoderma strains isolated from corn crops in Irapuato (state of Guanajuato) and Napízaro (state of Michoacán), Mexico. RESULTS: Six native strains from Irapuato and Napízaro were tested, with five of them identified as T. harzianum and one as T. tomentosum. The six strains qualitatively and quantitatively showed enzyme activity for cellulase and chitinase. The best results were obtained for strains IrV6SIC7 and MichV6S2C2 with 878 IU L-1 of chitinase and 1323 IU L-1 of cellulase, respectively. All Trichoderma strains acted antagonistically toward Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 1 (FocR1), with percentages of inhibition that ranged from 9 to 54%. In addition, the microscopic analysis allowed visualizing the mechanisms of mycoparasitism and antibiosis by either IrV6SIC7 or MichV6S2C2. The latter effects indicate that the tested native Trichoderma strains isolated from corn crops possessed enzymatic mechanisms as a strategy for biocontrolling FocR1 strains. CONCLUSION: The enzyme production by the Trichoderma strains represents a potential biotechnological utilization for either agricultural or industrial purposes.

Characterization of uterine involution using B-mode ultrasonography, color Doppler and elastography (acoustic radiation force impulse) for assessing postpartum in Santa Inês ewes

The aim of this study was to investigate uterine involution using ultrasonography techniques during postpartum. Postpartum ultrasonography evaluation (B-mode, color Doppler and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse elastography) of the uterus was performed by transabdominal approach at immediate after birth and sequentially every 48 hours, during 30 days. The uterine echotexture did not present significant variations (P >0.05) being homogeneous in most evaluations; echogenicity of the uterus increased along the evaluation period (P =0.0452). Progressive and remarkable decrease of the total uterine diameter (UD) were observed (P <0.0001), especially during the first days postpartum. The thickness of uterine wall gradually decreased, as well the endometrial, myometrium and lumen diameters (P <0.0001). Uterine blood flow was assessed by Doppler and decreased during postpartum period, being significantly lower (P=0.0225) on the 30th day of postpartum. Uterine parenchyma presented as homogeneous dark areas (not deformable) on qualitative ultrasound elastography and the means shear velocity values of the uterine wall on quantitative elastography did not differ. This is the first study that evaluate the stiffness of uterine wall in healthy ewes, providing baseline data about quantitative and qualitative stiffness of the normal uterus, and it may be a useful tool for early diagnosis of uterine alterations during the postpartum period, using the reference parameter established for the assessment of uterine integrity during postpartum period.(AU)

Doppler sonography of the umbilical and uterine arteries blood flow of pregnant Saanen goats.

The objective was to evaluate the blood flow of the uterine artery (UA) and umbilical artery (UMB) in the physiological pregnancy of goats by means of Doppler throughout the gestational period. Twenty-five Saanen goats weighing 55 ± 10 kg and aged between 2 and 5 were evaluated weekly, from the 21st until the 143rd day of gestation, and daily from that period until parturition. Values for peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistance (RI) and pulsatility (PI) indices of the uterine and umbilical arteries were determined. The values obtained were correlated with gestational age by Spearman's test, tested for adjustment to regression models and compared with the number of fetuses by ANOVA. The umbilical cord was first visualized at 28 days. Of the variables evaluated, RIUMB and PIUMB correlated with gestational age (p<0.001; and 0.046; respectively) and RIUMB had a low negative correlation with the number of fetuses per pregnancy (p = 0.003; r- Spearman = - 0.218). PSVUMB and EDVUMB values did not correlate with gestational age (p=0.737 and 0.768, respectively), but there was a decrease in the mean values throughout pregnancy (PSVUMB= 0.07; 0.31 and EDVUMB= 0.01; 0.06) as well as the change in the flow pattern of the spectral trace. The mean values of the uterine artery dopplervelocimetric variables PSVUT, EDVUT, PIUT and RIUT did not correlate with gestational age (p= 0.324; 0.372, 0.143; 0.13; respectively). It is expected that the results obtained will contribute to a broader understanding of the hemodynamic changes resulting from pregnancy in goats.

