First record of Psorophora ferox (Diptera: Culicidae) infested with eggs of Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Cuterebridae), in Ucayali: Peru.

INTRODUCTION: Dermatobia hominis belongs to the Cuterebridae family, Diptera order; These flies inhabit tropical regions where they are called "fly of death" since the larvae are capable of causing lesions in domestic animals, wild animals including humans, the adult females of D. hominis capture other dipteran to oviposit their eggs on them (phoresis), when hematophagous mosquitoes land on an animal and / or human in order to feed on their blood, the eggs hatch and the larvae immediately penetrate the skin where they will develop to later abandon the host, then in the soil and / or other moist substrate the pupal stage develops, finally new adult flies will emerge from the pupae. OBJECTIVE: The primary goal of the present study was to determine as first record, the presence of Psorophora ferox infested with eggs of Dermatobia hominis, Peru. METHODOLOGY: The present study was carried out in an area of the private reserve "El Vencedor", located within the city of Pucallpa, Ucayali Region-Perú. The area is characterized by being humid tropical, with an average temperature of 26ºC and humidity of 92%, while the annual precipitation is approximately 1570 mm3. The capture method was carried out with the help of a hand net type "butterfly" or also called Jama. RESULTS: A total of 668 mosquitoes of different species were collected, the most abundant being Psorophora albigenu and Psorophora ferox, which represented 88.72% and the least abundant was Culex coronator and Uranotaenia apicalis with 0.15% of the total sample collected. CONCLUSIONS: Within these specimens it was captured a mosquito of the species Ps. ferox with the presence of 8 eggs of D. hominis, of which 3 would have hatched, while in the remaining 5, the larvae would remain inside the eggs.

Enhanced antimicrobial efficacy of biogenic ZnO nanoparticles through UV-B activation: A novel approach for textile garment.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) are characterized by novel properties which have been attracting the attention of different lines of research due to their wide applicability. Obtaining this nanomaterial is strongly linked to biogenic synthesis methods, which have also been developed in this research, using Coriandrum sativum extract as a reducing agent. ZnO NPs have been properly characterized by techniques to evaluate their morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and elemental analysis by EDX. The evaluation of the antimicrobial and antifungal effects is linked to the use of a system provided by "locker sanitizer" equipment, which has been designed and built as part of this research, and is intended to treat textile garments by nebulizing the ZnO NP colloid (99.08 µg/mL) + UV-B, water + UV-B, and UV-B only, and also to evaluate the influence of the treatment time for 1, 2 and 3 min. In this sense, it is known that the nanomaterial used shows a better response to UV light because more hydroxyl radicals are produced, leading to a higher reaction rate, which results in greater efficiency in inhibitory processes. The results show that the use of the locker sanitizer is more efficient when using ZnO NP + UV-B light since it achieved 100 % growth inhibition against E. coli, C. albicans, and A. brasiliensis, and >99 % against S. aureus, after 3 min of treatment.

Detection of Bartonella vinsonii, Anaplasma platys and Bartonella sp. in didelphis marsupialis, Pecari tajacu and Chelonoidis denticulate: Peru.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence suggest that wildlife Infectious diseases related to wildlife are of most importance because of the agents' capacity to spill over into humans from the wild reservoir. Among them, the bacteria Bartonella spp. and Anaplasma spp. are related to this zoonotic dynamic. OBJECTIVE: The primary goal of the present study was to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria in kidney and liver tissues of Didelphis marsupialis; spleen, liver, and skin of Pecari tajacu; spleen, liver, and skin of Chelonoidis denticulata. METHODOLOGY: A PCR using universal and specific primers for 16 S rRNA, of Bartonella spp. with subsequent genetic sequencing were used. RESULTS: The results in this study indicate that Bartonella vinsonni was detected in the liver tissue of Didelphis marsupialis using both universal primers and those specific for Bartonella sp. Anaplasma platys was detected at the liver and spleen level using universal primers. Additionally, Bartonella spp. was found at the liver, spleen, and skin level in Pecari tajacu using the specific primers. Finally, using the universal and specific primers at the skin level, Bartonella spp. was evident in Chelonoidis denticulata. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the DNA of the Bartonella vinsonii was detected at the liver tissue in Didelphis marsupialis. DNA of the Anaplasma platys and Bartonella spp. were identified at the spleen and liver level. This study also identified that DNA Bartonella spp. was detected in Pecari tajacu skin. Finally DNA of Bartonella spp. was evident in Chelonoidis denticulate skin. The findings of this study suggest that these bacteria are present in these animals and may be responsible for outbreaks.

