In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic properties of Caesalpinia coriaria fruits against Haemonchus contortus.

The purpose of the present study was to assay the in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity (AA) of Caesalpinia coriaria (Cc) mature fruits against the nematode Haemonchus contortus (Hc). The Hc infective larvae were used to assess the in vitro AA through larval mortality assay. The exposure of larvae to the different treatments was performed in 96-well microtitration plates. The treatments were as follows: hydroalcoholic extract (HA-E, at 25-100 mg/mL), aqueous fraction (Aq-F, at 12.5-50 mg/mL), organic fraction (EtOAc-F at 12.5-50 mg/mL), compounds (1, methyl gallate and 2, gallic acid at 1.25-10 mg/mL), positive control (ivermectin at 5 mg/mL) and two negative controls (distilled water and 4% methanol). After exposure, dead and live larvae were quantified and results were compared to their controls. The in vivo assay was carried out by a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT); artificially infected goat kids (F1: Boer x Nubia) were treated with Cc ground dried fruits to assess the AA. The treatments were established as follows: G1-untreated goats (negative control), G2-goats dewormed with ivermectin (positive control), G3-goats fed with Cc mature fruits (10% of their diet). Results in both in vitro and in vivo assays were analysed using an ANOVA through random design, applying a general linear model and mixed models. The in vitro results showed an evident larvicidal effect of the HA-E, EtOAc-F from Cc, indicating that the compound responsible for the AA was gallic acid. The results of the in vivo study corroborated the anthelmintic properties of Cc, reaching 78.6% reduction in the elimination of Hc eggs per gram of faeces. This plant represents a potential natural anthelmintic for the control of haemonchosis in goats under grazing conditions. Future studies should standardise the Cc extract or dried fruits for use in the management of nematodiasis in goat herds.

The economic effects of grazing in small-scale lamb fattening production systems in central México through a scenario analysis.

The objective was to assess grazing as an element of profitability and competitiveness of a small-scale lamb fattening production system in central México and compare its economic performance by means of an analysis of scenarios. Two scenarios were analysed to assess the contribution of grazing on profitability and competitiveness. The first analysis was when grazing was the feed base, and secondly, costs of opportunity and economic impacts were studied under the assumption that sheep do not graze, and total feed has to be bought from external suppliers. The economic effect of grazing on the profitability was analysed by means of the Policy Analysis Matrix. Differences were found between strata; farmers with more than 70 sheep have the best profitability indices and the least vulnerability under the non-grazing scenario. Grazing had a positive effect reducing the cost of production and increasing competitiveness in the four strata assessed. However, farmers with higher technical level, specialised breeds and larger flocks (strata 3 and 4) have higher economic profits. The conclusion was that the profitability in fattening sheep is linked to taking advantage of grazing. However, to keep and improve the current financial performance, there is a need for the adoption of strategies for an integral improvement of the system and the adoption of better grazing management to further reduce production costs.

Small Flocks Show Higher Levels of Welfare in Mexican Semi-Intensive Sheep Farming Systems.

In order to assess the level of sheep welfare in small traditional farms as compared with farms of increased size we evaluated several animal-based parameters and applied a modified Animal Needs Index (ANI) protocol in farms located in the North-East of the country. We selected ten sheep farms: 5 farms had less than 20 ewes per flock (Group L20), whereas 5 farms had more than 20 ewes per flock (Group M20). Based on the recordings performed using the ANI scheme Group L20 constantly showed higher scores as compared with Group M20. In Group M20 a higher proportion of animals was affected by skin and wool damages, low body condition, tail mutilation, ocular discharge, nasal discharge, diarrhoea (P < 0.05) and lameness (P < 0.01). We observed a higher percentage of non-anaemic animals in group L20 and a higher percentage of anaemic animals in Group M20 (P < 0.01). Although based on a small sample, our results showed that several animal-based measures were able to discriminate the two groups of farms with higher levels of animal welfare detected in small flocks.

