Development and evaluation of tablets from spray dried extract of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil A) / Desarrollo y evaluación de las tabletas de extracto seco por aspersión de yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil A)

Introduction: yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil A) is a South American plant species of Aquifoliaceae family. The presence of methylxanhtines and clorogenic acids was reported in this species. These compounds have antioxidant activity and could be included in tablets, a pharmaceutical form presently unavailable in the market. Objective: to develop tablets containing yerba mate spray dried extract. Methods: the tablets were produced by direct compression with yerba mate dried extract. The dried extract was evaluated for yield, repose angle, compressibility index, residual moisture and caffeine content. The tablets were evaluated in the following parameters: external appearance, weight, hardness, friability, disintegration and caffeine content. Results: the tablets complied with the general pharmacopoeial specifications. Conclusions: this method is effective to produce tablets containing spray dried extract from yerba mate.

Introducción: la yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil A) es una planta de América del Sur, de la familia Aquifoliaceae. Para esta especie se informó la presencia de ácidos clorogénico y metilxantinas. Estos compuestos tienen actividad antioxidante y podría incluirse en tabletas, una forma farmacéutica que no está disponible. Objetivo: desarrollar comprimidos que contienen extracto seco por aspersión de yerba mate. Métodos: se produjeron comprimidos por compresión directa. Se determinaron al extracto seco los parámetros de rendimiento, ángulo de reposo, índice de compresibilidad, humedad y contenido de cafeína, y a los comprimidos, apariencia externa, peso, dureza, friabilidad, desintegración y contenido de cafeína. Resultados: los comprimidos cumplieron con las especificaciones generales planteadas en farmacopeas. Conclusión: el método empleado es eficaz en la producción de comprimidos que contienen extracto seco de yerba mate.

Incidence of nutritional support complications in patient hospitalized in wards. multicentric study / Incidencia de complicaciones del soporte nutricional en pacientes hospitalizados en salas: Estudio Multicéntrico

Introduction: Nutritional support generates complications that must be detected and treated on time.Objective: To estimate the incidence of some complications of nutritional support in patients admitted to general hospital wards who received nutritional support in six high-complexity institutions.Methods: Prospective, descriptive and multicentric study in patients with nutritional support; the variables studied were medical diagnosis, nutritional condition, nutritional support duration, approach, kind of formula, and eight complications.Results: A total of 277 patients were evaluated; 83% received enteral nutrition and 17% received parenteral nutrition. Some 69.3% presented risk of malnourishment or severe malnourishment at admittance. About 35.4% of those receiving enteral nutrition and 39.6% of the ones who received parenteral nutrition had complications; no significant difference per support was found (p = 0.363). For the enteral nutrition, the most significant complication was the removal of the catheter (14%), followed by diarrhea (8.3%); an association between the duration of the enteral support with diarrhea, constipation and removal of the catheter was found (p < 0.05). For parenteral nutrition, hyperglycemia was the complication of highest incidence (22.9%), followed by hypophosphatemia (12.5%); all complications were associated with the duration of the support (p < 0.05). Nutritional support was suspended in 24.2% of the patients.Conclusions: Complications with nutritional support in hospital-ward patients were frequent, with the removal of the catheter and hyperglycemia showing the highest incidence. Duration of the support was the variable that revealed an association with complications. Strict application of protocols could decrease the risk for complications and boost nutritional support benefits

Incidence of nutritional support complications in patient hospitalized in wards. multicentric study.

INTRODUCTION: Nutritional support generates complications that must be detected and treated on time. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of some complications of nutritional support in patients admitted to general hospital wards who received nutritional support in six high-complexity institutions. METHODS: Prospective, descriptive and multicentric study in patients with nutritional support; the variables studied were medical diagnosis, nutritional condition, nutritional support duration, approach, kind of formula, and eight complications. RESULTS: A total of 277 patients were evaluated; 83% received enteral nutrition and 17% received parenteral nutrition. Some 69.3% presented risk of malnourishment or severe malnourishment at admittance. About 35.4% of those receiving enteral nutrition and 39.6% of the ones who received parenteral nutrition had complications; no significant difference per support was found (p= 0.363). For the enteral nutrition, the most significant complication was the removal of the catheter (14%), followed by diarrhea (8.3%); an association between the duration of the enteral support with diarrhea, constipation and removal of the catheter was found (p < 0.05). For parenteral nutrition, hyperglycemia was the complication of highest incidence (22.9%), followed by hypophosphatemia (12.5%); all complications were associated with the duration of the support (p < 0.05). Nutritional support was suspended in 24.2% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Complications with nutritional support in hospital-ward patients were frequent, with the removal of the catheter and hyperglycemia showing the highest incidence. Duration of the support was the variable that revealed an association with complications. Strict application of protocols could decrease the risk for complications and boost nutritional support benefits.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El soporte nutricional genera complicaciones que deben detectarse y tratarse oportunamente. OBJETIVO: Estimar la incidencia de algunas complicaciones del soporte nutricional en pacientes hospitalizados en salas generales que recibieron soporte nutricional en seis instituciones de alta complejidad. MÉTODOS: Estudio multicéntrico, descriptivo, prospectivo en pacientes que recibieron soporte nutricional. Las variables estudiadas fueron diagnóstico médico, estado nutricional, duración del soporte, vía de acceso, tipo de fórmula y ocho complicaciones. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 277 pacientes; 83% recibieron nutrición enteral y 17% parenteral. El 69.3% presentaron al ingreso riesgo de malnutrición o malnutrición severa. El 35.4% que recibieron nutrición enteral y el 39.6 % de los que recibieron parenteral presentaron complicaciones, sin diferencia significativa por tipo de soporte (p= 0.363). Para la nutrición enteral, la complicación más incidente fue el retiro de sonda (14%) seguida de la diarrea (8.3%); se encontró asociación de la duración del soporte con la diarrea, estreñimiento y retiro de sonda (p < 0.05). Para la nutrición parenteral, la hiperglicemia fue la complicación de mayor incidencia (22.9%) seguida por la hipofosfatemia (12.5%); todas las complicaciones se asociaron con la duración del soporte (p < 0.05); en el 24.2% de los pacientes fue suspendido el soporte. CONCLUSIONES: Las complicaciones del soporte nutricional en pacientes de salas fueron frecuentes, mayor incidencia el retiro de sonda y la hiperglicemia. La duración mostró asociación con las complicaciones. La aplicación estricta de los protocolos podría disminuir el riesgo de las complicaciones y potenciar los beneficios del soporte nutricional.

Stability indicating LC method to determination of sodium montelukast in pharmaceutical dosage form and its photodegradation kinetics.

Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (LC) method is developed for the assay of sodium montelukast in coated tables and its photodegradation kinetics. An isocratic LC separation is performed on a Zorbax XDB C18 column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanol-water (pH 3.8) (75:10:15, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and detection at 280 nm. The detector response for sodium montelukast is linear over the concentration range from 5-35 µg/mL (r = 0.9999). The specificity of the method is proved using stress conditions. The solutions are exposed to UV radiation (352 nm), alkaline and acid hydrolysis, oxidation, and temperature (80 °C). The intra- and inter-day precision show suitable results (RSD < 0.49%). The accuracy of analytical method is 100.04% (RSD = 0.44%). Detection and quantification limits are 0.10 and 0.32 µg/mL respectively. The robustness of the method is assured after small changes in chromatographic conditions. The kinetic of photodegradation using a LC method is established and it can be described by zero-order kinetics. This developed method show to be viable for the determination of sodium montelukast in pharmaceutical dosage form and satisfactory in the determination of the kinetics of degradation.