Improvement of probiotic viability through the design of novel biomaterials using coffee pulp wastes and Lactobacillus rhamnosus.

The immobilization of bacteria cells has shown to be an efficient technology to improve cell viability. This study used lyophilized and pulverized coffee pulp (LPC) and LPC functionalized with theobromine at two concentrations, 3.1 w/w and 2.4 w/w named as LPF1 and LPF2, respectively, to immobilize Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103 cells (biomaterials) and increase the viability of the cell at storage and gastrointestinal conditions. To characterize the biomaterials, SEM, Dynamic Light Scattering, TGA, , FTIR and Isoeletrc Point measurements (or zeta potential measurements) were carried out. To evaluate the effectiveness of immobilization, cell viability as a function of storage time and under simulated gastrointestinal conditions was evaluated. Regarding the characterization of the materials, the particle sizes were 21.7 to 334.4 nm and they experienced mass losses of less than 10% at 100 °C. The FTIR indicated the presence of functional groups related to caffeine, chlorogenic acid, sucrose, arabinogalactans, carbohydrates, and proteins in all biomaterials. The sorption kinetic parameters showed an adsorptive capacity between 3.0 × 109 and 8.0 × 109 CFU/g, being LPF1 the best materials to immobilize the cells, associated with LPF1 surface properties. The viability was higher for immobilized cells than for free cells, when left in storage and under simulated gastric conditions. Finally, the biomaterials could be used in the preparation of probiotic diets based on lactobacilli. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study regarding the use of waste from coffee agribusiness to develop probiotic biocarriers which opens up possibilities for future developments.

Antioxidants from Hyeronima macrocarpa Berries Loaded on Nanocellulose: Thermal and Antioxidant Stability.

This study investigated the effect of different storage temperatures (35-55 °C) on the bioactive substances and antioxidant properties of Hyeronima macrocarpa berries loaded on nanocellulose. NC was extracted from banana pseudo-stems and presented an interesting surface and porosity properties. The acidified ethanol extract showed better anthocyanin extraction (1317 mg C3G eq./100 g FW) and was used for the preparation of the powdered product, which presented an intense and uniform magenta color, with CIELAB parameters of L* = 59.16, a* = 35.61, and b* = 7.08. The powder exhibited significant stability at storage temperatures of 35 and 45 °C, in which there was no significant loss of anthocyanins or a decrease in antioxidant capacity. In addition, the color was stable for up to 4 months without adding any preservative agent. The anthocyanin-rich extract of H. macrocarpa reached an estimated shelf-life of 315 days (stored at 35 °C), as a result of the impregnation process between the extract and NC, with the ability to protect the bioactives from degradation, due to NC surface properties.

Dual-Purpose Materials Based on Carbon Xerogel Microspheres (CXMs) for Delayed Release of Cannabidiol (CBD) and Subsequent Aflatoxin Removal.

The main objective of this study is to develop a novel dual-purpose material based on carbon xerogel microspheres (CXMs) that permits the delayed release of cannabidiol (CBD) and the removal of aflatoxin. The CXMs were prepared by the sol-gel method and functionalized with phosphoric acid (CXMP) and melamine (CXMN). The support and the modified materials were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption at -196 °C, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and zeta potential. For the loading of the cannabidiol (CBD) in the porous samples, batch-mode adsorption experiments at 25 °C were performed, varying the concentration of CBD. The desorption kinetics was performed at two conditions for simulating the gastric (pH of 2.1) and intestinal (pH of 7.4) conditions at 37 °C based on in vitro CBD release. Posteriorly, the samples obtained after desorption were used to study aflatoxin removal, which was evaluated through adsorption experiments at pH = 7.4 and 37 °C. The adsorption isotherms of CBD showed a type I(b) behavior, with the adsorbed uptake being higher for the support than for the modified materials with P and N. Meanwhile, the desorption kinetics of CBD at gastric conditions indicated release values lower than 8%, and the remaining amount was desorbed at pH = 7.4 in three hours until reaching 100% based on the in vitro experiments. The results for aflatoxin showed total removal in less than 30 min for all the materials evaluated. This study opens a broader landscape in which to develop dual-purpose materials for the delayed release of CBD, improving its bioavailability and allowing aflatoxin removal in gastric conditions.

Creosote Bush (Larrea tridentata) Extract Assessment as a Green Antioxidant for Biodiesel.

