Harm Reduction Strategies among University Students Who Use Alcohol and Cannabis, and Related Psychological Variables: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review identifies the psychological variables associated with the use of harm reduction strategies (HRS) among university students who use alcohol or cannabis. The reviewed studies are categorized according to the psychological variables studied and the different analytic approaches used (direct effects, mediation, and moderation). Among the empirical peer-reviewed studies identified (n = 76), most (94.7%) were cross-sectional studies conducted in the US (90.8%) with samples of alcohol-using university students (86.8%). Five categories were identified: mental health, motives/expectancies, personality, social cognition, and self-efficacy. The most studied constructs were motives, anxiety and depression, impulsivity, and social norms. Most studies conducted mediation or moderation analyses including psychological variables, HRS and alcohol outcomes. Social, enhancement and coping motives, impulsivity, and social norms of alcohol use were associated with lower use of HRS, which, in turn, was associated with a higher number of alcohol/cannabis outcomes. The results of moderation studies consistently suggest that HRS use was more protective for students with poor mental health, high impulsivity, and low self-regulation. The synthesis of evidence provided in this review could be useful for guiding future research and informing the design of interventions aimed at promoting the use of HRS among university students who use alcohol and/or cannabis.

Frustrated interpersonal needs as a motivational moderator in the integrated motivational-volitional model.

A theoretical assumption of the integrated motivational-volitional (IMV) model positions perceived burdensomeness (PB) and thwarted belongingness (TB) as moderators on the entrapment-suicidal ideation/intention relationship. The present study analyzed the expected combined effects of PB × TB on the relationship between entrapment and suicidal ideation/intention. Data were collected using an online questionnaire (N = 644) selected by sex, age, and education level. The PB × TB × Entrapment interaction was statistically significant, according to a moderating effect. A high degree of frustration of interpersonal needs enhances the entrapment-suicidal ideation/intention relationship.

Profiles of patients with cocaine and alcohol use disorder based on cognitive domains and their relationship with relapse.

BACKGROUND: Relapse in drug use constitutes a research topic on addiction that is relevant for understanding both the addictive process and its clinical implications. The objective of this study was to explore if it is possible to identify patient profiles according to their performance on cognitive tasks whilst examining the relationship between such profiles and relapse. METHODS: The sample consisted of 222 patients with dependence on cocaine and / or alcohol, of which 86 % were men. Cognitive domains related to salience, decision- making, and emotional processing were measured. RESULTS: Latent class analysis revealed three patient profiles that differ in terms of performance on cognitive tasks. Two of these profiles are clearly differentiated in terms of their execution of the impulsive decision-making task. The third patient profile, unlike the latter two, is composed of patients with severe alterations in the three domains evaluated. Analysis revealed that patients in Profile 3 are those with the highest rates of relapse in cocaine (Profile 1 = 40.3 %; Profile 2 = 35.6 %; Profile 3 = 69.2 %; Chi2 = 9.169; p < .05) and cocaine and alcohol use (Profile 1 = 55.1 %; Profile 2 = 54.1 %; Profile 3 = 80 %; Chi2 = 6.698; p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The results support the postulates of the I-RISA model. From a clinical perspective, these findings highlight the need for a comprehensive evaluation of the cognitive domains involved in addiction.

Experiential Avoidance in the Context of the Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model of Suicidal Behavior.

Background: According to the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicide, the perception of defeat and entrapment are the variables involved in the development of suicidal ideation. However, entrapment is not an inevitable consequence of feeling defeated. This transition is moderated by a set of variables relating to the ability to resolve the state of defeat. Aim: We aimed to study the potential moderating role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between defeat and entrapment in young adults. Method: A sample of 644 participants residing in Spain (51.2% female; Mage = 25.91, SDage = 5.14; range = 18-35 years old), selected by sex, age, and education level quotas, completed an online questionnaire consisting of: Defeat Scale; Entrapment Scale; and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II; and other sociodemographic variables. Results: Defeat and experiential avoidance had a statistically significant effect on entrapment. The interaction variable (defeat × experiential avoidance) was also statistically significant according to a moderating effect. Limitations: Due to the cross-sectional design, we could not establish causal associations between the variables. Conclusion: People who experience a high degree of defeat and experiential avoidance are more likely to progress to a state of entrapment, being more vulnerable to having suicidal ideation.