Biogenic production of silver, zinc oxide, and cuprous oxide nanoparticles, and their impregnation into textiles with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.

Nanotechnology is being used to fight off infections caused by viruses, and one of the most outstanding nanotechnological uses is the design of protective barriers made of textiles functionalized with antimicrobial agents, with the challenge of combating the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causal agent of COVID-19. This research is framed within two fundamental aspects: the first one is linked to the proposal of new methods of biogenic synthesis of silver, cuprous oxide, and zinc oxide nanoparticles using organic extracts as reducing agents. The second one is the application of nanomaterials in the impregnation (functionalization) of textiles based on methods called "in situ" (within the synthesis), and "post-synthesis" (after the synthesis), with subsequent evaluation of their effectiveness in reducing the viral load of SARS-CoV-2. The results show that stable, monodisperse nanoparticles with defined geometry can be obtained. Likewise, the "in situ" impregnation method emerges as the best way to adhere nanoparticles. The results of viral load reduction show that 'in situ' textiles with Cu2O NP achieved a 99.79% load reduction of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Evaluation of the antiviral activity of ultraviolet light and zinc oxide nanoparticles on textile products exposed to Avian coronavirus.

This research has developed a piece of sanitizing locker-model equipment for textiles exposed to avian coronavirus, which has been put under the influence of UV light, UV + zinc oxide nanoparticles (phytosynthesized ZnONP), and water + UV, and, in turn, under the influence of the exposure time (60, 120, 180 s). The results linked to the phytosynthesis of ZnONP indicate a novel method of fabricating nanostructured material, nanoparticles with spherical morphology and an average size of 30 nm. The assays were made based on the viral viability of avian coronavirus according to the mortality of SPF embryonated eggs and a Real-Time PCR for viral load estimation. This was a model to evaluate the sanitizing effects against coronaviruses since they share a very similar structure and chemistry with SAR-CoV-2. The influence of the type of textile treatment evidenced the potential effect of the sanitizing UV light, which achieved 100% of embryo viability. The response of the ZnONP + UV nebulization showed a notorious influence of photoactivation according to the exposure time, and the 60-s treatment achieved a decrease of 88.9% in viral viability, compared to 77.8% and 55.6% corresponding to the 120 and 180-s treatments, respectively. Regarding the decrease in viral load between the types of treatments, UV 180 s reduced 98.42% and UV 60 s + ZnONP reduced 99.46%, respectively. The results show the combinatorial effect of UV light and zinc nanoparticles in decreasing the viral viability of avian coronavirus, as a model of other important coronaviruses in public health such as SARS-CoV-2.

Characterization of the bacterial microbiome of Amblyomma scalpturatum and Amblyomma ovale collected from Tapirus terrestris and Amblyomma sabanerae collected from Chelonoidis denticulata, Madre de Dios- Peru.

BACKGROUND: Ticks are arthropods that can host and transmit pathogens to wild animals, domestic animals, and even humans. The microbiome in ticks is an endosymbiotic, pathogenic and is yet to be fully understood. RESULTS: Adult male Amblyomma scalpturatum (A. scalpturatum) and Amblyomma ovale (A. ovale) ticks were collected from Tapirus terrestris (T. terrestris) captured in the rural area of San Lorenzo Village, and males Amblyomma sabanerae were collected from Chelonoidis denticulate (C. denticulate) of the Gamita Farm in the Amazon region of Madre de Dios, Peru. The Chao1 and Shannon-Weaver analyses indicated a greater bacterial richness and diversity in male A. sabanerae (Amblyomma sabanerae; 613.65-2.03) compared to male A. scalpturatum and A. ovale (A. scalpturatum and A. ovale; 102.17-0.40). Taxonomic analyses identified 478 operational taxonomic units representing 220 bacterial genera in A. sabanerae and 86 operational taxonomic units representing 28 bacterial genera in A. scalpturatum and A. ovale. Of the most prevalent genera was Francisella (73.2%) in A. sabanerae, and Acinetobacter (96.8%) in A. scalpturatum and A. ovale to be considered as the core microbiome of A. sabanerae and A. scalpturatum/A. ovale respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We found a high bacterial diversity in male of A. sabanerae collected from C. denticulata showed prevalence of Francisella and prevalence of Acinetobacter in male A. scalpturatum and A. ovale collected from T. terrestris. The greatest bacterial diversity and richness was found in males A. sabanerae. This is the first bacterial metagenomic study performed in A. scalpturatum/A. ovale and A. sabanerae collected from T. terrestris and C. denticulata in the Peruvian jungle.

