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1.
Biomedicines ; 11(6)2023 Jun 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37371727

RESUMO

This article provides a comprehensive narrative review of the history of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and their development over time. Firstly, it explores the significant role of serendipity in the discovery of essential AEDs that continue to be used today, such as phenobarbital and valproic acid. Subsequently, it delves into the historical progression of crucial preclinical models employed in the development of novel AEDs, including the maximal electroshock stimulation test, pentylenetetrazol-induced test, kindling models, and other animal models. Moving forward, a concise overview of the clinical advancement of major AEDs is provided, highlighting the initial milestones and the subsequent refinement of this process in recent decades, in line with the emergence of evidence-based medicine and the implementation of increasingly rigorous controlled clinical trials. Lastly, the article explores the contributions of artificial intelligence, while also offering recommendations and discussing future perspectives for the development of new AEDs.

2.
Seizure ; 105: 43-51, 2023 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36702019

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases and has high morbidity and mortality. Multiple methods for assessing dysautonomia have been reported; however, the patient characteristics and epilepsy features that drive any method selection are unclear. People with epilepsy (PWE) can experience sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) and one reason can be dysautonomia. If dysautonomia can be detected in PWE before a severe event, then it could complement and redirect patient treatment and monitoring. OBJECTIVE: To map the available literature on dysautonomia in PWE and describe patients' characteristics and methods used to evaluate dysautonomia. METHODS: We performed a scoping literature review. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and hand searched starting from the first registry in the literature until August 2019. Studies were independently assessed by three authors and two epileptologists. We present data in tables and summarize information according to the following structure: population, concepts, and context. RESULTS: Thirty-five studies were included in the analysis with epidemiological designs including case reports (23), cross-sectional studies (4), case‒controls (7), and cohort studies (1). A total of 618 patients were enrolled. Heart rate variability, arrhythmia, blood pressure, the tilt-table test, polysomnography, respiratory function, and magnetic resonance imaging were the methods most commonly used to assess dysautonomia in PWE. A detailed description of the heart rate variability assessment is presented. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides a broad description of the available literature identifying clinical findings, the most frequently reported assessment measurements of dysautonomia, in temporal lobe epilepsy and extratemporal epilepsies.


Assuntos
Epilepsia , Disautonomias Primárias , Morte Súbita Inesperada na Epilepsia , Humanos , Morte Súbita/etiologia , Estudos Transversais , Epilepsia/complicações , Disautonomias Primárias/complicações , Fatores de Risco
3.
Acta neurol. colomb ; 38(3): 148-153, jul.-set. 2022. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1403021

RESUMO

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El tétanos es una enfermedad que afecta el sistema nervioso. Su presentación clínica se caracteriza por espasmos musculares en respuesta a la liberación de la neurotoxina producida por la formación de esporas de la bacteria Clostridium tetani. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CASO: Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 70 años que luego de una caída presentó una herida en la región ocular. Al ingreso se evidenciaron signos de infección local y contracción involuntaria en los músculos maseteros, con imposibilidad de apertura oral. Posteriormente, presentó insuficiencia respiratoria, contracciones generalizadas y necesidad de traslado a unidad de cuidado intensivo. Debido a que entre los diagnósticos diferenciales se encontraba la presencia de crisis epilépticas motoras, se hicieron estudios complementarios para descartar esta posibilidad. DISCUSIÓN: El diagnóstico del tétanos es clínico, es importante sospecharlo en pacientes con antecedentes de lesión en piel e inmunización inadecuada. Por su amplia presentación clínica, puede llevar a confusión con otras patologías. Entre los diagnósticos diferenciales están las crisis epilépticas, sin embargo, el tétano no cumple con las características semiológicas, no compromete el estado de conciencia y no progresa a estado epiléptico, asociado con la normalidad de estudios complementarios como las neuroimágenes, el estudio de líquido cefalorraquídeo y el registro electroencefalográfico. CONCLUSIÓN: El tétanos es una enfermedad altamente prevenible y un reto diagnóstico para el profesional de la salud por su amplio debut de síntomas. Por ello, en el abordaje diagnóstico es importante reconocer los diagnósticos diferenciales, teniendo como base la historia clínica, lo que permite un diagnóstico temprano y oportuno.


ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Tetanus is a disease that affects the nervous system and its clinical presentation is characterized by muscle spasms caused by the release of a neurotoxin produced by the formation of spores of the Clostridium tetani bacteria. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present the case of a 70-year-old man who after a fall, presented an injury to the ocular region. On admission, signs of local infection and involuntary contraction of the masseter muscles were evident, with impossibility of oral opening. Subsequently, he presented respiratory failure, generalized contractions and transfer to the intensive care unit, due to its similarity to convulsive events, pathology at the level of the central nervous system is suspected, for which it requires complementary studies and clinical analysis to rule it out. DISCUSSION: The diagnosis of tetanus is clinical, it is important to suspect it in patients with a history of skin lesions and inadequate immunization, due to its extensive clinical presentation, it can lead to confusion with other pathologies. Among the differential diagnoses are epileptic seizures, however, tetanus does not meet the semiological characteristics, does not compromise the state of consciousness and does not progress to status epilepticus, associated with the normality of complementary studies such as neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid study and registry electroencephalographic. CONCLUSION: Tetanus is a highly preventable disease and a diagnostic challenge for the health professional due to its wide onset of symptoms. That is why the diagnostic approach is important to recognize the differential diagnoses based on the clinical history, which allows an early and timely diagnosis.


Assuntos
Tétano , Trismo , Vacinação , Epilepsia
4.
Neurol Clin Pract ; 11(5): e677-e681, 2021 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34840882

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The most important indication for EEGs is the investigation of epileptic and nonepileptic seizures. However, it is unclear whether EEG in the emergency depatment (ED) can be useful in managing other conditions. Our objective was to investigate the usefulness of EEGs in the ED. METHODS: We performed an observational, descriptive, retrospective study based on clinical records between 2018 and 2019. We evaluated patients admitted to our ED or hospital wards who underwent an EEG. We defined the EEG results as useful when they prompted changes in antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment or clinical management. RESULTS: We gathered information from 236 patients with a mean age of 59.23 years (SD ±22.6), of whom 47.9% were women. In patients with seizures, 18.2% were generalized, 27.1% were focal, and 18.6% were unknown. Overall, 25.8% of the EEGs were abnormal. However, in patients with a history of predisposing conditions for epileptic seizures or encephalopathies, the tracing was abnormal in 47.5%. The most frequent alteration on the abnormal EEGs was generalized slowing (18.2%). The EEG was useful in 76.7% of patients: AEDs changed in 8.4% and clinical management changed in 76.2% of patients. The usefulness of EEGs associated with acute ischemic lesions on CT (p = 0.023) and with the diagnosis of vasovagal syncope (p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Routine EEG is useful in the ED, even in patients with a normal CT or MR brain image, because it helps determine clinical management or AED changes.

6.
Acta neurol. colomb ; 33(1): 8-11, ene.-mar. 2017.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-886415

RESUMO

RESUMEN La enfermedad de Fabry es una enfermedad genética con herencia ligada al cromosoma X recesiva, en la que se encuentra afectada la actividad de la enzima lisosomal a-galactosidasa A (GLA), con acumulación de diferentes metabolitos como la globotriaosilceramida (GL 3) y la globotriaosilceramida deacilada (liso GL 3), responsables de la disfunción multiorgánica y de las diversas manifestaciones fenotípicas, comprometiendo principalmente: sistema nervioso, piel tracto gastrointestinal, corazón y riñón. La manifestación neurológica más temprana es el dolor neuropático, sin embargo se pueden encontrar síntomas gastrointestinales, en piel y ojo, mientras que el daño renal y cardiaco se presentan como manifestaciones tardías al igual que el ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) que se presenta en la adultez. A continuación presentamos dos casos clínicos de pacientes con ACV criptogénico con mutaciones hetero-cigotas en el gen de la a-galactosidasa A


SUMMARY Fabry's disease is a recessive X linked genetic disorder in which lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase A activity is affected, with accumulation of different kind of metabolites such as globotriaosylceramide and the deacylated globotriaosylceramide which are responsible for the multi-organ dysfunction that is seen in this disease, and also of the several phenotypic manifestations, mainly in nervous system, skin, gastrointestinal tract, heart and kidney. Earlier neurological manifestation is neuropathic pain could finding also gastrointestinal tract, skin and eye complaints while Cardiac and renal damage present later like as cerebrovascular disease which presents in adulthood. Two clinical cases of young patients with cryptogenic stroke with heterozygous mutations for Fabry's disease are presenting below.