Spanish Adaptation of the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale-20 (S-PBSS-20) and Evaluation of its Psychometric Properties in University Students / Adaptación Española de la Escala de Estrategias Conductuales de Protección-20 (S-PBSS-20) y Evaluación de sus Propiedades Psicométricas en Estudiantes Universitarios

BACKGROUND: Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) have shown utility in reducing alcohol-related negative consequences. The Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale (PBSS) is one of the most widely used and well-validated instruments for evaluating these strategies. However, a Spanish adaptation of this or any other measure of PBS is not available. We aimed to provide a Spanish version of PBSS-20 and examine its psychometric properties. METHOD: We recruited 538 undergraduate students from three Spanish universities (mean age = 21.2; females = 78%). Measures included the Spanish-PBSS-20 (S-PBSS-20), Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ), Daily Drinking Questionnaire, and frequency of alcohol use, drunkenness, and binge drinking. RESULTS: Our results support the use of the original 3-factor structure of the PBSS-20. Internal consistency reliability ranged between 0.71-0.77, and evidence of validity was provided according to the expected relationships with other variables. Exploratory factor analyses provided evidence of convergent/discriminant validity of S-PBSS-20. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that PBSS-20 is a useful instrument for assessing protective behavioral strategies in alcohol users. The S-PBSS-20 could be useful for research on alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies and consequences, and could also inform the design of educational interventions for promoting the use of protective strategies and reducing alcohol-related negative consequences

ANTECEDENTES: las estrategias conductuales de protección (ECP) han mostrado utilidad para reducir las consecuencias negativas del alcohol. La Escala de Estrategias Conductuales de Protección (PBSS) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados y validados para evaluar estas estrategias. Sin embargo, no contamos con una adaptación española de este u otro instrumento para medir ECP. OBJETIVO: aportar una versión española de la PBSS-20 y analizar sus propiedades psicométricas. MÉTODO: participaron 538 estudiantes de tres universidades españolas (edad media = 21,2; mujeres = 78%), administrándose el Cuestionario de Consecuencias del Consumo de Alcohol en Jóvenes Adultos (YAACQ) y el Cuestionario de Consumo Diario de alcohol. Se recogió información sobre frecuencia de consumo, borracheras y atracón. RESULTADOS: los resultados apoyan el uso de la PBSS-20 original con una estructura de tres factores. La fiabilidad como consistencia interna osciló entre 0.71-0.77 y se aportaron evidencias de validez según las relaciones teóricas esperadas. El análisis factorial exploratorio aportó evidencias de validez convergente/discriminante. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados apoyan la utilidad de la PBSS-20 para medir ECP en consumidores de alcohol. La S-PBSS-20 puede ser útil tanto para la investigación sobre ECP, como para orientar intervenciones educativas de promoción de estas estrategias y de reducción de consecuencias negativas asociadas al alcohol

Spanish Adaptation of the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale-20 (S-PBSS-20) and Evaluation of its Psychometric Properties in University Students.

BACKGROUND: Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) have shown utility in reducing alcohol-related negative consequences. The Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale (PBSS) is one of the most widely used and well-validated instruments for evaluating these strategies. However, a Spanish adaptation of this or any other measure of PBS is not available. We aimed to provide a Spanish version of PBSS-20 and examine its psychometric properties. METHOD: We recruited 538 undergraduate students from three Spanish universities (mean age = 21.2; females = 78%). Measures included the Spanish-PBSS-20 (S-PBSS-20), Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ), Daily Drinking Questionnaire, and frequency of alcohol use, drunkenness, and binge drinking. RESULTS: Our results support the use of the original 3-factor structure of the PBSS-20. Internal consistency reliability ranged between 0.71-0.77, and evidence of validity was provided according to the expected relationships with other variables. Exploratory factor analyses provided evidence of convergent/discriminant validity of S-PBSS-20. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that PBSS-20 is a useful instrument for assessing protective behavioral strategies in alcohol users. The S-PBSS-20 could be useful for research on alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies and consequences, and could also inform the design of educational interventions for promoting the use of protective strategies and reducing alcohol-related negative consequences.