In this work, the antioxidant properties of methanolic extract of Larrea tridentata were assessed through the free radical scavenging method, ferric reducing antioxidant power and oxygen radical absorbance capacity. The phenolic acids content in the extract was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the total phenol content by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The extract was used as an antioxidant in biodiesel from canola oil composed mostly by fatty acid methyl esters identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The performance of the extract as an antioxidant was assessed by the oxidative stability index (OSI) with a Rancimat equipment at 100, 110, 120 and 130 °C. Additionally, the change of the peroxide value (PV) and the higher heating value under conditions of oxidative stress at 100 °C and air injection were measured. The antioxidant capacity of the extract reached 50,000 TAEC (micromole of Trolox antioxidant equivalent capacity per gram). The biodiesel was constituted by more than 70% of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), mainly methyl oleate. The time needed to reach a PV of 100 meqO2/kg was almost four times longer with an antioxidant concentration of 250 mg/L than the blank. The biodiesel showed an OSI time of 1.25 h at 110 °C, while it increased to 8.8, 15.89 and 32.27 h with the antioxidant at concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L, respectively. The methanolic Larrea tridentata extract proved to have an antioxidant capacity and it is a green antioxidant in biodiesel to increase its oxidative stability. According to the results obtained, the L. tridentata methanolic extract is an alternative to the commercial synthetic antioxidants used in biodiesel nowadays.

Immobilization of Andean berry (Vaccinium meridionale) polyphenols on nanocellulose isolated from banana residues: A natural food additive with antioxidant properties.

Nanocellulose obtained from banana rachis (NCBR) was loaded (through simple impregnation) with a polyphenolic-rich extract (PRE) of Andean berries (Vaccinium meridionale). The adsorption/desorption of polyphenols onto NCBR and the thermal stability and antioxidant activity of the polyphenolic-NCBR nanocomplex (NCX) was studied. Thermodynamic properties (ΔH°ads, ΔS°ads and ΔG°ads) showed that polyphenols interact with NCBR by physisorption through a spontaneous and exothermic process. The NCX kept the original color of PRE (magenta) and released polyphenols in aqueous medium (80% of phenolic compounds in the first hour and 50% of anthocyanins in the first few minutes). The NCX showed high antioxidant activity, as evidenced by traditional assays, and inhibited the peroxyl radicals mediated oxidation of a tryptophan-containing peptide. Additionally, NCX inhibited lipid peroxidation in an emulsified system of Sacha inchi oil exposed to accelerated oxidative conditions. In conclusion, the NCX showed good properties as an antioxidant with potential use as a food additive.

Immobilization of P. stutzeri on Activated Carbons for Degradation of Hydrocarbons from Oil-in-Saltwater Emulsions.

Production water is the largest byproduct of the oil industry and must be treated before disposal, either by reinjection or shedding processes, with the purpose of eliminating emulsified crude oil and avoiding the operational and toxic problems associated with it. The objective of this work was to immobilize a hydrocarbon-degrading strain on activated carbons, to evaluate the biocomplex's capacity for catalyzing hydrocarbons from Oil in Brine emulsions (O/W) simulating produced waters. Activated carbons were prepared and their chemical and porous properties were estimated by XPS, pHPZC and SEM, N2 adsorption, and mercury porosimetry. Biomaterials were synthesized and hydrocarbon removal tests were performed. The basic and neutral carbons immobilized Pseudomonas stutzeri by physisorption in the macroporous space and electrostatic interactions (108⁻108 UFC∙g-1), while acid materials inhibited bacterial growth. Removal of aromatic hydrocarbons was more efficient using materials (60%⁻93%) and biomaterials (16%⁻84%) than using free P. stutzeri (1%⁻47%), and the removal efficiencies of crude oil were 22%, 48% and 37% for P. stutzeri and two biomaterials, respectively. The presence of minor hydrocarbons only when P. stutzeri was present confirmed the biotransformation process.

Intestinal, urinary and uterine antispasmodic effects of isoespintanol, metabolite from Oxandra xylopioides leaves.