In vitro larvicidal effect of a hydroalcoholic extract from Acacia cochliacantha leaf against ruminant parasitic nematodes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro lethal effect of a hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) from Acacia cochliacantha leaf against three gastrointestinal nematodes species (Haemonchus contortus, H. placei and Cooperia punctata) of domestic ruminants. The HAE was assessed using five concentrations: 100, 125, 175, 150 and 200 mg/ml; 0.5% Ivermectin was used as a positive control and distilled water, as negative control. The data were normalized using the square root and analysed with a completely randomized design through ANOVA analysis using the general lineal model (GLM) of the SAS program. The HAE tannin content was determined through spectrophotometry (UV-visible) and the other major phenols, were identified by chromatographic processes. The results showed an in vitro larvicidal activity of the HAE against the three assessed nematode species with all assessed concentrations. A clear HAE increased concentration dependence effect was observed. The highest activity of the HAE was obtained at the highest concentration (close to 100%, P < 0.05). This result was similar to the one obtained with Ivermectin. On the other hand, the chemical analysis of HAE showed the presence of tannins, caffeoyls and coumaroyl derivates and quercetin as the main compounds. The results suggest that the HAE from this plant species possess in vitro anthelmintic properties. The identified compounds in this study would good candidates for further in vivo researches.

Nutraceutic effect of free condensed tannins of Lysiloma acapulcensis (Kunth) benth on parasite infection and performance of Pelibuey sheep.

Forty-five Pelibuey sheep were experimentally infested with nematodes to evaluate the effect of three free condensed tannin (FCT) levels of Lysiloma acapulcensis on fecal egg counts (FECs), packed cell volumes (PCV), ocular mucosa colors (OMC), average daily gain (ADG), and adult nematode count. Five treatments were used: 12.5, 25.0, and 37.5 mg of FCT kg-1 of body weight (BW); sterile water (control); and ivermectine (0.22 mg kg-1 of BW) as chemical group. The data were processed through repeated measurement analysis. Even though the three FCT doses decreased (P < 0.05) the FEC, the highest reduction was obtained with 37.5 mg kg-1 of BW. No differences were observed in PCV and OMC. Higher ADG (P < 0.05) was observed with 37.5 mg kg-1 of BW of FCT. The count of adult nematodes (females and males) in the higher dose of FCT was similar to chemical treatment. Dose of 37.5 mg kg-1 of BW decreased the parasite infection and improved the lamb performance. Therefore, this dose could be used as a nutraceutic product in sheep production.

Effect of selective anthelmintic treatments on health and production parameters in Pelibuey ewes during lactation.

A study was conducted from December to April 2013, with the aim of evaluating a system of selective antiparasitic treatments using the FAMACHA© color chart compared with a conventional suppressive deworming system every 30 days in Pelibuey ewes during lactation. For the study, 54 ewes were used. They were randomly divided into two groups: FAMACHA and chemical treatments. The ewes in the first group received selective treatment depending on the ocular mucosa coloration (FAMACHA) and body condition score (BCS), while in the second group (chemical) all the animals remained under routine deworming every 30 days. Fecal nematode egg counts, proportion of third-stage trichostrongylid larvae, body condition, coloration of the ocular mucosa, and packed cell volume in the ewes were determined, while in lambs only body weight (BW) was recorded. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in any of the studied variables between groups; however, the use of antiparasitic drugs was reduced during the experimental period in the FAMACHA group and no deaths of lambs or ewes were recorded. The results indicate that during the lactation of ewes, a strategy of selective treatments can be implemented without showing deterioration in major health and productive parameters of these animals.

Socioeconomic and productive characterization of dual-purpose farms oriented to milk production in a subtropical region of Mexico.

The aim of this study was to determine the socioeconomic, production characteristics and milk production cost of dual-purpose farms (DPF) oriented to milk production in a subtropical region of Central Mexico. The study focused on ten DPF that produce milk all year round, to gather socioeconomic characteristics of farmers (age, family structure, education level), farm resources (land holding, herd structure, infrastructure, management) and economic information during the year 2008. Family labour (FL) covers 66% of labour needs. The average milk production cost was US$0.21, fluctuating from US$0.19 to US$0.31 during the rainy and dry season, respectively. Supplements and hired labour (HL) accounted for 48 and 35% of milk production cost, respectively. Milk production generated daily incomes that covered daily operation costs of farms, as well as the economic needs of the farming family. Calves represented important incomes that ranged between 30 and 50% of total annual farm incomes, cashed in once or twice a year. Milk production provides economic stability to DPF, whereas FL and low input use are key elements that allow low costs in the production of milk and calves in DPF in Central Mexico.