Identificación de la formación de cordones de Mycobacterium kansassi e implicancia en la microbiología clínica

Objetivos : Determinar si la formación de cordones ocurre en la microcolonias de M. kansasii. Material y métodos : Se sembraron en medio solido 7H11, cuatro especies de micobacterias patógenas de alta prevalencia Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis y Mycobacterium neonarum y se evaluaron hasta por 21 días, realizando complementariamente las coloraciones Ziehl-Neelsen para cada una de ellas. Para observar la presencia de la formación de cordones en las microcolonias, se utilizó microscopia de fase invertida. Resultados : En todas las especies se observó a nivel de las microcolonias la formación de cordones, además se identificó la formación de cordones en etapa temprana por la coloración Zhiel-Nelsen en Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium abscessus, y Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conclusiones : Mycobacterium kansasii es capaz de desarrollar cordones a nivel microscópico, por lo que la premisa basada en la formación de cordones por M. tuberculosis como un patrón diferencial de las demás micobacterias deben ser tomadas con cautela.

SUMMARY Objectives : Determine if cord formation occurs in microcolonies of M. kansasii. Methods : 4 highly prevalent pathogenic mycobacterial species Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium neonarum were sown in 7H11 solid medium and observed for up to 21 days, additionally Ziehl-Neelsen staining was performed for each of them. Additionally, Ziehl-Neelsen staining was performed for each of them, observing the presence of cord formation in the microcolonies and determining their relationship with virulence and specific species Results : In all the species cultivated in solid medium 7H11, the formation of cords was observed at the level of the microcolones, in addition, the formation of cords in an early stage was identified by the Zhiel-Nelsen staining in Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium abscessus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conclusions : Mycobacterium kansasii is capable of developing beads at the microscopic level as was observed in microcoloneas, so the premise based on beads by microscopy specific for the M. tuberculosis species as a differential pattern from the other mycobacteria by forming beads in cultures must be taken with caution so as not to generate a misdiagnosis since there are other species that are capable of forming a similar pattern as has been observed in Mycobacterium kansasii.

Quantitative Detection of Leishmania in Rhipicephalus microplus and Amblyomma sabanerae in the Peruvian Amazon Basin.

Leishmaniasis is a disease of public importance with a complex transmission cycle. A quantitative PCR was developed by using the small subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rRNA) as a DNA target, which is conserved in all Leishmania species. A TaqMan ® probe was designed to have a high specificity. In all, 22 out of 23 (95.7%) ticks classified as R. microplus tested positive for Leishmania sp. The quantification was between 34.1 and 2197.1 parasites per tick in a range of 12 to 769 fg/uL. In addition, 9 out of 10 (90%) ticks classified as Amblyomma sabanerae tested positive for Leishmania sp. The quantification was between 448.6 and 5428.6 parasites per tick in a range of 157 to 1900 fg/µL. Leishmania sp. was identified in very high percentages in Rhipicephalus microplus and Amblyomma sabanerae from wild Pecari tajacu and Chelonoidis denticulata, in quantities of 34.1 and 5428.6 parasites per arthropod, and this could suggest that the ticks were parasitized by sucking blood from the animals from which they were collected. This is the first report about Leishmania parasites found in wild Rhipicephalus microplus and Amblyomma sabanerae, adding new information about the distribution and epidemiology of the parasite in sylvatic areas.

[Burnout Syndrome in Schools Teachers From Latin American Countries]. / Síndrome de Burnout en profesores de escuelas de países latinoamericanos.