Congenital infection by cytomegalovirus in newborns with very low birth weight.

Not available.

Doppler sonography of the umbilical and uterine arteries blood flow of pregnant Saanen goats

The objective was to evaluate the blood flow of the uterine artery (UA) and umbilical artery (UMB) in the physiological pregnancy of goats by means of Doppler throughout the gestational period. Twenty-five Saanen goats weighing 55 ± 10 kg and aged between 2 and 5 were evaluated weekly, from the 21st until the 143rd day of gestation, and daily from that period until parturition. Values for peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistance (RI) and pulsatility (PI) indices of the uterine and umbilical arteries were determined. The values obtained were correlated with gestational age by Spearman's test, tested for adjustment to regression models and compared with the number of fetuses by ANOVA. The umbilical cord was first visualized at 28 days. Of the variables evaluated, RIUMB and PIUMB correlated with gestational age (p<0.001; and 0.046; respectively) and RIUMB had a low negative correlation with the number of fetuses per pregnancy (p = 0.003; r- Spearman = - 0.218). PSVUMB and EDVUMB values did not correlate with gestational age (p=0.737 and 0.768, respectively), but there was a decrease in the mean values throughout pregnancy (PSVUMB= 0.07; 0.31 and EDVUMB= 0.01; 0.06) as well as the change in the flow pattern of the spectral trace. The mean values of the uterine artery dopplervelocimetric variables PSVUT, EDVUT, PIUT and RIUT did not correlate with gestational age (p= 0.324; 0.372, 0.143; 0.13; respectively). It is expected that the results obtained will contribute to a broader understanding of the hemodynamic changes resulting from pregnancy in goats.(AU)

COVID-19: ¿cuál es el rol ético del odontólogo ante esta pandemia? / COVID-19: what is the ethical role of the dentist in face of this pandemic?

Introducción: Para un buen profesional de la odontología es necesaria la ética en todas las actividades que realice. La ética establece lo que es y debe ser, buscando siempre el bien y no hacer el mal o causar daño, y el odontólogo debe tener una serie de cualidades y aptitudes con el fin de llevar a cabo todo el tratamiento que amerite el paciente de manera correcta, honesta y responsable sin escatimar esfuerzos para devolverle su salud oral. La COVID-19 es una enfermedad que se ha convertido en pandemia y está afectando al mundo de manera importante. Entre los más afectados se encuentran los profesionales de la salud que arriesgan sus vidas por sanar al enfermo. Dada la situación actual, a los odontólogos se les presenta la duda si atender a sus pacientes en este periodo cumple o no con los principios éticos de la profesión. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente artículo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura con el fin de identificar el rol bioético del odontólogo ante la pandemia de COVID-19. Material y métodos: Para realizar la recolección de la literatura se compilaron artículos de diferentes bases de datos: PubMed, Cochrane, Nature y Lilacs producidos entre los años 2012 y 2020 con las palabras clave: ética, odontología, pandemia, COVID-19 y bioética en los idiomas español, inglés y portugués. Resultados: Se localizaron 70 artículos, de los cuales se escogieron finalmente 10 correspondientes a los criterios de búsqueda. Los artículos presentaron homogeneidad sobre el rol del odontólogo en la situación actual y coinciden en la búsqueda de alternativas y métodos de atención lo más seguras posibles, dando prioridad a quienes requieren atención de urgencias (AU)