BACKGROUND: Isoespintanol is a monoterpene isolated from the leaves of Oxandra xylopioides Diels. (Annonaceae) with antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. It was of interest to know whether it has antispasmodic effects such as other known drugs, phloroglucinol and trimethoxybenzene, used in therapeutics for treating biliary, urinary and uterine spasms. PURPOSE: To assess whether isoespintanol possesses antispasmodic effects on intestine, uterus and bladder. STUDY DESIGN: A preclinical study was performed in which isoespintanol, phloroglucinol and trimethoxybenzene were evaluated with concentration-contractile response curves (CRC) of carbachol in isolated rat intestine and bladder, and with CRC of serotonin (5-HT) in rat uterus. Moreover, it was assessed whether isoespintanol interferes with Ca2+ influx by making CRC of Ca2+ in high-K+ medium in intestine and bladder. RESULTS: Isoespintanol non-competitively inhibited the CRC of carbachol with affinity constant (pK) of 4.78 ±â€¯0.09 in intestine and 4.60 ±â€¯0.09 in bladder. Phloroglucinol and trimethoxybenzene were also non-competitive antagonists, but isoespintanol was 8 times more potent than trimethoxybenzene and similarly potent than phloroglucinol in intestine. In bladder, isoespintanol resulted 8 times more potent than trimethoxybenzene. The maximal inhibition of contraction followed the order of isoespintanol > trimethoxybenzene > phloroglucinol in intestine, and isoespintanol > trimethoxybenzene in bladder. Moreover, isoespintanol also completely and non-competitively inhibited the CRC of Ca2+, with a pK of 5.1 ±â€¯0.1 in intestine, and 4.32 ±â€¯0.07 in bladder. In uterus isoespintanol reduced, completely and non-competitively, the contraction produced by 5-HT with pK of 5.05 ±â€¯0.07. CONCLUSION: Results demonstrate that isoespintanol is a very good intestinal, urinary and uterine antispasmodic, with higher potency than the other drugs used in therapeutics. The mechanism of action of isoespintanol is the interference with Ca2+ influx, at a difference of trimethoxybenzene and phloroglucinol.

Association of the cysteine-rich secretory protein-3 (CRISP-3) and some of its polymorphisms with the quality of cryopreserved stallion semen.

Contribution of seminal plasma proteins to semen freezability has been reported in several species, suggesting these proteins as genetic markers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cysteine-rich secretory protein-3 (CRISP-3) and some of its single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with post-thawing semen quality in stallions. DNA was obtained from 100 stallions, regions of interest were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Evaluated SNPs within the equine CRISP-3 gene were CRISP3c.+199A>G (SNP1), CRISP3c.+566C>A (SNP2), CRISP3c.+622G>A (SNP3) and CRISP3c.+716A>G (SNP4). CRISP-3 protein content in seminal plasma was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Semen from 30 stallions was cryopreserved and post-thaw motility, kinetics, abnormal morphology (AM), sperm vitality (SV) and membrane integrity (MI) were evaluated. Generalized linear models were fitted and means were compared using Tukey's test. Correlation and regression analyses were performed. For SNP1 and SNP3, the AA genotype had the highest results for motility and MI; for SNP2, the best results for motility and AM were obtained with the CC genotype. For SNP4, the GG genotype had the lowest results, except for MI. A high level of CRISP-3 protein in seminal plasma had the best results for motility, kinetics, SV and AM. In conclusion, there was a relationship between CRISP-3 genotype and seminal plasma protein and post-thawing semen quality in stallions.

Efecto del tiempo de almacenamiento sobre las características fisicoquímicas, antioxidantes y antiproliferativa de néctar de agraz (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) / Effect of storage time on the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant and antiproliferative nectar of unripe (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz)

El Agraz (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz), es una baya que posee alta capacidad antioxidante debido a su contenido de compuestos polifenólicos como antocianinas, ácidos fenólicos y flavonoides. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la composición proximal inicial y el efecto en las características fisicoquímicas (pH, °Brix, acidez titulable (AT)), actividad antioxidante y antiproliferativa de néctares elaborados a partir de agraz liofilizado, almacenados du- rante 42 días. Se prepararon dos néctares: NA (sacarosa) y NB (aspartame), se evaluó cambio en pH, °Brix y AT cada7días durante el almacenamiento. Se determinó contenido de fenoles y antocianinas totales mediante Folin-Ciocalteau y método diferencial de pH, respectivamente, actividad antioxidante mediante FRAP y ORAC. Se analizó la actividad antiproliferativa con sulforodamina B en células SW480 (adenocarcinoma de colon). Los resultados mostraron que ambos néctares presentaron estabilidad en °Brix, pH yAT y el NB presentó menor aporte calórico. El contenido de fenoles totales aumentó durante el almacenamiento. El contenido de antocianinas y capacidad antioxidante se redujo significativamente (p<0,05). NA presentó mejor actividad antiproliferativa a las 72h, con un porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento celular a una concentración de 1g/mL de 63,50% (IC50=0,6g/mL). Se puede concluir que NA presentó mayor capacidad antiproliferativa y NB mejor actividad antioxidante, que aunque disminuyó significativamente durante el almacenamiento, continuó siendo alta comparada con estudios reportados en la literatura. Para productos realizados a partir de bayas del género Vaccinium. Se requieren estudios adicionales “in vivo” que permitan comprobar su eficacia quimiopreventiva y dilucidar mecanismos moleculares de acción para beneficio de la salud humana, demostrando su potencial funcional descrito hasta ahora “in vitro”(AU)

