Comprehensive Medication Management Services with a Holistic Point of View, a Scoping Review.

Implementing Comprehensive Medication Management (CMM) services uncovered the importance of the totality of the patient's perspective in this process. The holistic approach takes into account the physical, mental and emotional well-being of individuals, as well as their socioeconomic circumstances. The aim of this study was to characterize the scientific evidence associated with CMM services that included this holistic approach. A scoping review was conducted based on Arksey and O'Malley's method. Searches were performed in Google Scholar for papers published between 2010 and 2020 in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Study design, health contexts, sample of patients, results obtained, barriers and facilitators, and the integration of a holistic approach were determined. Two hundred and eighteen papers were evaluated, most of which focused on the implementation of this service through prospective observational studies. A minority of studies reported on a holistic approach, a smaller number examined the effect of social determinants of health, the patient's medication experiences and the pharmacotherapy outcomes from the patient's perspective. Despite the progress achieved, most of the referents do not yet reflect a broader view of the patient's life situation and its relationship to pharmacotherapy and the ways in which the pharmacist implements holistic elements to solve or prevent drug-related problems.

Awake Microsurgical Resection for a Precentral Gyrus Arteriovenous Malformation-Three-Dimensional Video and Anatomic Landmarks.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are complex, heterogeneous, and uncommon neurovascular disorders that frequently manifest in young adults. Parenchymal AVMs are thought to be congenital, but this has been recently questioned in the literature.1,2 AVMs can change over time and cause focal neurological signs or neurocognitive deficits.3 The clinical presentation of an AVM is variable and depends mainly on the occurrence of bleeding as well as its location, size, and ability to take flow from adjacent areas.4 AVMs can be treated by a single modality or a combination of different modalities. According to the Expert Consensus on the Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations, neurosurgery may be the best option for Spetzler-Martin grade 2 AVMs.5 However, the treatment of these lesions when located in eloquent areas, especially in the central lobe, is controversial. Awake craniotomy allows identification of eloquent gyrus and can potentially facilitate resection with functional preservation. An alternative is stereotactic radiosurgery, but a qualitative comparative analysis revealed higher obliteration rate with awake AVM excision compared with stereotactic radiosurgery.6 Awake craniotomy was the earliest surgical procedure known, and it has become fashionable again. It was used in the past for surgical management of intractable epilepsy, but its indications are increasing, and it is a widely recognized technique for resection of mass lesions involving the eloquent cortex and for deep brain stimulation.7 Its application for resection of vascular lesions, including AVMs, is still limited. In the Video, we present a case of a cerebral AVM of the precentral gyrus in which we achieved complete resection with awake microsurgical treatment without any neurological sequelae for the patient.

Microsurgical Treatment for a Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation of the Central Sulcus.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital neurovascular disorders frequently manifested in young adults. The clinical presentation is variable and depends on its location, size, and ability to steal flow from adjacent areas, but it depends mainly on the occurrence of bleeding.1 The treatment of these lesions when located in eloquent areas, especially around the central sulcus, is controversial. Surgical resection of an AVM in the central lobe may cause postoperative sensorimotor deficits because this anatomic region includes the precentral and postcentral gyri on the lateral surface and paracentral lobule on the medial surface.2 AVMs can be successfully treated by surgery, but this treatment may pose unacceptable risks to the patient if the AVM involves an eloquent cortex. We consider that surgical removal of many of these lesions is feasible when preoperative planning is performed,3 when it is based on deep anatomic knowledge, and particularly when using a refined microsurgical technique.1 In this 3-dimensional Video 1, we present a case of a cerebral AVM of the central sulcus in which we achieved complete resection with microsurgical treatment without any neurologic sequelae for the patient. The patient consented to publication of images.

Microsurgical Treatment for a Ruptured Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm: A 3-Dimensional Surgical Video and Anatomic Landmarks Review.

Aneurysms are the most frequent issue for the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). PICA aneurysms account for 1.4% to 4.5% of all intracranial aneurysms.1-3 Although the majority of PICA aneurysms arise from their junction with the vertebral artery, they can be found in any of 5 segments.4,5 Although PICA is more prone to form nonsaccular aneurysms than other intracranial arteries, ruptured aneurysms are usually saccular.6 Nearly all PICA aneurysms are located intracranially, above the foramen magnum. Extracranial PICA aneurysms are rare, with few reports in literature.7 Microsurgical clipping remains a good treatment alternative for these aneurysms. Higher risk of rerupture has even been reported with embolization of the distal PICA aneurysm with parent artery preservation.8 Here we present the case of a 64-year-old male patient who presented right after a thunderclap headache, followed by a temporary loss of consciousness and disorientation. He was diagnosed with a modified Fisher 4 and Hunt and Hess 2 subarachnoid hemorrhage and found to have a partially thrombosed left PICA saccular aneurysm of the caudal loop just below the foramen magnum. The lesion was approached via a midline suboccipital craniotomy with C1 laminectomy. Microsurgical clipping of the aneurysm was performed without any complications (Video 1). Postoperatively, the patient was discharged without neurologic deficits. We present the first surgical video of the necessary steps in order to perform a microsurgical clipping of an extracranially located caudal loop PICA aneurysm through a midline suboccipital craniotomy with C1 laminectomy.