En los últimos años se ha escuchado mucho sobre el síndrome de burnout conocido también como "síndrome de agotamiento profesional" SAP y cómo influye en nuestra satisfacción laboral, un porcentaje de trabajadores no se encuentra satisfecho con las actividades que realiza, ya que solo trabajan para subsistir o por necesidad.

Nitrofuranos y cloranfenicol, sustancias prohibidas para su uso en animales, presentes en alimentos agropecuarios primarios en el Perú / Nitrofurans and chloramphenicol, substances prohibited for use in animals, present in primary agricultural foods in Peru

El documento contiene la revisión y el análisis de los resultados del monitoreo de los antibióticos prohibidos en producción animal para consumo humano, efectuados por el Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria del Perú (SENASA): nitrofuranos (furaltadona y furazolidona) y cloranfenicol.

Characterization of the bacterial microbiome of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from Pecari tajacu "Sajino" Madre de Dios, Peru.

Ticks are arthropods that can host and transmit pathogens to wild animals, domestic animals, and even humans. The bacterial microbiome of adult (males and females) and nymph Rhipicephalus microplus ticks collected from a collared peccary, Pecari tajacu, captured in the rural area of Botijón Village in the Amazon region of Madre de Dios, Peru, was evaluated using metagenomics. The Chao1 and Shannon-Weaver analyses indicated greater bacterial richness and diversity in female ticks (GARH; 375-4.15) and nymph ticks (GARN; 332-4.75) compared to that in male ticks (GARM; 215-3.20). Taxonomic analyses identified 185 operational taxonomic units representing 147 bacterial genera. Of the 25 most prevalent genera, Salmonella (17.5%) and Vibrio (15.0%) showed the highest relative abundance followed by several other potentially pathogenic genera, such as Paracoccus (7.8%), Staphylococcus (6.8%), Pseudomonas (6.6%), Corynebacterium (5.0%), Cloacibacterium (3.6%), and Acinetobacter (2.5%). In total, 19.7% of the detected genera are shared by GARH, GARM, and GARN, and they can be considered as the core microbiome of R. microplus. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to characterize the microbiome of ticks collected from P. tajacu and to report the presence of Salmonella and Vibrio in R. microplus. The pathogenic potential and the role of these bacteria in the physiology of R. microplus should be further investigated due to the possible implications for public health and animal health in populations neighboring the habitat of P. tajacu.

Cuantificación de aflatoxinas carcinogénicas en alimentos no procesados y su implicación para el consumo en Lima, Perú / Quantification of carcinogenic aflatoxins in unprocessed foods and their implication for consumption in Lima, Peru

El documento contiene introducción, objetivos, métodos resultados y conclusiones.

[Quantification of carcinogenic aflatoxins in unprocessed foods and their implication for consumption in Lima, Peru]. / Cuantificación de aflatoxinas carcinogénicas en alimentos no procesados y su implicación para el consumo en Lima, Perú.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction and objectives: aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the Aspergillus and Penicillium geni. These fungi contaminate cereals and several other types of food. The pathophysiologic effects of aflatoxins in humans include liver cancer, cirrhosis, and accumulation in human tissues. The study aimed to quantify carcinogenic aflatoxins in unprocessed food sold in the foodstuff markets of 13 districts of the city of Lima, Perú, and to discuss their effects for public health. Methods: in order to so, we performed an immunoenzymatic assay using a Veratox® kit for total aflatoxin to detect aflatoxins in food for human consumption, and the implications of our findings for public health. Results: the most contaminated foods we found included peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) (149.7 ppb) from the Limoncillo market at the Rimac district, and "ají panca" or Peruvian red chili pepper (Capsicum chinense) (56.4 ppb) from the central market at the Comas district. Peanuts may be eaten raw in pasta or creams, and Capsicum chinense is also eaten sometimes raw, always in a sustained manner over time as part of typical Peruvian cuisine. Conclusions: we demonstrated a high risk to public health due to the link between aflatoxins in these foods and mainly liver cancer, in a city where the hepatic cancer and gastric cancer are prevalent.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes y objetivo: las aflatoxinas son metabolitos secundarios producidos por hongos de los géneros Aspergillus y Penicillium. Estos hongos contaminan los cereales y varios otros tipos de alimentos. Los efectos fisiopatológicos de las aflatoxinas en los seres humanos incluyen el cáncer de hígado, la cirrosis y la acumulación en los tejidos humanos. El objetivo del estudio fue cuantificar las aflatoxinas cancerígenas en alimentos no procesados vendidos en los mercados de alimentos de 13 distritos de la ciudad de Lima, Perú, y discutir el efecto sobre la salud pública. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un ensayo inmunoenzimático ­utilizando el kit Veratox® para la aflatoxina total­ a fin de detectar aflatoxinas en los alimentos de consumo humano, mencionándose además la implicación de los hallazgos para la salud pública. Resultados: los alimentos más contaminados que se encontraron fueron el cacahuete o maní (Arachis hypogaea) (149,7 ppb) del mercado Limoncillo del distrito de Rímac y el ají panca o chile rojo peruano (Capsicum chinense) (56,4 ppb) del mercado central del distrito de Comas. El cacahuete se puede consumir crudo en pastas o cremas y el ají panca también se consume a veces crudo, siempre de forma sostenida en el tiempo al formar parte de la gastronomía típica de Perú. Conclusiones: se demuestra un alto riesgo para la salud pública debido al vínculo entre las aflatoxinas de estos alimentos y el cáncer de hígado, principalmente, en una ciudad donde el cáncer hepático y el gástrico son prevalentes.