Effect of storage time on the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant and antiproliferative nectar of unripe (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz). Agraz (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) is a berry that has high antioxidant capacity due to its content of polyphenolic compounds as anthocyanins, phenolic acids and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the initial proximal composition and the effect on the physicochemical characteristics (pH, ° Brix, titratable and acidity (TA), antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of nectars made from unripe lyophilized and stored for 42 days. Two nectars were prepared: NA (sucrose) and NB (aspartame), was evaluated change in pH, °Brix and AT every 7 days during storage. It was determined and total phenols content by Folin-Ciocalteu anthocyanins and pH differential method, respectively, antioxidant activity by FRAP and ORAC. Antiproliferative activity with sulforhodamine B in SW480 cells (colon adenocarcinoma) were analyzed. The results showed that both were stable nectars ° Brix, pH and changes in AT. The NB has lower calories. The content of total phenols increased during storage. The anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity was significantly reduced (p <0.05). NA presented better antiproliferative activity at 72 h, with a percentage of inhibition of cell growth at a concentration of 1g / ml of 63.50% (IC50 = 0.6 g/mL). It can be concluded that NA had a higher antiproliferative capacity and NB better antioxidant activity than even decreased significantly during storage, remained high com- pared to studies reported in the literature. Further studies "in vivo" to verify their chemopreventive efficacy and elu- cidate molecular mechanisms of action for the benefit of human health, showing their functional potential described so far "in vitro" are required(AU)

Actividad antioxidante de café colombiano de diferentes calidades / Antioxidant activity of different grades of Colombian coffee

Introducción: el café colombiano estudiado por diferentes investigadores, corresponde a un café verde con calidad de exportación. Sin embargo, el café procesado en Colombia, se elabora con diferentes materias primas, no reportadas en ningún trabajo de investigación. La calidad del café depende de: tipo de café verde, proceso de tostado y molienda. Estas variables determinan la concentración de los compuestos fenólicos, importantes en la capacidad antioxidante, parámetro de calidad de un alimento nutracéutico. Objetivos: determinar la capacidad antioxidante de infusiones acuosas de 5 calidades de café colombiano. Métodos: se evaluaron las propiedades antioxidantes y algunos componentes de los extractos acuosos de muestras de café verde de 5 calidades que se comercializan en Colombia (Excelso UGQ, excelso D3, chorreado de pergamino, consumo y pasilla de máquinas), todas provenientes de la región de Antioquia, Colombia. Los contenidos de fenoles totales se determinaron por el método Follin Ciocalteu, los ácidos fenólicos por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución y las capacidades antioxidantes por los métodos DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidracil) y ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). Resultados: los contenidos de fenoles totales de las bebidas fueron muy similares en las 5 calidades de café, mientras que los valores TEAC (trolox equivalent antioxidat capacity) por la metodología DPPH y los valores ORAC para el café excelso UGQ resultaron superiores a las otras muestras, debido a su alto contenido de ácidos fenólicos: elágico, cafeico y clorogénico. Conclusiones: el café Excelso UGQ tiene altas concentraciones de ácidos fenólicos responsables de su mayor actividad antioxidante, comparado con las cuatro calidades de café consumidos en Colombia.

Introduction: the Colombian coffee studied by different researchers, represents a export quality green coffee. However, processed coffee in Colombia is prepared from different raw materials that are not reported in any research work. The quality of coffee depends on the type of green coffee, the roasting and the grinding processes. These variables determine the concentration of phenolic compounds that are so important for the antioxidant capacity and a quality parameter of one nutraceutical food. Objectives: to determine the antioxidant capacity of aqueous infusions prepared from 5 grades of Colombian coffee. Methods: the antioxidant properties and some components of the aqueous extracts from green coffee samples of the five grades sold in Colombia (Excelso UGQ, Excelso D3, chorreado de pergamino, consumo y pasilla de máquinas) were evaluated, all from the region of Antioquia, Colombia. The total phenolic content was determined by the Follin Ciocalteu method, phenolic acids were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and antioxidant capacity was detected by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) methods. Results: the total phenol contents in drinks were very similar in the 5 grades of coffee, whereas TEAC (trolox equivalent antioxidat capacity) using DPPH methodology and ORAC values for the Excelso UGQ coffee were higher than those of other samples due to the high acid phenol content of this type of coffe including ellagic, caffeic and chlorogenic acids. Conclusions: Excelso UGQ coffee presents high phenolic acid concentrations that account for higher antioxidant activity compared with the other 4 grades of coffee consumed in Colombia.