Patterns of Simultaneous Polysubstance Use among Partygoers: Correlates and Differences in Adverse Acute Effects Experienced.

This study identifies patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) in partygoers, their associated characteristics, and their differences in terms of acute effects experienced. We used a web-based survey with 1345 partygoers who reported using at least one substance during the past year, collecting information on drug use and drug-related acute effects experienced at the last party attended. Latent class analysis identified three SPU profiles according to the use of nine substances: low polysubstance use (67.7%), moderate polysubstance use/hallucinogens (11.6%), and extensive polysubstance use/stimulants (20.7%). These profiles differed in their sociodemographic characteristics and were associated with different odds of experiencing adverse drug-related effects. Compared with participants with a profile of low polysubstance use or moderate polysubstance use/hallucinogens, those in the extensive polysubstance use/stimulants group were at higher odds of experiencing memory impairment, tachycardia, and bad mood after drug use. The only differences between the low polysubstance use and moderate polysubstance use/hallucinogens groups were in terms of hangover and headache experiences, which were less likely in the latter group (who consume less alcohol). Knowledge regarding the acute adverse drug-related effects experienced by partygoers who use multiple drugs can help to develop interventions for reducing drug-related risks in this population.

Suicidal Ideation Profiles in Patients with Fibromyalgia Using Transdiagnostic Psychological and Fibromyalgia-Associated Variables.

Several studies have emphasized the heterogeneity of fibromyalgia patients. Furthermore, fibromyalgia patients are considered a high-risk suicide group. The ideation-to-action framework proposes a set of transdiagnostic psychological factors involved in the development of suicidal ideation. The present study aims to explore the existence of different subgroups according to their vulnerability to suicidal ideation through these transdiagnostic psychological variables and a set of variables typically associated with fibromyalgia. In this cross-sectional study, 151 fibromyalgia patients were assessed through the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale, Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire, Defeat Scale, Entrapment Scale, Psychache Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Scale. A K-means cluster analysis identified two clusters, one (45.70%) according to a low vulnerability, and a second (54.30%) with a high vulnerability to suicidal ideation. These clusters showed statistically significant differences in suicidal ideation and suicide risk. However, no differences were observed in most socio-demographic variables. In conclusion, fibromyalgia patients who present a clinical condition characterized by a moderate-high degree of physical dysfunction, overall disease impact and intensity of fibromyalgia-associated symptoms, along with a high degree of perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, defeat, entrapment, psychological pain and hopelessness, form a homogeneous group at high risk for suicidal ideation.

[Condom use, number of partners and sexual debut in young people in penile-vaginal intercourse, oral sex and anal sex]. / Uso del preservativo, número de parejas y debut sexual en jóvenes en coito vaginal, sexo oral y sexo anal.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyse condom use, number of sexual partners and age of sexual debut in young people in penile-vaginal intercourse, oral sex and anal sex, to establish a comparison between men and women (first part of the study), and to analyse the differences according to sexual behavior conducted in the three variables (second part of the study). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Ex post facto descriptive study by online survey. A total of 886 young heterosexual people (485 women and 401 men) participated for the first part of the study. For the second part of the study, youngsters who had carried out the three sexual behaviors under study were selected. The premises of two Spanish universities were used to distribute the survey by internet. RESULTS: Women reported a more frequent use condom during oral sex, and men reported to have more sexual partners with whom they perform penile-vaginal intercourse (4.57 vs. 3.80) and oral sex (3.34 vs. 2.65). The average onset age for penile-vaginal intercourse and oral sex was close to 17 years and for anal sex close to 19 years. Frequency of condom use and number of sexual partners were higher in penile-vaginal intercourse and the age of sexual debut was higher in anal sex (men=19.20; women=19.38). CONCLUSIONS: The results support the idea that young people use the condom more to prevent pregnancies than to prevent STD. Moreover, the sexual behaviors follow a pattern of progression in heterosexual young people (from penile-vaginal intercourse to anal sex).