Riesgo de mortalidad según el índice de Charlson en comparación con el índice de fragilidad en pacientes adultos mayores del Centro Médico Naval entre los años 2010 al 2015 / Mortality risk according to the Charlson index compared to the frailty index in elderly patients of the Naval Medical Center between the years 2010 to 2015

El documento contiene objetivo, materiales y métodos, resultados y conclusiones.

Riesgo de mortalidad según el índice de Charlson en comparación con el índice de fragilidad en pacientes adultos mayores del Centro Médico Naval entre los años 2010 al 2015 / Risk of mortality according to the Charlson Comorbidity Index compared with the Frailty Index in elderly patients of the Centro Médico Naval between 2010 and 2015

RESUMEN Objetivo Medir el riesgo de mortalidad con el índice de fragilidad, el índice de Charlson y el Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) en pacientes adultos mayores. Los tres esquemas son útiles para la evaluación y posterior enfoque del paciente geriátrico. Materiales y métodos Estudio observacional, transversal, analítico, secundario a una base de datos, con un muestreo no probabilístico y de tipo por conveniencia. La base de datos se obtuvo del estudio original "Prevalencia y factores asociados con la fragilidad en adultos mayores peruanos", realizado entre los años 2010 y 2015, en el Servicio Geriátrico del Centro Médico Naval "Cirujano Mayor Santiago Távara". En total, se incluyeron 1897 participantes mayores de 60 años. Resultados Los valores de fragilidad encontrados fueron 51,33 % (según el índice de fragilidad), 26,16 % (de acuerdo al SPPB), y 73,47 % (al aplicar el índice de Charlston). La frecuencia de mortalidad en el estudio fue del 10,13 %. Conclusiones Los tres índices comparados en este estudio presentaron significancia para predecir fragilidad. Sin embargo, cuando se realiza el modelo ajustado por sexo, se demuestra que el SPPB y el Índice de Charlson presentan una mayor significancia estadística.

ABSTRACT Objective To quantify the risk of mortality using the Frailty Index, the Charlson Comorbidity Index and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) in elderly patients. Such three instruments are useful to assess and subsequently manage this group of patients. Materials and methods An observational, cross-sectional and analytical study conducted from a secondary database analysis with a non-probability, convenience sampling. The database was collected from the original study "Prevalence and factors associated with frailty in Peruvian older adults" carried out between 2010 and 2015 in the Geriatrics Department of the Centro Médico Naval "Cirujano Mayor Santiago Távara." A total of 1,897 participants over 60 years old were included. Results Fragility values accounted for 51.33 %, 26.16 % and 73.47 %, according to the Frailty Index, the SPPB and the Charlson Comorbidity Index, respectively. The mortality rate in the study was 10.13 %. Conclusions The three instruments compared in this study were significant to predict fragility. However, when a sex- adjusted analysis was performed, the SPPB and the Charlson Comorbidity Index showed greater statistical significance.