Actividad inhibitoria de Murraya paniculata contra fosfolipasas A2 miotóxicas / Inhibitory activity of Murraya paniculata against myotoxic phospholipases A2

Los envenenamientos causados por serpientes del género Bothrops constituyen un problema de salud en algunos países tropicales, no solamente por la mortalidad sino por el alto porcentaje de incapacidades físicas que ocasionan. Las fosfolipasas A₂(PLA₂) son componentes abundantes en los venenos bothrópicos y crotálicos, y se caracterizan por inducir daños irreversibles en el músculo. Considerando el aporte de las plantas en el tratamiento ofídico, este trabajo se enfocó en la búsqueda de inhibidores de las fosfolipasas, bien sea como alternativa terapéutica o como coadyuvante del tratamiento ofídico. De un tamizaje de 37 especies de plantas vasculares y briofitos contra las PLA₂, se seleccionó la especie Murraya paniculata por su promisoria actividad preliminar. Se siguió con el fraccionamiento biodirigido por la evaluación de la actividad inhibitoria de la PLA₂ y de la fracción con mayor actividad inhibitoria, por medio de cromatografía de gases acoplada a masas se identificaron metabolitos responsables de la actividad, para proponer un modelo de inhibición enzima-sustrato. Los resultados de este proyecto pretenden contribuir en la búsqueda de moléculas inhibitorias de las PLA₂en plantas vasculares, como la especie M. paniculata, que podrían llegar a ser una herramienta en el desarrollo de nuevos productos para mejorar el pronóstico del accidente ofídico.

Envenomation by snakes of the genus Bothrops are a health problem in some tropical countries, not only because of the mortality but given the high percentage of physical disabilities it causes. Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are abundant constituents in bothropic and crotalic venoms, characterized by inducing irreversible muscle damage. Due to the contribution of plants in the snakebite treatment, we focus on the search of phospholipases inhibitors, either as an alternative treatment or as a therapeutic adjuvant of the current treatments. From a screening of 37 vascular plants and bryophytes in the search for such inhibitors, the species Murraya paniculata was selected due to its promising preliminary activity. Starting from this point further work consisting of bioassay-guided fractionation followed by the evaluation of the inhibitory activity of PLA2, the metabolites responsible for the activity were detected through a tandem of gas chromatography - mass spectrometry in the most active fraction, to propose substrate-enzyme inhibition model. The aims of this project was the search of promising compounds with an inhibitory activity of the PLA2 in vascular plants such as M. paniculata, that could become tools for developing new products to improve the prognosis of the snakebite.

Synthesis and attioxidant activity of two isoespintanol derivatives / Síntesis y ativiidad antioxidante de dos derivados de isoespintaoll / Síntese eatividaade antioxidante dos derivados do isoespintanol

The antioxidant activity of isoespintanol (1) hemisynthetic analogues, 4-bromo-2-isopropyl-3,6-dimethoxy-5-methylphe-nol (2) and 3-isopropyl-6-methylbenzene-1,2,4-triol (3), was evaluated using ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays. Partial rationalization of the results is provided in terms of quantum chemical calculations of bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) and ionization potential (IP).

La actividad antioxidante de los análogos hemisintéticos del isoespintanol (1), 4-bromo-2-isopropil-3,6-dimetoxi-5-metil-fenol (2) y 3-isopropil-6-metilbenceno-1,2,4-triol (3), se evaluó empleando los ensayos ABTS, DPPH y FRAP. La racionalización de los resultados es provista de forma parcial en términos de cálculos cuánticos de entalpia de disociación de enlace (BDE) y potencial de ionización (IP).

A atividade antioxidante dos análogos hemi-sintéticos de isoespintanol (1), 4-bromo-2-isopropil-3,6-dimetoxi-Smetilfenol (2) e 3-isopropil-6metilbenze-no- 1,2,4-triol (3 foi avahada através das técnicas de ABTS, DPPH e FRAP A racionalizagáo dos resultados está prevista, em parte, em termos de cálculos quánticos de entalpia de dissociagáo da ligagáo (BDE) e potencial de ionizagáo (IP).