Uso del preservativo, número de parejas y debut sexual en jóvenes en coito vaginal, sexo oral y sexo anal / Condom use, number of partners and sexual debut in young people in penile-vaginal intercourse, oral sex and anal sex

Objetivo. El objetivo del estudio es analizar en jóvenes el uso del preservativo, el número de parejas sexuales y la edad de debut sexual en coito vaginal, sexo oral y sexo anal, y comparar entre hombres y mujeres (primera parte del estudio), así como analizar si existen diferencias según el comportamiento sexual realizado en las tres variables (segunda parte del estudio). Material y método. Estudio ex post-facto descriptivo mediante encuesta online. Un total de 886 jóvenes heterosexuales (485 mujeres y 401 hombres) participaron para la primera parte del estudio. Para la segunda parte del estudio se seleccionó a los jóvenes que habían realizado los tres comportamientos sexuales objeto de estudio. Se utilizaron las dependencias de dos universidades españolas para difundir la encuesta por internet. Resultados. Las mujeres manifestaron utilizar con más frecuencia el preservativo durante el sexo oral y los hombres declararon tener mayor número de parejas sexuales con las que realizan el coito vaginal (4,57 vs. 3,80) y el sexo oral (3,34 vs. 2,65). La edad media de inicio para el coito vaginal y el sexo oral estuvo en torno a los 17años y para el sexo anal en torno a los 19años. La frecuencia de uso del preservativo y el número de parejas sexuales fueron mayores en el coito vaginal y la edad de debut sexual fue mayor en el sexo anal (hombres=19,20; mujeres=19,38). Conclusiones. Los resultados apoyan la idea de que los jóvenes utilizan el preservativo más para evitar embarazos que para prevenir ITS. También, que los comportamientos sexuales siguen un patrón de progresión en jóvenes heterosexuales (del coito vaginal al sexo anal) (AU)

Objective. The aim of this study is to analyse condom use, number of sexual partners and age of sexual debut in young people in penile-vaginal intercourse, oral sex and anal sex, to establish a comparison between men and women (first part of the study), and to analyse the differences according to sexual behavior conducted in the three variables (second part of the study). Material and method. Ex post facto descriptive study by online survey. A total of 886 young heterosexual people (485 women and 401 men) participated for the first part of the study. For the second part of the study, youngsters who had carried out the three sexual behaviors under study were selected. The premises of two Spanish universities were used to distribute the survey by internet. Results. Women reported a more frequent use condom during oral sex, and men reported to have more sexual partners with whom they perform penile-vaginal intercourse (4.57 vs. 3.80) and oral sex (3.34 vs. 2.65). The average onset age for penile-vaginal intercourse and oral sex was close to 17 years and for anal sex close to 19 years. Frequency of condom use and number of sexual partners were higher in penile-vaginal intercourse and the age of sexual debut was higher in anal sex (men=19.20; women=19.38). Conclusions. The results support the idea that young people use the condom more to prevent pregnancies than to prevent STD. Moreover, the sexual behaviors follow a pattern of progression in heterosexual young people (from penile-vaginal intercourse to anal sex) (AU)

Adaptation to the Spanish population of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) and psychometric properties. / Adaptación a la población española de la Escala de Perfil de Riesgo de Consumo de Drogas (EPRCD) y estudio de sus propiedades psicométricas.

