RESUMO
The giant otter, Pteronura brasiliensis, occupies a range including the major drainage basins of South America, yet the degree of structure that exists within and among populations inhabiting these drainages is unknown. We sequenced portions of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (612bp) and control region (383 bp) genes in order to determine patterns of genetic variation within the species. We found high levels of mtDNA haplotype diversity (h = 0.93 overall) and support for subdivision into four distinct groups of populations, representing important centers of genetic diversity and useful units for prioritizing conservation within the giant otter. We tested these results against the predictions of three hypotheses of Amazonian diversification (Pleistocene Refugia, Paleogeography, and Hydrogeology). While the phylogeographic pattern conformed to the predictions of the Refugia Hypothesis, molecular dating using a relaxed clock revealed the phylogroups diverged from one another between 1.69 and 0.84 Ma, ruling out the influence of Late Pleistocene glacial refugia. However, the role of Plio-Pleistocene climate change could not be rejected. While the molecular dating also makes the influence of geological arches according to the Paleogeography Hypothesis extremely unlikely, the recent Pliocene formation of the Fitzcarrald Arch and its effect of subsequently altering drainage pattern could not be rejected. The data presented here support the interactions of both climatic and hydrological changes resulting from geological activity in the Plio-Pleistocene, in shaping the phylogeographic structure of the giant otter.
Assuntos
Sequência Conservada/genética , Evolução Molecular , Lontras/genética , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , Citocromos b/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Demografia , Drenagem Sanitária , Variação Genética , Haplótipos/genética , Funções Verossimilhança , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Nucleotídeos/genética , Lontras/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Filogeografia , América do Sul , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
To evaluate certain risk and protective factors for colon cancer in our population, we conducted a paired case-control study where cases were all people diagnosed with colon cancer who were registered at the Cancer Data Exchange Systems of the Community of Madrid between January 1995 and December 1996, and controls were randomly taken from electoral lists. The study population consisted of 424 persons. Using SPSS for Windows, variables were adjusted by multiple logistic regression. The results indicate that lack of physical exercise is associated with an increased risk of colon cancer, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28-6.21) as compared with moderate activity 1-2 days a week. The risk decreases linearly with increasing physical exercise, and this association remains after stratifying the analysis for the existence of constipation. The consumption of is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer in constipated patients, with an OR of 0.094 (0.014-0.639), as is aspirin use, with an OR of 0.980 (0.898-0.999). These results were obtained after adjusting all the ORs for diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, family history and socio-demographic factors such as marital status and educational level.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Aspirina/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias do Colo/fisiopatologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Fitoterapia , Plantago , Psyllium/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Neoplasias do Colo/epidemiologia , Constipação Intestinal/tratamento farmacológico , Constipação Intestinal/epidemiologia , Constipação Intestinal/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Preparações de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Espanha/epidemiologia , Estatística como Assunto , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
We carried out a qualitative and quantitative study to determine extrahospital consumption of both broad-spectrum penicillins and cephalosporins in Spain in the period 1993-1997. Penicillins were the most consumed group, followed by macrolides and cephalosporins. Units and value (ptas.) of penicillins and cephalosporins during these five years show interannual variations. Nevertheless, monthly analysis of consumption for both groups showed a stable tendency, with peaks in winter months and drops in the summer. Both penicillins (54.38%) and cephalosporins (27.71%) were prescribed mainly for upper respiratory tract infections. Men received more penicillins and cephalosporins than women (51.02% and 55.09%). Children under 11 years were the main group for consumption of both types of antibiotic, while patients aged 55-64 years were the group with the least consumption.