Potenciación de la capacidad antioxidante de fresa (Fragaria ananassa Duch. ) por incorporación de vitamina e utilizando la técnica de impregnación a vacío / Enhancement of the antioxidant capacity of strawberries (Fragaria ananassa Duch. ) by incorporation of vitamin e using the vacuum impregnation technique

El presente estudio evaluó la capacidad antioxidante y el contenido de vitamina E en fresas fortificadas con vitamina E sintética (dl-α-tocoferol acetato) por la técnica de impregnación al vacío. La vitamina fue cuantificada por HPLC y sus niveles registrados por cada 100 g fruta fresca. La capacidad antioxidante se determinó durante el almacenamiento, en muestras envasadas con y sin vacío, por los métodos DPPH●, FRAP y Folin-Ciocalteau. El proceso de impregnación en la fresa permitió alcanzar niveles de 19,12 ± 3,01 mg de dl-α-tocoferol acetato/100 g de fruta fresca, sin que el tiempo de almacenamiento ni el tipo de envasado ocasionaran efectos significativos en ella. Estos resultados fueron coherentes con el incremento de la capacidad antioxidante expresados como valores DPPH●, FRAP y Folin-Ciocalteau de 14,7%, 82,2% y 56,8%, respectivamente. Los resultados reflejaron la potenciación de la capacidad antioxidante de la fresa por el efecto de la incorporación de la vitamina E mediante el proceso de impregnación al vacío.

This study evaluated the antioxidant capacity and vitamin “E” content in strawberries fortified with synthetic vitamin E (dl-α-tocopherol acetate) by vacuum impregnation technique. The vitamin is quantified by HPLC and their levels are recorded per 100 g fresh fruit. The antioxidant capacity was determined during storage in samples packaged with and without vacuum, by the methods DPPH, FRAP and Folin-Cicalteau. The impregnation process can achieve levels in strawberry of 19.12 ± 3.01 mg of vitamin E dl-α-tocopherol acetate/100 g in fresh fruit, with no significant effect over time of storage or the type of packaging. These results were consistent to increased antioxidant capacity as values DPPH, FRAP and Folin-Cicalteau in the order of 14.7%, 82.2% and 56.8% respectively. In general, the results reflect a strengthening of the antioxidant capacity of strawberries, by the effect of vitamin E incorporated by the vacuum impregnation process.

Actividad antioxidante y contenido de fenoles totales de algunas especies del género Calophyllum / Antioxidant activity and total phenols content from some species of Calophyllum genus

INTRODUCCIÓN: la búsqueda de nuevos compuestos antioxidantes naturales ha sido de gran interés para la investigación dado que interrumpen el proceso de oxidación por vía radicalaria de lípidos, proteínas, ADN y enzimas. El género Calophyllum perteneciente a la familia Clusiaceae, produce una gran variedad de metabolitos secundarios con características antioxidantes; los flavonoides, las coumarinas y las xantonas resultan los compuestos más reportados. Las especies de este género pueden ser una fuente de antioxidantes potenciales. OBJETIVO: determinar la actividad antioxidante de extractos de diferente polaridad de las especies Calophyllum cf. brasiliense Cambess, Calophyllum inophyllum L., Calophyllum sp. MÉTODOS: se realizó un proceso de extracción del material vegetal por percolación con solventes de diferente polaridad: hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etilo y metanol, se concentró a presión reducida y se monitoreó por cromatografía en capa delgada. La evaluación de la capacidad antioxidante se determinó con diferentes metodologías: fenoles totales, ABTS (2,2-azinobis-[3 etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfónico]), DPPH (1,1-difenil2-picrilhidracil), FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power) y en algunas muestras seleccionadas ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). RESULTADOS: las muestras que contienen compuestos fenólicos con una alta capacidad reductora fueron CBTExtM, CNHTExtM, CRHTExtA, CRHTExtM, CBHExtA y CBHExtM, que además, poseen valores ORAC muy altos comparados con otros sustratos, el extracto que presentó mejores valores fue CBTExtM. La técnica FRAP describe muy bien el fenómeno oxidativo en los extractos CSHTExtA, CBHExtA, CIHTExtM, CSHTExtM y CIHTExtM; en (DPPH•) el extracto que presentó altos valores de TEAC fue CSHTExtA. El extracto CBTExtM presentó los mejores valores de inhibición del radical ABTS. CONCLUSIONES: los extractos polares y medianamente polares de las tres especies de Calophyllum presentaron alta actividad antioxidante en las metodologías evaluadas.