The identification of different personality risk profiles for substance misuse is useful in preventing substance-related problems. This study aims to test the psychometric properties of a new version of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) for Spanish college students. Cross-sectional study with 455 undergraduate students from four Spanish universities. A new version of the SURPS, adapted to the Spanish population, was administered with the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Internal consistency reliability ranged between 0.652 and 0.806 for the four SURPS subscales, while reliability estimated by split-half coefficients varied from 0.686 to 0.829. The estimated test-retest reliability ranged between 0.733 and 0.868. The expected four-factor structure of the original scale was replicated. As evidence of convergent validity, we found that the SURPS subscales were significantly associated with other conceptually-relevant personality scales and significantly associated with alcohol use measures in theoretically-expected ways. This SURPS version may be a useful instrument for measuring personality traits related to vulnerability to substance use and misuse when targeting personality with preventive interventions.

La identificación de diferentes perfiles de personalidad de riesgo para el consumo problemático de drogas es útil para prevenir problemas relacionados con las drogas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de una nueva versión de la Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) en estudiantes universitarios españoles. Estudio de diseño transversal en el que participaron 455 estudiantes de cuatro universidades españolas. La nueva versión de la SURPS adaptada a la población española fue administrada junto a la Escala de Desesperanza de Beck, la UPPS-P, el inventario de ansiedad-estado (STAI) y el test AUDIT. La consistencia interna de las cuatro subescalas de la SURPS osciló entre 0,652 y 0,806. Los coeficientes de fiabilidad por el procedimiento de dos mitades oscilaron entre 0,686 y 0,829. La estimación test-retest osciló entre 0,733 y 0,868. Se replicó la estructura factorial esperada de cuatro dimensiones. Como evidencias de validez convergente, se encontró que las subescalas de la SURPS se relacionaron significativamente con las medidas teóricamente esperadas de otras escalas de personalidad y con el consumo de alcohol. Esta versión de la SURPS constituye un instrumento útil para la medición de rasgos de personalidad relacionados con la vulnerabilidad al consumo de drogas y sus problemas relacionados, pudiendo ser utilizada para estrategias de prevención del consumo de drogas.

Adaptación a la población española de la Escala de Perfil de Riesgo de Consumo de Drogas (EPRCD) y estudio de sus propiedades psicométricas / Adaptation to the Spanish population of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) and psychometric properties

La identificación de diferentes perfiles de personalidad de riesgo para el consumo problemático de drogas es útil para prevenir problemas relacionados con las drogas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de una nueva versión de la Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) en estudiantes universitarios españoles. Estudio de diseño transversal en el que participaron 455 estudiantes de cuatro universidades españolas. La nueva versión de la SURPS adaptada a la población española fue administrada junto a la Escala de Desesperanza de Beck, la UPPS-P, el inventario de ansiedad-estado (STAI) y el test AUDIT. La consistencia interna de las cuatro subescalas de la SURPS osciló entre 0,652 y 0,806. Los coeficientes de fiabilidad por el procedimiento de dos mitades oscilaron entre 0,686 y 0,829. La estimación test-retest osciló entre 0,733 y 0,868. Se replicó la estructura factorial esperada de cuatro dimensiones. Como evidencias de validez convergente, se encontró que las subescalas de la SURPS se relacionaron significativamente con las medidas teóricamente esperadas de otras escalas de personalidad y con el consumo de alcohol. Esta versión de la SURPS constituye un instrumento útil para la medición de rasgos de personalidad relacionados con la vulnerabilidad al consumo de drogas y sus problemas relacionados, pudiendo ser utilizada para estrategias de prevención del consumo de drogas

The identification of different personality risk profiles for substance misuse is useful in preventing substance-related problems. This study aims to test the psychometric properties of a new version of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) for Spanish college students. Cross-sectional study with 455 undergraduate students from four Spanish universities. A new version of the SURPS, adapted to the Spanish population, was administered with the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Internal consistency reliability ranged between 0.652 and 0.806 for the four SURPS subscales, while reliability estimated by split-half coefficients varied from 0.686 to 0.829. The estimated test-retest reliability ranged between 0.733 and 0.868. The expected four-factor structure of the original scale was replicated. As evidence of convergent validity, we found that the SURPS subscales were significantly associated with other conceptually-relevant personality scales and significantly associated with alcohol use measures in theoretically-expected ways. This SURPS version may be a useful instrument for measuring personality traits related to vulnerability to substance use and misuse when targeting personality with preventive interventions

A polytomous rasch analysis of the english version of health-related quality of life for drug abusers test.