Introduction: For a good dental professional, ethics is necessary in all the activities performed. Ethics stablish what is and what should be, always looking for the good and not the bad, the dentist should have a series of qualities and skills in order to perform every treatment that the patient needs in a correct, honest and responsible way without sparing efforts to give them back their oral health. COVID-19 is a disease that has converted into a pandemic affecting the world in an important manner. And, between the most affected are the health providers and professionals that risk their lives to heal the people suffering this disease. Given the current situation, dentists have been found in doubt regarding if treating their patients in this period meets or not the ethical principles of their profession. Objective: The objective of this article is to perform a systematic review of literature in order to identify the bioethics role of the dentist in face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods: To carry out the collection of literature the procedure included compiling different articles from the databases: PubMed, Cochrane, Nature, and Lilacs produced between the years of 2012 and 2020 with the key words: ethics, dentistry, pandemic, COVID-19, bioethics in the languages of Spanish, English and Portuguese. Results: 70 papers were located from which only 10 were chosen meeting the searching criteria. The papers presented homogenous results about the role of dentists in the current situation and the all agree in the search of alternatives and methods of care that are as secure as possible, giving priority to those who are in need of urgent care (AU)

Sobrecarga del cuidador y distrofia miotónica de Steinert tipo 1 / Caregiver overload and Steinert myotonic dystrophy type 1

Introducción: La distrofia miotónica tipo 1 es la distrofia muscular más frecuente a nivel mundial. Progresa lentamente llevando al paciente a la pérdida de autonomía lo que implica la necesidad del cuidador, quien con frecuencia, también padece la enfermedad. El síndrome de sobrecarga, desgaste o burnout, término en inglés muy utilizado en la bibliografía médica, se ha descrito en los últimos años para los cuidadores y es el desgaste emocional una de sus particularidades. Objetivo: Evaluar la autonomía para la realización de actividades diarias de los pacientes con distrofia miotónica tipo 1 en referencia al tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad y determinar la magnitud de desgaste en los cuidadores. Metodología: Se aplicó la escala de autonomía de Barthel a 29 pacientes y el cuestionario de Maslach a sus cuidadores. Resultados: Se demostró que las mujeres cuidadoras resultaron más afectadas en el intercambio con el enfermo para el cuidado, en la subescala despersonalización del instrumento Maslach (U de Mann-Whitney p = 0,05). Conclusiones: Se sugiere que los cuidadores femeninos son el grupo de mayor riesgo de padecer el síndrome de sobrecarga(AU)

Introduction: Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is the most common muscular dystrophy worldwide. It progresses slowly, depriving patients of their autonomy, which implies the need for a caregiver, who would often suffer from the disease as well. The overload or burnout syndrome, an English term very often found in medical bibliography, has been described for caregivers in recent years, and emotional wear is one of its features. Objective: Evaluate the autonomy to perform activities of daily living of patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 with reference to the time of evolution of the disease, and determine the extent of wear in caregivers. Methods: A study of a clinical case series was conducted for two years at the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in Havana. Patients were evaluated with the Barthel autonomy scale and caregivers with the Maslach burnout syndrome inventory. Inclusion criteria admitted patients of both sexes clinically and neurophysiologically characterized for this diagnosis. It was also required to obtain the informed consent of patients and caregivers responding to the overload measuring tool. Exclusion criteria left out patients with a dystrophic condition other than Steinert type 1, inconclusive clinical and electromyographic evaluations, or not willing to participate in the study. Results: According to the depersonalization subscale in the Maslach tool (Mann-Whitney U p = 0.05), female caregivers are more often affected by the interaction with the person cared for. Conclusions: Results suggest that female caregivers are under a greater risk of overload syndrome(AU)

Multiple matings modify the estrous length, the moment of ovulation, and the estradiol and LH patterns in ewes.