Awake Microsurgical Resection for Optochiasmatic Cavernous Malformation.

Cavernous malformations (CM) affect approximately 0.5% of the population, with only a limited portion being located in the optic nerve and chiasma. The clinical presentation is determined by their locations. In the optochiasmatic CM, the acute visual disturbance is the most common presentation. Chronically, many show a progressive visual loss, chronic headache, and pituitary disturbances. The differential diagnosis includes optic glioma, arteriovenous malformations, aneurysm, craniopharyngioma, pituitary apoplexy, and inflammatory conditions. In Video 1, we present the case of a 39-year-old woman with a history of a hemorrhagic optochiasmatic cavernoma in 2016, who started using propranolol to reduce the lesion and symptoms of visual loss. Moreover, the first microsurgical resection of the cavernoma and evacuation of the hematoma were performed in the same year. Owing to evolvement from a partial to a total vision loss in the left eye and presentation of new symptoms in the right eye, the patient underwent microsurgical resection. The surgery was performed sequentially. An awake craniotomy was performed to monitor the chiasma and right optic nerve. The postoperative magnetic resonance imaging showed complete resection of the CM, and the patient fully recovered. The patient signed the institutional consent form, stating that he or she accepts the procedure and allows the use of his or her images and videos for any type of medical publications in conferences and/or scientific articles.

Microsurgical Treatment for Posthemorrhagic Cavernoma of Frontal Lobe Coexisting with Unruptured Ipsilateral Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm.

Cerebral cavernous malformations, also known as cavernomas, are vascular abnormalities of the brain that are clinically associated with a variety of neurologic symptoms that may include hemorrhagic strokes. They are the most common vascular abnormality, representing 10%-25% of all vascular malformations.1 Lesions associated with cavernomas include developmental venous anomalies, capillary telangiectasias, and other vascular malformations2 but not intracranial aneurysms. The latter association is extremely rare; in fact, there is only 1 case reported in the literature, in which the cavernoma was obscured by the presence of a cerebral hemorrhage and an unruptured aneurysm, which was presumed to be the primary cause of the bleeding, thereby misleading the surgeons to treat only the aneurysm.2 There are different alternatives for the management of different types of lesions.3-5 In this 3-dimensional operative video (Video 1), we present a case of a cavernoma associated with hemorrhage coexisting with an unruptured aneurysm in which we achieved complete resolution of both with microsurgical treatment through a pterional approach.6 The patient consented to publication of images.

Raltegravir 1200 mg once daily versus raltegravir 400 mg twice daily, with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine, for previously untreated HIV-1 infection: a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, phase 3, non-inferiority trial.

BACKGROUND: Once daily regimens are preferred for HIV-1 treatment, to facilitate adherence and improve quality of life. We compared a new once daily formulation of raltegravir to the currently marketed twice daily formulation. METHODS: In this randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, phase 3, non-inferiority study, we enrolled participants aged 18 years or older with HIV-1 RNA of 1000 or more copies per mL and no previous antiretroviral treatment at 139 sites worldwide. We randomly assigned participants (2:1) via an interactive voice and web response system to raltegravir 1200 mg (two 600 mg tablets) orally once daily or raltegravir 400 mg (one tablet) orally twice daily, each with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine orally once daily, for up to 96 weeks. A computer-generated allocation schedule stratified randomisation by screening HIV-1 RNA value and co-infection with hepatitis B or C. Participants, sponsor personnel, investigators, and study site personnel involved in the treatment or evaluation of the participants were unaware of the treatment group assignments. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants with HIV-1 RNA less than 40 copies per mL at week 48 assessed with the US Food and Drug Administration Snapshot algorithm. Non-inferiority was concluded if the lower bound of the two-sided 95% CI was greater than -10%. We assessed efficacy and safety in all participants who received one dose or more of study treatment. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02131233. FINDINGS: Between May 26, 2014, and Dec 5, 2014, 802 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned, 533 to once daily treatment and 269 to twice daily; 797 received study therapy, 531 once daily and 266 twice daily. At week 48, 472 (89%) of 531 once daily recipients and 235 (88%) of 266 twice daily recipients achieved HIV-1 RNA less than 40 copies per mL (treatment difference 0·5%, 95% CI -4·2 to 5·2). Drug-related adverse events occurred in 130 (24%) of 531 participants in the once daily group (one of which was serious; none led to treatment discontinuation) and 68 (26%) of 266 participants in the twice daily group (two of which were serious; two led to treatment discontinuation). The most common drug-related adverse events were nausea (39 [7%] vs 18 [7%]), headache (16 [3%] vs 12 [5%]), and dizziness (12 [2%] vs eight [3%]). No treatment-related deaths were reported. INTERPRETATION: A once daily raltegravir 1200 mg regimen was non-inferior compared with raltegravir 400 mg twice daily for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection. These results support the use of raltegravir 1200 mg once daily for first-line therapy. FUNDING: Merck & Co, Inc.