The specific aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the English version of the Health-Related Quality of Life for Drug Abusers Test (HRQoLDA Test) applying the Rasch model, and emphasizing fit between empirical data and theoretical Rasch model assumptions; item(s) category probability curve; and precision in terms of information function. In this study, the authors present the results of the translation and adaptation of the original Spanish version to English, as applied to a sample of substance users in Australia. The authors evaluated 121 adults recruited from inpatient and outpatient treatment facilities in Sydney, Australia. The Rating Scale Model was used in the psychometric analysis of the English version of the HRQoLDA Test. The items and persons revealed a fit between the reported data and the model. It was also demonstrated that respondents did not discriminate among the five response categories, which led to a reduction to three response categories. The adaptation of the TECVASP to the English language, renamed the HRQoLDA test, as developed with an Australian sample revealed adequate psychometric properties.

A polytomous rasch analysis of the English version of health-related quality of life for drug abusers test

The specific aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the English version of the Health-Related Quality of Life for Drug Abusers Test (HRQoLDA Test) applying the Rasch model, and emphasizing fit between empirical data and theoretical Rasch model assumptions; item(s) category probability curve; and precision in terms of information function. In this study, the authors present the results of the translation and adaptation of the original Spanish version to English, as applied to a sample of substance users in Australia. The authors evaluated 121 adults recruited from inpatient and outpatient treatment facilities in Sydney, Australia. The Rating Scale Model was used in the psychometric analysis of the English version of the HRQoLDA Test. The items and persons revealed a fit between the reported data and the model. It was also demonstrated that respondents did not discriminate among the five response categories, which led to a reduction to three response categories. The adaptation of the TECVASP to the English language, renamed the HRQoLDA test, as developed with an Australian sample revealed adequate psychometric properties (AU)

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Structural model of acculturation attitudes and related psychosocial variables: empirical evidence in native Spaniards.

This work falls within the framework of the study of acculturation processes of natives and immigrants. Its goal is to test an explanatory multi-group model of natives' acculturation attitudes as a function of diverse psychosocial variables: Prejudice and natives' appraisal of their own culture (in a direct way) and inter-group contact and perceived inter-group similarity (in an indirect way). Participants were 499 Spaniards surveyed for their attitude towards Romanian immigrants and 493 towards Ecuadorian immigrants. The indicators used took into account three socio-cultural spheres: peripheral, intermediate and central areas. This multi-group model shows an adequate fit to the data.

Raves y consumo de drogas desde una perspectiva epidemiológica y psicosocial: una revisión bibliográfica sistemática / Raves and drug use from an epidemiologic and psychosocial approach: a bibliographic systematic review

El elevado consumo de drogas que se produce en las raves y las características propias de estas fiestas las convierten en un contexto recreativo de alto riesgo para la salud de los participantes. El objetivo de esta revisión es establecer una categorización de las investigaciones sobre raves y consumo de drogas a partir de sus objetivos y principales resultados. Se discuten las necesidades de investigación/conocimiento detectadas como fruto de esta revisión. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica a través de las bases de datos Medline, Psycinfo y Psicodoc. Una vez aplicados los criterios de inclusión se obtuvieron 36 artículos, clasificados en seis categorías. Los resultados han mostrado que 23 estudios tienen por objetivo el análisis del perfil psicosocial, la prevalencia y los patrones de consumo de drogas. Nueve estudios se centran en el riesgo asociado al consumo de drogas y otros nueve en sus efectos. Dado el elevado riesgo asociado a las raves y la escasez de estudios empíricos detectado, se señala la necesidad de realizar más estudios empíricos. Las evidencias que permitan guiar las estrategias de prevención y reducción de daños con ravers son insuficientes. Se detecta la necesidad de estudiar: el policonsumo, las estrategias de reducción de daños, los efectos positivos y motivaciones (AU)