Marketing of meat sheep with intensive finishing in southern state of Mexico.

The objective of the present study was to quantify the marketing margins of cold sheep carcass and barbacoa meat in the southern state of Mexico. Data were obtained from the production chain links (production, industrialization, and marketing) where the marketing margins were calculated along with the benefit/cost (B/C) ratio. In the absolute marketing margin of the final consumer price per kilogram of carcass meat, the producer obtained US$2.7/kg (47 %) of the utilities, while the intermediaries obtained US$3.1/kg (53 %). Considering the final cooked product in barbacoa (typical dish), the margin was US$6.3/kg (29 %) for the producer and US$15.2/kg (71 %) for the intermediaries. The B/C ratio was 1.0, 1.1, 2, and 1.3 for the producer, stocker, butcher, and barbacoa seller, respectively. It is concluded that the best marketing channel for the producer was the producer-stocker-processor (butcher and barbacoa seller). The highest marketing margin was for the intermediaries followed by the producer. The order of importance of the B/C kilogram ratio of meat was for the butcher first, then barbacoa seller, and lastly stocker and producer.

Use of Pleurotus Pulmonarius to change the nutritional quality of wheat straw. I: Effect on chemical composition / Uso de Pleurotus Pulmonarius para cambiar la calidad nutritiva de la paja de trigo. I: Efecto en la composición química / Uso de Pleurotus Pulmonarius para mudar a qualidade nutritiva da palha de trigo. I: Efeito na composição química

The effect of Pleurotus pulmonarius on the chemical composition of wheat straw was evaluated. Wheat straw, treated and untreated with P. pulmonarius, was obtained from a commercial facility. Ten samples plastic bags of wheat straw used previously as substrate to culture edible fungus were collected at random. The negative control group consisted of the pasteurized wheat straw untreated with P. pulmonarius. All samples were analyzed to determine dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose of each wheat straw. Data were analyzed by mean comparison using a t-Student test. No differences (P>0.05) between treatments were found for dry matter, crude protein and hemicellulose; however, straw treated with P. pulmonarius showed higher percentages (P<0.05) of organic matter, neutral and acid detergent fiber. It is concluded that growing P. pulmonarius in wheat straw improves the chemical composition of the straw by increasing its organic matter content and modifies the fiber structure, which increases the soluble carbohydrates content.

Se midió el efecto en la composición química de la paja de trigo usada como sustrato en la producción de Pleurotus pulmonarius. Las pajas de trigo, tanto tratadas con P. pulmonarius como no tratadas, fueron obtenidas de una empresa comercial. Para obtener muestras representativas para el análisis químico se tomaron al azar diez bolsas de la paja usada como sustrato para cultivar el hongo. El grupo testigo consistió en las pajas esterilizadas sin tratamiento con P. pulmonarius. A todas las muestras se les determinó materia seca, materia orgánica, proteína cruda, fibra detergente neutro, fibra ácido detergente, celulosa y hemicelulosa. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante una comparación de medias utilizando una prueba de t-Student. No se encontraron diferencias (P>0,05) para el porcentaje de materia seca, proteína cruda y hemicelulosa; sin embargo, se presentó un mayor (P<0,05) porcentaje de materia orgánica, fibra detergente neutro y ácido para la paja tratada en comparación con la no tratada. Se concluye que el crecimiento del P. pulmonarius en paja de trigo mejora la composición química de las pajas aumentando el contenido de materia orgánica y modifica la estructura de la fibra, con lo que se incrementa el contenido de carbohidratos solubles.