Assuntos
Cromossomo X , Doença de Fabry , alfa-Galactosidase
7.
Acta neurol. colomb ; 32(3): 212-215, jul.-set. 2016. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-827683

RESUMO

A través del presente estudio se pretende demostrar la importancia de la evaluación de la enfermedad de Pompe como diagnóstico diferencial de la enfermedad de motoneurona. En el siguiente trabajo presentamos dos casos clínicos en los que inicialmente se consideró enfermedad de motoneurona, y en donde finalmente se documentó un déficit de alfa glucosidasa como causal de la sintomatología.


Through this study we aim to demonstrate the importance of the evaluation of pompe disease as a differential diagnosis of motor neuron disease. Here we present two cases in which the initial approach was of a motor neuron disease, but with a more comprehensive assessment it was documented an alpha glucosidase deficiency.

8.
Acta neurol. colomb ; 29(1): 4-9, ene.-mar. 2013. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-688846

RESUMO

Introducción: el ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) ocupa el primer lugar en frecuencia entre todas las enfermedades neurológicas de la vida adulta y el tercer lugar como causa más frecuente de muerte. Se ha demostrado la utilidaden el manejo agudo del ACV, con activador del plasminógeno tisular recombinante (rt-PA) en las primeras 4,5 horas después del inicio de los síntomas, por mayor sobrevida y menor discapacidad. Sin embargo solo el 5-10% de pacientes reciben este manejo. Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico de corte transversal, en un centro hospitalario en Bogotá entre enerode 2009 y enero de 2011.Resultados. se encontraron 178 pacientes en un promedio de edad de 65,9 años (DE± 10 años) con una razónhombre:mujer 1:1, la principal causa para no aplicar trombolisis fue la ventana mayor a 4.5 horas, 33,7% (n=60),26,4% por cambios en imágenes diagnósticas, y 14% por puntajes leves o severos en las escala National Instituteof Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS-ACV), historia quirúrgica 7.3% y laboratorios alterados 4.5%.El tiempo promedio la activación del código de ACV fue 23 minutos (DE ± 21), 39 minutos para valoración porneurología (DE ± 25), 46 minutos (DE ± 19,1) para toma de paraclínicos, 66 minutos (DE ± 21) para la toma deimágenes y 97 (DE ± 17) minutos para trombolisis, ésta se realizó trombolisis en 17 pacientes, (9,6%).No se encontró asociación significativa entre cultura de organización institucional y trombolisis ni entre los tiemposde atención y trombolisis.Conclusiones. la principal razón para no trombolisar fue la ventana mayor a 4.5 horas, no se encontró relaciónentre cultura de organización institucional con trombolisis. El tiempo promedio de trombolisis fue de 90 minutos.Deben instaurarse medidas para reducir el tiempo de llegada al hospital, y los tiempos de atención en urgencias.Deben realizarse nuevas evaluaciones del código ACV posteriores a las estrategias de mejoría.


Assuntos
Humanos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Cultura Organizacional , Terapia Trombolítica , Neurologia
9.
Acta neurol. colomb ; 20(4): 203-205, dic. 2004.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-424698

RESUMO

Se presenta un caso de porfiria intermitente aguda diagnosticado en la Fundación Cardio-Infantil. La paciente acudió en varias ocasiones a los servicios de urgencias por dolor abdominal; la presencia de porfobilinogeno en la orina y la sospecha de polineuropatía facilitaron el diagnóstico. Se analizan la clínica, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos y la aproximación diagnóstica y terapéutica


Assuntos
Porfiria Aguda Intermitente
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