The high drug use that occurs at raves and the specific characteristics of these parties make them a high risk recreational context the health of participants. The aim of this paper is to establish a categorization of research on drug use and raves according to their objectives and main results. Knowledge and research needs identified as a result of this review are discussed. To this end, a systematic review of scientific literature through Medline, Psycinfo and Psicodoc was conducted. After applying the inclusion criteria, 36 papers were obtained, classified into six categories. The results show that 23 studies aim psychosocial profile analysis, and the prevalence and patterns of drug use. Nine studies focus on risks related to drug use, and nine in the drug effects. Given the high risk associated with raves and the scarcity of empirical studies identified, the need to develop further empirical studies is addressed. There is still insufficient evidence to guide intervention strategies to prevent risks and harms among ravers. There is also a need to explore: polydrug use, harm reduction strategies, positive effects and motivations (AU)

[Raves and drug use from an epidemiologic and psychosocial approach: a bibliographic systematic review]. / Raves y consumo de drogas desde una perspectiva epidemiológica y psicosocial: una revisión bibliográfica sistemática.

The high drug use that occurs at raves and the specific characteristics of these parties make them a high risk recreational context the health of participants. The aim of this paper is to establish a categorization of research on drug use and raves according to their objectives and main results. Knowledge and research needs identified as a result of this review are discussed. To this end, a systematic review of scientific literature through Medline, Psycinfo and Psicodoc was conducted. After applying the inclusion criteria, 36 papers were obtained, classified into six categories. The results show that 23 studies aim psychosocial profile analysis, and the prevalence and patterns of drug use. Nine studies focus on risks related to drug use, and nine in the drug effects. Given the high risk associated with raves and the scarcity of empirical studies identified, the need to develop further empirical studies is addressed. There is still insufficient evidence to guide intervention strategies to prevent risks and harms among ravers. There is also a need to explore: polydrug use, harm reduction strategies, positive effects and motivations.

Test de Actitud Prejuiciosa (TAP): Estudios de fiabilidad y evidencias de validez basadas en la estructura interna en autóctonos e inmigrantes / Prejudice Attitude Test (PAT): Reliability and validity evidences based on the internal structure studies in autochthonous and immigrant

Este trabajo se enmarca en el estudio del prejuicio en las poblaciones autóctona e inmigrante. El objetivo es llevar a cabo un estudio de las propiedades psicométricas de una nueva medida de la actitud de prejuicio para los diferentes grupos (mayorías y minorías), el Test de Actitud Prejuiciosa (TAP). El TAP se basa en una concepción tricomponente de la actitud prejuiciosa, considerando cogniciones, afectos e intenciones de conducta. Este trabajo muestra los resultados de las estimaciones de fiabilidad y el estudio de diversas fuentes de evidencias de validez: su estructura interna y relaciones con otras variables. La muestra estuvo formada por 1.967 participantes: 992 españoles, 500 rumanos y 475 ecuatorianos. La muestra fue seleccionada en 12 municipios con altas tasas de personas inmigrantes censadas, elegidas en cuatro comunidades autónomas de la zona mediterránea de España. El TAP presenta propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para su uso tanto en los grupos mayoritarios como minoritarios: una fiabilidad adecuada, una estructura interna sustantiva y relaciones con otras variables que son coherentes con el constructo en que se basa la prueba (AU)

The framework of this research is the study of prejudice between autochthonous and immigrant people. Its aim is to conduct a study of the psychometric properties of a new measure of prejudice attitude for different groups (majority and minority groups), the Prejudice Attitude Test (PAT). The PAT is based on a conceptual design of attitude with three dimensions: cognitive, emotional and conative. This work shows the results of reliability estimates and the study of validity evidences (internal structure). Sample was formed by 1967 participants: there were 992 Spanish, 500 Romanian and 475 Ecuadorian people. The sample was selected in 12 municipalities with high rates of immigrant people in their census, chosen in four autonomous communities of Spain's Mediterranean zone. The PAT shows psychometric properties suitable for its use both in majority and in minority groups: an adequate reliability, a substantive internal structure that are consistent with the construct underlying the test (AU)

Prejudiced attitude measurement using the Rasch Rating Scale model.