Mede-se o efeito na composição química da palha de trigo usada como substrato na produção de Pleurotus pulmonarius. As palhas de trigo, tanto tratadas com P. pulmonarius como não tratadas, foram obtidas de uma empresa comercial. Para obter amostras representativas para a análise química se tomaram aleatoriamente dez sacolas da palha usada como substrato para cultivar o fungo. O grupo testemunha consistiu em palhas esterilizadas sem tratamento com P. pulmonarius. Determinou-se, em todas as amostras, matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína crua, fibra detergente neutro, fibra ácido detergente, celulose e hemicelulose. Os dados obtidos foram analisados mediante uma comparação de médias utilizando uma prova de t. Não se encontraram diferenças (P>0,05) para a porcentagem de matéria seca, proteína crua e hemicelulose; no entanto, se apresentou uma maior (P<0,05) porcentagem de matéria orgânica, fibra detergente neutra e ácida para a palha tratada em comparação com a não tratada. Conclui-se que o crescimento do P. pulmonarius na palha de trigo melhora a composição química das palhas aumentando o conteúdo de matéria orgânica e modifica a estrutura da fibra, com o que se incrementa o conteúdo de carboidratos solúveis.

Efecto de la adición de vitaminas B en la digestibilidad in vitro de dietas con diferente fuente de carbohidratos / Effect of the supplementation of b vitamins on in vitro digestibility of diets with different source of carbohydrates

Se realizó un estudio con el fin de observar el efecto de la adición de vitaminas hidrosolubles en la digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS) y materia orgánica (DIVMO) en dietas con distinta fuente de carbohidratos (sorgo y cebada en grano), adicionadas con cinco dosis de vitaminas B (VB; 0, 2, 4, 6 y 8 g kg-1 MS). Se encontraron diferencias significativas (P < 0,01), tanto para los efectos principales (fuente de carbohidratos y cantidad de VB), como para la interacción de éstos, en ambos casos (DIVMS y DIVMO). Al adicionar dietas con 8 g y como fuente de carbohidratos el sorgo, la DIVMS y DIVMO aumentó, pero no cambió cuando la fuente de carbohidratos fue la cebada. La adición de vitaminas hidrosolubles a dietas con sorgo mejora la DIVMS y DIVMO, observándose que la naturaleza y calidad de la dieta puede influir en la producción de vitaminas hidrosolubles por los microorganismos ruminales.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of B vitamins on in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) of diets with different source of carbohydrates (sorghum and barley grain), with five concentrations of B vitamins (BV; 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g kg-1 DM). There were differences (P < 0.01) for the principal effects (source of carbohydrates x concentration of BV), also for the interaction of them in both cases (IVDMD and IVOMD). At 8 g with sorghum increases the IVDMD and IVOMD, but did not change when the source of carbohydrates was the barley. The addition of B vitamins improves the IVDMD and IVOMD, also the nature and quality of the diet effect the microbial B vitamin production.

Efecto de eCG e inseminación laparoscópica sobre el comportamiento reproductivo en ovejas F1 (damara x merino) / Effect of eCG and laparoscopic insemination on reproductive performance in F1 (damarax merino) ewes

Cuarenta y cinco ovejas F1 (Damara x Merino) con 123 ± 27,6 días post parto mantenidas en clima tropical húmedo fueron utilizadas para evaluar el efecto de dosis de gonadotropina coriónica equina (eCG) en el porcentaje de sincronización del estro, fertilidas por inseminación laparoscópica (IL) prolificidad. Para sincronizar estros en la ovejas se les colocó un dispositivo intravaginal (CIDR) inpregnado con 0,03 de progesterona por 12 d. Las ovejas fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a tres tratamientos. T1: CIDR y monta natural; T2: CIDR más 150 UI de ecG e IL a las 42-46 h al retiro del dispositivo con semen de machos de la raza Damara; T3. CIDR más 300 UI de eCG e IL a las 42-46 h de retiro del dispositivo con semen de machos de la raza Damara. La fertilidad del estro sincronizado fue de 40; 40 y 46,6% para T1, T2 y T3 respectivamente, no encontrando diferencias (P> 0,05) entre ellos. El porcentaje de prolificidad presentó diferencias (P<0,05) entre tratamientos y fue de 100; 100 y 133,3% para T1, T2 y T3. Estos resultados permitirán hacer ajustes en estudios futuros sobre la metodología de programas de sincronización de estros e inseminación artificial laparoscópica a tiempo fijo con semen congelado, con el objetivo de mejorar el comportamiento reproductivo de ovejas F1 (Damara x Merino) bajo condiciones de clima tropical húmedo en México.