Especies de Candida asociadas a lesiones bucales en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 / Candida species associated with oral lesions in type 2 diabetic patients

La candidiasis es una enfermedad infecciosa provocada por levaduras del género Candida, principalmente por C. albicans. En la cavidad bucal del paciente diabético convergen condiciones fisiológicas que propician el desarrollo de candidiasis. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios microbiológicos que involucren a otras especies de Candida como posibles agentes causales. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de las especies de Candida asociadas a lesiones bucales en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2, que acudieron al Servicio de Endocrinología del Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes del estado Mérida, durante el segundo trimestre del 2015. Se realizó la evaluación clínico-estomatológica con el respectivo levantamiento de la ficha clínica. La recolección de la muestra de la mucosa bucal fue realizada mediante un raspado con una espátula 7A estéril, realizándose examen directo al fresco y cultivo. Las levaduras recuperadas fueron identificadas utilizando HiChrome Candida Differential agar y agar harina de maíz. De 172 pacientes examinados, solo 59 presentaron lesiones sugestivas de candidiasis, obteniéndose 17 muestras positivas para Candida spp., donde 15 correspondieron a C. albicans y 2 a C. glabrata. Los resultados coinciden con los reportados en la literatura mundial donde C. albicans es la principal especie causante de candidiasis bucal en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2.

Candidiasis is an infectious disease caused by yeasts of the genus Candida, mainly C. albicans. In the oral cavity of the diabetic patient, physiological conditions that promote the development of candidiasis converge. However, there are few microbiological studies involving other Candida species as potential causative agents. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of Candida species associated with oral lesions in patients with type 2 diabetes who attended the Endocrinology Service of the Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario of Los Andes University of the State of Mérida, during the second quarter of 2015. Clinical record and oral cavity examination was performed. Specimen from the oral mucosa was collected by scraping with a sterile 7A spatula for wet direct examination and culture. The recovered yeasts were identified using HiChrome Candida differential agar and corn flour agar. Of the 172 patients examined, only 59 presented lesions suggestive of oral candidiasis, obtaining 17 samples positive for Candida spp. Of which 15 corresponded to C. albicans and 2 to C. glabrata. The results coincide with those reported in the world literature where C. albicans is the main species responsible for oral candidiasis in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Neurodevelopmental effects in children associated with exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic review.

Many studies have investigated the neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and early childhood exposures to organophosphate (OP) pesticides among children, but they have not been collectively evaluated. The aim of the present article is to synthesize reported evidence over the last decade on OP exposure and neurodevelopmental effects in children. The Data Sources were PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, SciVerse Scopus, SpringerLink, SciELO and DOAJ. The eligibility criteria considered were studies assessing exposure to OP pesticides and neurodevelopmental effects in children from birth to 18 years of age, published between 2002 and 2012 in English or Spanish. Twenty-seven articles met the eligibility criteria. Studies were rated for evidential consideration as high, intermediate, or low based upon the study design, number of participants, exposure measurement, and neurodevelopmental measures. All but one of the 27 studies evaluated showed some negative effects of pesticides on neurobehavioral development. A positive dose-response relationship between OP exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes was found in all but one of the 12 studies that assessed dose-response. In the ten longitudinal studies that assessed prenatal exposure to OPs, cognitive deficits (related to working memory) were found in children at age 7 years, behavioral deficits (related to attention) seen mainly in toddlers, and motor deficits (abnormal reflexes) seen mainly in neonates. No meta-analysis was possible due to different measurements of exposure assessment and outcomes. Eleven studies (all longitudinal) were rated high, 14 studies were rated intermediate, and two studies were rated low. Evidence of neurological deficits associated with exposure to OP pesticides in children is growing. The studies reviewed collectively support the hypothesis that exposure to OP pesticides induces neurotoxic effects. Further research is needed to understand effects associated with exposure in critical windows of development.