In several species, mating reduces the estrous length and advances ovulation. The aim of this study was to determine if multiple matings reduces the estrous length and modifies the moment of ovulation, as well as the estradiol and LH patterns in ewes. The estrous cycle of Corriedale ewes was synchronized, and the onset of receptivity was monitored every 3 h with rams, avoiding mating. At the estrous onset, ewes were assigned to two experimental groups (n=10 each): 1) estrous was monitored every 3 h with a ram avoiding mating (group CON), and 2) a ram was allowed to mate and ejaculate once every 3 h (group MAT). The ovaries were scanned with transrectal ultrasonography and blood samples were collected for measuring 17ß-estradiol and LH concentrations every 3 h until ovulation. Estrus was shorter in MAT than CON ewes (24.7 ± 1.5 h vs. 30.4 ± 1.5 h, respectively; P=0.02); the proportion of animals that ovulated before the end of estrus was greater in CON ewes: (9/10 vs. 3/10, P=0.009). The area under the LH curve (AUC) was greater in MAT than CON ewes (36.1 ± 3.5 ng.h-1.mL-1 vs 24.9 ± 3.5 ng.h-1.mL-1 P=0.03). However, MAT ewes had a lower 17ß-estradiol AUC than CON ewes (41.0 ± 4.9 pg.h-1.mL-1 vs 59.4 ± 4.9 pg.h-1.mL-1 P=0.01). Mating reduced the estrous length, induced a greater secretion of LH but less total 17ß-estradiol secreted and, additionally, ovulation occurred more frequently after the end of estrus in mated ewes.

Validation of the Multidimensional Inventory of Infidelity (IMIN) in Colombian Population.

Infidelity is a problem that entails psychological and physical consequences in humankind (Buss, 2016; González et al., 2009; Shackelford et al., 2003); thus, indicating the importance of measuring infidelity construct. The objective of the study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Multidimensional Infidelity Inventory (IMIN) for Colombian samples. For this, the instrument was applied to 674 Colombian participants, 224 men (33.28%) and 449 women (66.71%), with ages between 18 and 81 years (M = 25.11; SD = 10.56), carrying out exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory, and internal consistency for each subscale. In general, in the Motives to infidelity scale, three factors were found that explained 66.74% of the total accumulated variance; three factors were found in the Trend to Infidelity scale, explaining 65.02% of the total variance; in the sub-scale of Beliefs to infidelity, five factors were obtained, explaining 58.33% of the accumulated variance; and in the sub-scale of Consequences of infidelity, two clearly constituted factors were found, which explain 57.58% of the accumulated variance. All of them had confirmatory models with adequate levels of goodness of fit, adequate Cronbach alpha indicators, item-item, and item-test correlations, in addition to concordance with the original proposal of the instrument.

La infidelidad es un importante constructo a medir, al ser una problemática que conlleva consecuencias psicológicas y físicas (Buss, 2016; González et al., 2009; Shackelford et al., 2003). Se buscó determinar la validez y la confiabilidad del Inventario Multidimensional de Infidelidad (IMIN) para muestras colombianas. Se aplicó el instrumento a 674 participantes colombianos, 224 hombres (33.28%) y 449 mujeres (66.71%), con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 81 años (M = 25.11; DE = 10.56), llevando a cabo análisis factoriales exploratorios, confirmatorios y de consistencia interna para cada subescala. En la escala de Tendencia a la infidelidad, se identificaron 3 factores que explicaron el 66.74% de la varianza total acumulada; en la escala de Motivos a la infidelidad, se hallaron siete factores, explicando el 65.02% de la varianza total; en la subescala de Creencias a la infidelidad, se obtuvieron cinco factores, explicando el 58.33% de la varianza acumulada; y en la subescala de Consecuencias de la infidelidad se hallaron dos factores claramente constituidos, que explican el 57.58% de la varianza acumulada. Todos los anteriores tenían modelos confirmatorios con adecuados niveles de bondad de ajuste y adecuados indicadores alfas de Cronbach, correlaciones ítem-ítem e ítem-prueba, además de concordancia con la propuesta original del instrumento.

