Oral health in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome: current perspectives.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare complex multisystem disorder and presents several aspects related to dentistry. The purpose of this review is to present current perspectives about oral health in patients with PWS. Delay development, hyperphagia, foamy and highly viscous saliva raise the risk of caries and contribute to tooth wear. Cariogenic foods uncontrolled consumption allows to obesity and dental problems progress worsening systemic disorders. These factors can be controlled. The success in follow-ups with caries free and oral health controlled demonstrate the importance of multidisciplinary team intervention corroborated by support at home from birth to adulthood. Thereby, current perspective on the disease is that there is possibility of proper maintenance of oral health in PWS patients. Guided care interferes positively with the overall well-being and quality of life of the individual with PWS and their family. A multidisciplinary team with a focus on teaching patients and family members will help minimize eventual problems.

Implante de zircônia em região anterior na manutenção estética em condições desfavoráveis / Dental zirconia implant use for esthetic purposes under unfavorable conditions

Este relato de caso demonstra a utilização de implantes cerâmicos de zircônia na região do remanescente radicular cariado 21, extraído atraumaticamente. O implante cerâmico traz uma nova opção para as reabilitações em regiões em que a estética é essencial. Como método de preenchimento alveolar foi utilizado L-Plasma Rico em Fibrina (L-PRF), juntamente com um material aloplástico biocompatível e homogêneo, que tem sido largamente difundido na Odontologia. A instalação imediata da coroa temporária realizada logo após o procedimento de enxertia fez com que todo o alvéolo em sua porção cervical fosse ocupado, servindo de proteção e vedação para o enxerto de L-PRF e o biomaterial inserido na porção vestibular do alvéolo, bem como devolvendo a função estética e bem-estar do paciente. Um planejamento virtual adequado e a preservação das estruturas de sustentação no momento cirúrgico, bem como a utilização dos implantes de zircônia em dentes de região anterior em condições desfavoráveis, aumentam a previsibilidade, sendo uma alternativa de sucesso para a reabilitação com implantes.

This case report demonstrates the use of zirconia dental implants for a decayed, atraumatically extracted tooth # 21. The ceramic implant brings a new option for rehabilitation in regions where aesthetics is essential. In addition, the Leukocyte Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) was added with a biocompatible alloplastic and homogeneous material, which has been widely disseminated in dentistry. The immediate installation of the temporary crown shortly after grafting procedure provided volume at the cervical portion of the alveolar socket, serving as a protection and barrier for L-PRF and the biomaterial inserted at the buccal aspect to retrieve aesthetics and well-being. Appropriate virtual planning and the preservation of supporting structures on surgery, as well as the use of the zirconia implants in anterior region under unfavorable conditions increase the predictability, being an alternative of success for implant rehabilitation.

Special Care Dentistry in a Patient with Prader-Willi Syndrome through the Use of Atraumatic Restorative Treatment under General Anesthesia.

Prader-Willi syndrome described in 1956 has a genetic origin, affecting both genders, varying in presence and intensity from individual to individual. A precocious diagnosis, before the manifestation of symptoms, has brought some improvement in the quality of life of the carriers in the last years. The objective of this case report was to describe the treatment realized in a 3-year-old boy who presented grade II obesity, difficulty of locomotion, hypotonia, and history of cardiopathy. A dental treatment under general anesthesia was defined, allowing an oral adequation in a single section, in which it was planned the extraction of the element 74 and atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique in the other teeth. The precocious intervention in this 3-year-old patient by the therapy realized with ART under general anesthesia was done with success, avoiding unnecessary extractions, preserving dental elements, and maintaining the oral cavity in adequate function.

Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Traumáticos em Periodontia: Revisão de Literatura / Minimally Traumatic Surgical Procedures in Periodontics: a Review