Pain analysis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: irreversible electroporation versus radiofrequency ablation-initial observations.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively compare the postprocedure pain of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with irreversible electroporation (IRE) with radiofrequency ablation (RFA). METHODS: This Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant, institutional review board-approved study compared postprocedure pain in 21 patients (15 men, six women; mean age 61.5 years) who underwent IRE of 29 intrahepatic lesions (mean size 2.20 cm) in 28 IRE sessions with 22 patients (16 men, six women; mean age 60.2 years) who underwent RFA of 27 lesions (mean size 3.38 cm) in 25 RFA sessions. Pain was determined by patient-disclosed scores with an 11-point numerical rating scale and 24 h cumulative hydromorphone use from patient-controlled analgesia pump. Complications were noted. Statistical significance was evaluated by Fisher's exact test, the Chi-square test, and Student's t test. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the cumulative hydromorphone dose (1.54 mg (IRE) vs. 1.24 mg (RFA); P = 0.52) and in the mean pain score (1.96 (IRE) vs. 2.25 (RFA); P = 0.70). In nine (32.14 %) of 28 IRE sessions and 11 (44.0 %) of 25 RFA sessions, patients reported no pain. Complications occurred in three (10.7 %) of 28 IRE treatments and included pneumothorax (n = 1), pleural effusion (n = 1), and bleeding in the form of hemothorax (n = 1); one (4 %) of 25 RFA treatments included burn. CONCLUSION: IRE is comparable to RFA in the amount of pain that patients experience and the amount of pain medication self-administered. Both modalities were well tolerated by patients. Prospective, randomized trials are necessary to further evaluate these findings.

Interventional radiology in oncology: clinical management of patients undergoing transarterial chemoembolization for hepatic malignancies.

Interventional radiology procedures treat a variety of solid tumor malignancies. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a minimally invasive procedure performed under fluoroscopic guidance that is used in treatment of hepatic malignancies because of hepatocellular carcinoma or malignancy that has metastasized to the liver. Patients undergoing a TACE procedure may manifest postembolization symptoms such as fever, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, which may persist after discharge. Patients need to be educated on the importance of compliance with prescribed medications, clinical symptoms to be expected, and signs of potential complications that need to be reported.

Desarrollo de la competencia médica para el ejercicio profesional en centros ambulatorios / Development of competence for the professional practice in ambulatory centres

El desarrollo de competencias, es una característica profesional que trasciende las aulas, y cuyo progreso se describe como un proceso continuo. En un grupo de médicos se planeó analizar el grado de identificación con aspectos de la competencia presentados "Modelo de tres circulos" y la opinión de los mismos sobre el contexto laboral donde se inician como profesionales, siguiendo un diseño cuantitativo-cualitativo. Participaron 296 médicos egresados de 8 universidades venezolanas (promedio de egreso: 9 meses desviación estándar: 5,41 meses). Laborando en abulatorios rurales. Se utilizó un modelo descriptivo de la competencia que agrupa las actitudes, habilidades y conocimientos en 12 dominios, para elaborar dos cuestionarios validados llamados "dominios clínicos" de 95 ítems, y "dominios no clínicos" de 75 ítems, con un escalamiento tipo Likert de cinco puntos, con una confiabilidad aceptable (Alfa>0,75). Con el objeto de explorar las posibles variaciones entre diferentes subgrupos de la muestra de médicos, se consideraron las variables procedencia y universidad de origen. Para este fin se compararon los promedios de cada subgrupo en los puntajes totales de cada cuestionario mediante análisis de varianza o Kruskal Wallis, usando el programa SPSS versión 12.0 y Excel 2003. Los datos cualitativos relativos a opiniones sobre su experiencia laboral, se recogieron en 146 médicos mediante un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas, y un diario de campo, triangulando con tres informantes claves. Esta información fue procesada usando el programa Atlas/ti versión 4.2. Se encontró que los médicos se identifican con los aspectos de la competencia explorados en un 79% y se observaron diferencias significativas en los puntajes promedio de los instrumentos según la universidad de origen. La exploración cualitativa mostró una opinión desfavorable, en los médicos participantes en el estudio, hacia el ejercicio en centros ambulatorios, relacionada con factores económicos...