Assessment of dopperfluxometric indices of maternal-fetal structures in pregnant ewes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood flow of the uterine artery, fetal aorta and umbilical artery in the physiological pregnancy of sheep by means of pulsed Doppler throughout the gestational period. Thirty Santa Inês ewes weighing between 45.4±4.3 kg and aged 2 to 5 years were selected. The evaluations were carried out weekly from the 3rd to the 21st gestational week. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistance index (RI) were obtained. Analysis of variance was performed, and the minimum significant comparison of means was obtained by the BH test with adjusted P<0.05. The results were expressed as mean ± standard error. For the fetal aorta, there was an increase in the EDV values and a decrease in the PSV and RI throughout pregnancy. For the uterine artery, PSV and EDV did not present significant variation, whereas the RI showed a reduction in the last week. Increased EDV values were found for the umbilical artery throughout pregnancy. For the PSV there was no significant difference, as the RI was reduced at the end of pregnancy. The results obtained are expected to contribute to a more complete understanding of the hemodynamic changes resulting from pregnancy.

Using transrectal ultrasound-guided massage of the accessory sex glands for buck semen collection yields semen with greater cryoresistance than electroejaculation alone during the breeding season.

The cryoresistance of bucks' semen collected by transrectal ultrasound-guided massage of the accessory sex glands (TUMASG) and electroejaculation (EE) was compared during the breeding season (Study 1) or the late non-breeding season (Study 2). Semen was collected from 10 Gabon bucks with both methods in each season and then frozen according to a standardized protocol. The time required for ejaculation, the number of electrical pulses applied, the sum of the electrical pulses applied∗voltage and the total number of vocalizations emitted during the collection by each animal were recorded. In Study 1, TUMASG required a longer time (P = 0.0006) but fewer electrical pulses and a lower sum of pulses∗voltage than EE (P < 0.0001 for both comparisons). Bucks vocalized fewer times during TUMASG than during EE (P < 0001). Semen collected with TUMASG had greater sperm concentration, sperm mass motility, total number of motile sperm and of sperm with progressive motility, and tended to have greater total number of sperm with functional membrane than semen collected with EE (P = 0.02; P = 0.003; P = 0.02; P = 0.02; P = 0.06, respectively). After the freezing-thawing process, sperm collected with TUMASG had a greater quality of the motility, a total number of motile sperm and sperm with progressive motility, a greater percentage of motile sperm and sperm with functional membrane, and tended to have a greater total number of sperm with normal morphology than semen collected with EE (P = 0.04; P = 0.04; P = 0.03; P = 0.02; P = 0.04; P = 0.06, respectively). In Study 1 sperm collected with TUMASG had greater cryoresistance for almost all the variables considered than when it was collected with EE. In Study 2, the number of electrical pulses and the sum of pulses∗voltage were greater with EE than with TUMASG (P < 0001; P = 0.0002, respectively). There were no differences in any sperm variable in fresh or thawed samples collected with TUMASG or EE. However, the other seminal characteristics evaluated did not differ according to the method, and there were no differences in the cryoresistance of any variable. Overall, TUMASG affected animal welfare less than EE and was suitable for collecting semen of good quality with high cryoresistance during the breeding season in buck.

A sliver of the past: The decimation of the genetic diversity of the Mexican wolf.

The endangered Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) is known to carry exceedingly low levels of genetic diversity. This could be (i) the result of long-term evolutionary patterns as they exist at the southernmost limit of the species distribution at a relatively reduced effective size, or (ii) due to rapid population decline caused by human persecution over the last century. If the former, purifying selection is expected to have minimized the impact of inbreeding. If the latter, rapid and recent declines in genetic diversity may have resulted in severe fitness consequences. To differentiate these hypotheses, we conducted comparative whole-genome analyses of five historical Mexican wolves (1907-1917) and 18 contemporary Mexican and grey wolves from North America and Eurasia. Based on whole-genome data, historical and modern Mexican wolves together form a discrete unit. Moreover, we found that modern Mexican wolves have reduced genetic diversity and increased inbreeding relative to the historical population, which was widespread across the southwestern United States and not restricted to Mexico as previously assumed. Finally, although Mexican wolves have evolved in sympatry with coyotes (C. latrans), we observed lower introgression between historical Mexican wolves and coyotes than with modern Mexican wolves, despite similarities in body size. Taken together, our data show that recent population declines probably caused the reduced level of genetic diversity, but not the observed differentiation of the Mexican wolves from other North American wolves.