There have been two basic approaches for the study of minority group prejudice against the majority: to adapt instruments from the majority group, and to use qualitative techniques by analyzing the content of the discourse of the groups involved. Neither of these procedures solves the problem of measuring intergroup attitudes of majorities and minorities in interaction. This study shows the result of a prejudice scale which was developed to measure the attitude of both the minority and majority groups. Prejudice is conceived as an attitude which requires the beliefs or opinions about the out-group, the emotions it elicits, and the behavior or intentional behavior toward it to be known for its evaluation. The innovation in this work is that the psychometric development of the scale was based on the item response theory, and more specifically, the rating scale model.

Propiedades psicométricas del GHQ-28 en pacientes con dependencia a opiáceos / Psychometric properties of the GHQ-28 in opiate-dependent patients

Objetivo: Conocer las propiedades psicométricas del GHQ-28 cuando se administra a una muestra de pacientes con dependencia a opiáceos. Método: 138 pacientes con diagnóstico de dependencia a opiáceos han participado en el estudio. La fiabilidad se ha estimado por el procedimiento alpha de Cronbach y dos mitades con Spearman-Brown. Se ha aplicado un análisis factorial confirmatorio para conocer la estructura factorial del instrumento. La sensibilidad y especificidad del instrumento para la detección de posibles casos psiquiátricos se ha realizado mediante el estudio de la curva COR (Característica Operativa del Receptor), usando como criterio el diagnóstico DSM-IV aportado por la Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Resultados: Los resultados de la estimación de la fiabilidad del instrumento son adecuados. En cuanto a los resultados de validez no se ha podido confirmar la estructura de cuatro factores delGHQ-28 propuesta originariamente por Goldberg y Hillier. Los parámetros de sensibilidad y especificidad muestran unos valores óptimos de 60,7%y 73,7% respectivamente, estando correctamente clasificados el 65,9%de los participantes. Conclusiones: El GHQ-28 muestra una adecuada fiabilidad si bien no se ha podido confirmar la estructura factorial original. Los parámetros de sensibilidad y especificidad son apropiados. Dados estos resultados y los proporcionados por otros estudios de validez donde se muestra la relación con la severidad de la dependencia, la salud física y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, se puede considerar que el GHQ-28 puede ser un instrumento útil para el screening en la práctica clínica (AU)

Objective: To know the psychometric properties of the GHQ-28 when it is applied to a sample of opiate-dependent patients. Method: Participants were 138 opiate-dependent patients. Reliability was estimated by means of the Cronbach’s alpha and Spearman-Brown coefficients. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was applied to check the four-factor structure proposed by Goldberg and Hillier. The sensitivity and specificity of the instrument for the detection of possible psychiatric cases were measured using ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) analysis, using as criterion the DSMIV diagnosis from the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Results: Reliability estimation was adequate. Validity results could not confirm the four-factor structure of GHQ-28 proposed by Goldberg and Hillier. The sensitivity and specificity parameters show optimum values of 60.7 % and 73.7 %, respectively, 65.9 % of the participants being correctly classified. Conclusions: GHQ-28 shows adequate reliability and appropriate sensitivity and specificity parameters when it is applied to opiate-dependent patients. However, the original factorial structure could not be confirmed. Given these results and those from other validity studies in which the relationships with Severity of Dependence, Physical Health and Health-Related Quality of Life were shown, the GHQ-28 can be considered a useful instrument for screening in clinical practice (AU)