The development of competition is a profesional characteristic which go beyond the lecture room and its progress is described as a continual process. In a medical group it was decided to analyze the identification level with competition included in the model of the three circles and their opinions on the labour context where they begin as professionals, following a qualitative-qualitative design. In the study participate 296 medical doctors from 8 venezuelan universities (avaerage time of graduation: 9 ± 5,4 months) and working in rural health clinics. A descriptive competition model was used which includes evaluation of attitudes, skills and knowledge on 12 scopes, in order to elaborate two validated questionnaires: clinical (95 items) and non clinical (75 items), in a Lickert scale of five points with acceptable confidence (Cronbach alpha > 0.75. In order to explore possible vartation among the different sub-group of the sample of medical doctors, origin and university were considered. Mean scores from each type of questionnaire were compared by analysis of variance or Kruskall Walls test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, 12th version and Excel 2003. Opinions on labour experience were collected from 146 medical doctors by means of a set of open ended questions and a field work diary and triangulation with three key informants. This qualitative data was processed by means of the Atlas/ti program, version 4.2. According to the results the medical doctors identified themselves in a 79% with the competition explored aspects. The qualitative inquire show unfavourable opinions from the participants medical doctors on their practice in the raraul clinics in relation to economic factors, labour contest and few opportunities to professional bring up. to date

Raquitismo: caso clínico pesquisado en atención primaria / Rickets: clinical case encountered in primary care

Rickets with deficiency etiology is a pathology which is currently infrequent in Chile; it is usually associated with hereditary causes or as a secondary consequence of other pathologies. It is produced by insufficient mineralization of the organic matrix of the skeleton or bones, and affects the epiphyseal growth plate. We report a clinical case of a child aged 15 months from La Serena with a history of osteomalacia in the paternal family; in a well baby examination genu varum was detected along with a metaphyseal thickening of the wrists and costal rosary. A laboratory and radiological study was initiated because of suspected rickets; the patient was referred to the Roberto del Rio Hospital in Santiago for a detailed endocrinological and genetic study.

El raquitismo de etiología carencial es una patología actualmente poco frecuente en nuestro país, cobrando mayor importancia en su incidencia las causas hereditarias y las secundarias a otras patologías. Es producido por mineralización insuficiente de la matriz orgánica del esqueleto u osteoide, que afecta la placa de crecimiento epifisiaria. Se presenta un caso clínico de una lactante de 1 año 3 meses, con antecedentes familiares por línea paterna de osteomalacia, residente en La Serena, en la que en su control de niño sano, se detecta genu varum, leve ensanchamiento metatisiario de muñecas y rosario costal. Se inicia estudio de laboratorio y radiológico por sospecha de raquitismo, obteniéndose resultados sugerentes de ésta enfermedad, derivándose la paciente al Hospital Roberto del Río en Santiago de Chile para completar estudio endocrinológico y genético.

Aplicación de la escala Jefferson de empatía en médicos de diferentes contextos laborales / Aplication of the Jefferson medical empathy scale the differents labor contexts

La empatía es una habilidad que implica en el médico su capacidad de reconocer las emociones de sus pacientes y las propias, validándolas, sin juzgarlas o rechazarlas, y demostrando interés por conversar sobre ello con sus pacientes. Esta es una investigación descriptiva que se propone estudiar la empatía y algunos factores presentes en profesionales médicos, haciendo uso del cuestionario "Jefferson de Empatía Médica", elaborado en el Jefferson College of Medicine por los investigadores Hojat, Mangione, Nasca, Gonnella, Vergare y Magee. La escala se aplicó a un grupo de 60 médicos de centros Hospitalarios y Ambulatorios del Distrito Sanitario 1 del Estado Guárico, quienes respondieron el cuestionario en forma voluntaria entre los meses de enero a marzo de 2004. La confiabilidad del instrumento calculada usando el Alfa de Cronbach fue de 0.79, muy similar a lo reportado en otros estudios; sin embargo, así como puntuaciones más altas en promedio, mediana y moda en médicos de los Ambulatorios estudiados; sin embargo estas diferencias no fueron significativas. En conclusión, la investigación sugiere confianza sobre la utilidad del cuestionario "Jefferson de Emptía Médica" para medir empatía a nivel local, debiéndose realizar otros estudios para profundizar al respecto.

Conocimiento, actitud y práctica de los estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción con relación al VIH-SIDA

Estudio de los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas de los estudiantes de Enfermería del Instituto "Dr. Andrés Barbero" de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción con relación al VIH-SIDA. Presenta el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los enfermos