O conceito de procedimentos minimamente invasivos pode ser estendido a todas as áreas da odontologia, mas a periodontia, em especial, temresultados benéficos quando da utilização desta modalidade terapêutica. Dessa forma, esta revisão de literatura teve como objetivo descrevera utilização dos procedimentos minimamente invasivos em cirurgias periodontais, seus conceitos, aplicações e possiveis beneficios. Para estarevisão de literatura, foram avaliados 682 artigos publicados entre 1950 e 2012 que abordaram o tema cirurgia periodontal minimamenteinvasiva. Destes 682 artigos, 668 não descreveram claramente os procedimentos realizados não atendendo aos critérios de inclusão e portantoforam descartados. Cuidados como iluminação adequada promovem um aumento da acuidade visual durante os procedimentos cirurgicos,assim favorecendo a precisão associada aos instrumentos microcirúrgicos especificamente concebidos e permitindo uma manipulação maisprecisa e minimamente traumática dos tecidos moles e duros. Além disso, auxilia na melhora do acesso cirúrgico, evita a remoção desnecessáriade tecidos, a optimização do desbridamento, melhora a vascularização e, por conseguinte, a possibilidade de obtenção de cicatrizaçãoprimária de feridas cirúrgicas. A abordagem microcirúrgica pode melhorar a previsibilidade dos diferentes procedimentos periodontais,proporcionar melhores resultados estéticos e causar menor desconforto pós-operatório. No entanto, poucos estudos foram realizados commetodologias estabelecidas sobre o uso de instrumentos que promovam procedimentos minimamente invasivos em periodontia. Portanto, sãonecessários estudos para determinar se as técnicas microcirúrgicas podem levar a uma diferença significativa no prognóstico da terapeuticaproposta. A maioria dos estudos encontrados na literatura são baseados em observações e experiências dos autores, que mostram claramenteque há vantagens em uma melhor iluminação, melhor visão e técnica mais controlada e menos traumática.

The concept of minimally invasive procedures can be extended to all s of dentistry. Periodontics, in particular, has been reported as oneof the areas with great benefits. This review aims to describe the use of minimally invasive procedures in periodontal surgery, its concepts,applications, and possible benefits from its use. For that, 682 articles published between 1950 and 2012 focused on minimally invasiveperiodontal surgery were evaluated. Of them, 669 studies did not describe clearly the procedures, and did not attend the inclusion criteria.The results showed that proper lighting promotes increased visual acuity during surgical procedures, favoring the precision associated withmicrosurgical instruments specifically designed, allowing a more accurate manipulation of the soft and hard tissues. Surgical access avoidsunnecessary tissues removal, optimizing the debridement, improving vascularisation, and therefore the possibility of obtaining primary healingof surgical wounds. The microsurgical approach can improve the predictability of different periodontal procedures, providing better resultsand cause less postoperative discomfort. However, few controlled methodologies on the use of instruments to promote minimally invasiveprocedures in periodontics have been found in literature. Therefore, studies are needed to determine whether microsurgical techniques can leadto a significant difference in the successful outcome. Most of the studies are based on observations and experiences of the authors, which clearlyshow that there are advantages in having better lighting, better vision, and a more controlled and less traumatic technique.

Vertical root fracture: preservation of the alveolar ridge using immediate implants.

Teeth with vertical root fracture (VRF) have complete or incomplete fractures that begin in the root and extend toward the occlusal surface. The most frequent causes of VRF originate from physical trauma, occlusal prematurity, inadequate endodontic treatment, and iatrogenic causes. Diagnose is difficult and delay can cause stomatognathic system problem. The purpose of this case report was to evaluate immediate implant placement after extraction of teeth with vertical root fracture. For the 1st case, the VRF in 1st left lower molar was confirmed during surgical flap and at the same time, the tooth was removed and immediate implant was placed. For the 2nd case, the VRF 1st left lower molar was confirmed during endodontic access and at the same appointment, the tooth was removed and the immediate implant is placed. Several studies have shown that immediate implants have similar success rates when compared with late implants. Consider that this approach is a safe procedure with favorable prognosis. In cases of VRF, the main factor to be considered is the presence of adequate bone support and immediate implants can preserve the vertical bone height, adding the fact that good patient compliance reduces the number of surgical interventions and promotes the functionality of stomatognathic system.

Avaliação clínica periodontal de indivíduos portadores de aparelhos ortodônticos com braquetes convencionais e autoligáveis / Evaluation of periodontal clinical parameters of patients with orthodontic appliances with conventional and self-ligating brackets

O acúmulo de biofilme dental proporcionado pela presença dos aparelhos ortodônticos pode, em alguns casos, iniciar ou manter quadros patológicos de gengivite e periodontite. Com o aprimoramento das técnicas e materiais, surgiram no mercado os braquetes autoligáveis que não necessitam de ligaduras elásticas ou metálicas para manter o fio em posição. Sabe-se que a presença e a degradação elástica podem acentuar a quantidade de biofilme acumulado. O objetivo do presente estudo é verificar qual o grau de comprometimento periodontal verificado com o uso de braquetes convencionais (de ligadura elástica) e braquetes autoligáveis. Foram avaliados 32 voluntários: 16 indivíduos portadores de aparelhos com braquetes convencionais e 16 indivíduos portadores de aparelhos com braquetes autoligáveis. Foram avaliados parâmetros clínicos periodontais como profundidade de sondagem (PS), índice de placa (IP) e índice gengival (IG). Os resultados mostraram valores de PS semelhantes, sem diferença entre os grupos. Para IP e IG foi observada diferença estatística apenas quando avaliada a presença de biofilme junto ao braquete, sendo maior nos indivíduos com aparelhos convencionais (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que a retenção de biofilme junto ao braquete é maior nos aparelhos convencionais, devido à necessária incorporação de elementos de ligadura no sistema de união braquete-fio e que avaliações em longo prazo permitirão verificar condições semelhantes em pacientes com uso estendido de aparelhos ortodônticos