INTRODUCTION: the search of new natural antioxidant compounds has been of great interest for research since they interrupt the oxidation process via radical pathway of lipid, proteins, DNA and enzymes. The Calophyllum genus belongs to Clusiaceae family producing a great variety of secondary metabolites with antioxidant features; the flavonoids, the coumarins and the xanthones are the more reported compounds. The species from this genus may be a potential antioxidant source. OBJECTIVE: to determine the antioxidant activity of extracts from different polarity of Calophyllum cf. brasiliense Cambess, Calophyllum inophyllum L., Calophyllum sp. METHODS: a percolation process was carried out from the vegetal material by decoction using solvent of different polarity: hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate and methanol, concentrated at decreased pressure and monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The antioxidant capacity assessment was determined using different methodologies: total phenols, ABTS (2,2-azinobis-[3 ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulphoni]), FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power) and in some selected ORAC samples (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). RESULTS: the samples containing phenol compounds with a high reducing capacity were CBTExtM, CNHTExtM, CRHTExtA, CRHTExtM, CBHExtA and CBHExtM, which also have very high ORAC values compared with other substrates; the extract with better values was the CBTExtM. The FRAP technique describes very well the oxidative phenomenon in extracts CHSTExtA, CBHExtA, CIHTExtM, CSHTExtM and CIHTExtM: in DPPH•) the extract showing TEAC high values was the CSHTExtA. The CBTExtM extract showed the better inhibition values of ABTS radical. CONCLUSIONS: the polar and moderately polar extracts from the three species of Calophyllum showed a high antioxidant activity in the assessed methodologies.

Determinación del contenido de fenoles y evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de propóleos recolectados en el departamento de Antioquia (Colombia) / Determination of phenolic content and evaluation of antioxidant activity of propolis from Antioquia (Colombia)

El propóleo, un producto natural colectado por las abejas a partir de los exudados de las plantas, es ampliamente utilizado en la medicina tradicional por sus reconocidas propiedades terapéuticas. En este estudio se compara la calidad del extracto etanólico de propóleos (EEP) provenientes de diferentes regiones de Antioquia (Colombia), mediante la determinación del contenido de flavonoides y fenoles totales, y la actividad antioxidante in vitro, la cual es establecida empleando las técnicas de captura de los radicales DPPH• (1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidracilo) y ABTS•+ (catión del ácido 2,2’-azino-bis 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfónico), y la capacidad reductora de hierro (FRAP). Las determinaciones para el contenido total de compuestos fenólicos se encuentran entre 22,11 ± 0,54 y 75,22 ± 1,35 mg GAE/g de EEP, y para el contenido total de flavonoides, entre 4,75 ± 0,01 y 34,50 ± 0,07 mg QE/g de EEP. La actividad antiradicalaria varía entre 33,9 ± 9,7 y 324,6 ± 15,0, y entre 455,5 ± 7,8 y 1.091 ± 17,3 μmol TE/g de EEP (TEAC) en los sistemas DPPH y ABTS, respectivamente. En el método FRAP, la actividad se encuentra entre 40,9 ± 13,3 y 338,4 ± 22,4 μmol AAE/g de EEP (AEAC). Los resultados muestran una correlación lineal positiva entre la capacidad antioxidante y el contenido de compuestos de naturaleza fenólica. La actividad antioxidante de algunos propóleos indica su potencial como producto nutracéutico.

Docking de cicloartanos inhibidores de tirosinasa / Docking of tyrosinase cicloartane inhibitors

El berenjenol (21:24-epoxi-24-metil-cicloartano), aislado a partir las hojas de Oxandra cf. xylopioides(Annonaceae), y sus derivados hemisintéticos, berenjenol-3- acetato y 3-oxo-berenjenol son inhibidores de la enzima tirosinasa (EC 1.14.18.1). Estos compuestos son triterpenos de tipo cicloartano, y pese a que existen estudios de estructura actividad sobre compuestos similares, su mecanismo de inhibición no está bien establecido. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio de docking sobre el berenjenol y sus derivados, que sugiere un marco racional para interpretar la actividad de estos compuestos teniendo en cuenta sus interacciones con la tirosinasa. Este estudio permite concluir que el berenjenol actúa como inhibidor competitivo uniéndose al sitio activo de la tirosinasa mediante interacciones con los aminoácidos Ile42, Met43 Arg55, Trp184, Asn191, His194, Val195, Ala202, Met201 y Thr203.

Determinación d la actividad antioxidante en u modelo de peroxidación lipídicca de mantequilla inhibida por el isoespintanol / Anioxidant activvity determinationin a lipidic peroxidation modell of butter inhibited by isoespintanol

En este trabajo se evalúa la actividad antioxidante (Φ), definida como la pendiente de la regresión simple lineal de f o /f i contra la concentración µM, en un modelo de inhibición de la peroxidación lipídica de mantequilla a 60ºC, donde fi es el efecto de cada concentración del isoespintanol y fo es el control. Se encuentra que la formación de hidroperóxidos (valor de peróxido PV) y las especies mas oxidadas reactivas al ácido tiobarbiturico (TBARS) fueron retardadas de manera similar por el isoespintanol (ΦTBARS=9.46x10-5 ± 1.33x10-5 y ΦPV = 9.41x10-5 ± 1.62x10-5). De igual manera, el butilhidroxi tolueno y el isoespintanol inhiben el proceso oxidativo de mantequilla en un 28.0 y 23.3 % a concentraciones de 2380.9 y 3809.5 µM respectivamente.

The antioxidant activity (Φ) is defined as the slope of the simple linear regression of f0/f i against the concentration µM, in an inhibition model of lipid peroxidation of butter at 60° C, where f i is the concentration effect of isoespintanol and f0 is the control. It is found that the formation of: hydroperoxides (peroxide value of PV) and the most oxidized species reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), were similarly delayed by isoespintanol (ΦTBARS = 9.46x10-5 ± 1.33x10-5 and ΦPV = 9.41x10-5 ± 1.62x10-5). Likewise, the butilhidroxy toluene and isoespintanol inhibit the oxidative process of butter in a 28.0 and 23.3% at concentrations of 2380.9 and 3809.5 µ M respectively.

Actividad antioxidante y contenido fenólico de los extractos provenientes de las bayas de dos especies del género Vismia(Guttiferae) / Antioxidant activity and phenolic content obtained from berries extracts of two species of Vismia genus (Guttiferae)

El material vegetal resultante del secado y molienda de las bayas de Vismia baccifera ssp. ferruginea y V. guianensis colectado en el Parque Regional Arví (Antioquia,Col.), se extrajo mediante percolación sucesiva con éter de petróleo, acetato de etilo y metanol. A los extractos se les determinó el rendimiento,contenido de fenoles totales y la capacidad captadora de radicales mediante los metodos de decoloración del DPPH· y ABTS·+. La mayor actividad captadora de radicales y el más alto contenido de compuestos fenólicos correspondieron al extracto en acetato de etilo, seguido por el éter de petróleo. Mediante sucesivos fraccionamientos cromatográficos de los extractos activos se aislaron,los antranoides prenilados ferruginina A (1) y y-hidroxiferruginina (2), y la antraquinona vismiaquinona A (3), cuya eludación estructural fue llevada a cabo por métodos espectroscópicos y por comparación con los datos reportados en la literatura. Los datos obtenidos en los modelos in vitro establecen claramente el potencial antioxidante de los extractos de Vismia baccifera ssp. ferruginea y V. guianensis ; esta actividad posiblemente está asociada con las características químicas de los metabolitos aislados

Actividad antioxidante del isoespintanol en diferentes medios / Antioxidant activity of Isoespintanol in different media

Se midió la actividad antioxidante del isoespintanol (2-Isopropil-3,6-dimetoxi-5-metilfenol), aislado de las hojas Oxandra cf xylopiodes, en diferentes modelos. Los resultados indican que el isoespintanol es un mejor reductor que el BHT en el ensayo FRAP. En los sistemas emulsificados decoloacion de B-caroteno y peroxidación lipídica inducida por Fe/ascorbato y en el ensayo cinético de DPPH, el isoespintanol y BHT tienen comportamientos antioxidantes similares. El BHT es un mejor atrapador de los radicales libres DPHH y ABTS. Isoespintanoly BHT no atrapan el radical superóxido y no inhiben significativamente la xantina oxidasa

Berenjenol aislado de Oxandra cf xylopioides (Annonaceae) como insecticida / Berenjenol isolated from Oxandra cf xylopioides (Annonaceae) as insecticide

El Berenjenol (21:24-epoxi-24-metil-cicloartano), obtenido del extracto de diclorometano de las hojas de Oxandra cf. xylopioides, es evaluado como biocida sobre el gusano cogollero del maíz, Spodoptera frugiperda. El berenjenol es usado en concentraciones de 25, 50, 100, 200 y 400 ppm y aplicado en una dieta artificial sobre larvas del segundo instar. Se determina el porcentaje de mortalidad a las 24, 48 y 72 horas y se calcula la DL50 y DL90; el análisis de mortalidad demuestra que el berenjenol tiene un efecto tóxico, siendo la dosis de 400 ppm la más mortal. El efecto del berenjenol es muy rápido y efectivo encontrándose valores de DL50 de 319.6 ppm a las 24 horas y valores similares a las 48 y 72 horas.