The accumulation of biofilm provided by the presence of orthodontic appliances may, in some cases, initiate or maintain pathological gingivitis and periodontitis. With the improvement of techniques and materials, have emerged in the market ligating that do not require metal or elastic bandages to keep the wire in place. It is known that the presence and elastic degradation can enhance the amount of accumulated biofilm. The aim of this study is to assess the degree of periodontal involvement checked using conventional brackets (for ligation) and ligating. We evaluated 32 subjects: 16 individuals with devices with conventional brackets and 16 individuals with ligating appliances. We evaluated clinical periodontal parameters such as probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI). The results showed similar values of PS, with no difference between groups. For IP and IG, statistical difference was observed only when the presence of biofilm assessed by the bracket, being higher in individuals with braces (p <0.05). Concluded that the retention bracket along the biofilm is higher in conventional devices, because the necessary incorporation of elements of the system ligation bracket-wire bonding, and long-term evaluations will check conditions similar in patients with extended use of apparatus orthodontics.

Avaliação-clínica e microbiana da técnica de desinfecção total de boca em indivíduos com periodontite crônica / Clinical and microbiological evaluations of the full-mouth disinfection protocol in chronic periodontitis subjects

A busca pela terapêutica periodontal ideal faz com que diferentes técnicas não cirúrgicas para o tratamento da doença periodontal sejam avaliadas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia e validade da terapêutica periodontal denominada desinfecção total de boca (full mouth disinfection) por meio de parâmetros clínicos periodontais e microbianos. Foram avaliados 470 indivíduos e de acordo com os critérios a dotados 38 indivíduos foram incluídos no estudo, com media de idade de 35,86 anos, portadores de periodontite crônica leve e moderada, e que foram avaliados em dois tempos; no início (TI) e 60 dias após execução da terapêutica (T2), observando: profundidade de sondagem (PS), nível de inserção clinica (NIC), índice de placa (lP), índice gengival (IG) e parâmetros microbianos por meio da presença de Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg.) e Prevotella intermedia (Pi.), identificados pelo método de cultura e testes bioquímicos. Utilizou-se enxaguatório a base de clorexidina O, 12% por sete dias. Os resultados foram analisados por meio dos testes estatísticos t-student mann-whitneye qui-quadrado (p≤ 0,05). Com relação aos parâmetros clínicos foi observada redução sem diferença estatística para PS, NIC lP quando comparados TI e T2. Para IG foi observada diferença significativa. Para os parâmetros microbianos avaliados foi observada redução de Pg. e Pi., mas apenas para Pg. com redução significativa quando comprados TI e T2. A técnica de desinfecção total de boca com a metodologia aplicada neste estudo proporcionou melhora nas condições clínicas e na redução de P. gingivalis em indivíduos com periodontite leve/moderada

The search for the perfect periodontal therapy causes various non-surgical techniques for the treatment of periodontal disease are evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and validity of periodontal therapy called full-mouth disinfection (full mouth disinfection) through microbial and periodontal clinical parameters. And 470 individuals were evaluated according to the exclusion criteria 38 subJects were enrolled, with a mean age of 35.86 years, patients with mild and moderate chronic periodontitis, which were evaluated in two stages: in the beginning (T1) and 60 days after implementation of therapy (T2), noting: probing depth (PO), clinical attachment level (NIC), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and microbiological parameters through the presence of Porphyromonas gingiva/is (Pg.) andPrevotel/a intermedia (Pi), identified by the culture method. We used the basis of chlorhexidine mouthwash 0. 12% for seven days. The results were analyzed using the statistical t -student mann-whitney and chi-square test (p ≤ 0.05). With respect to clinical parameters was not statistically significant reduction observed for PS, NIC IP compared T1 and T2. For IG significant difference was observed. For the parameters evaluated was observed microbial reduction of Pg. and Pi , but only for Pg. significant reduction when purchased with T1 and T2. The technique of full-mouth disinfection with the methodology applied in this study provided an improvement in clinical condition and reduction of P gingiva/is in periodontitis patients with mild I moderate.

Occurrence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in Brazilians with chronic periodontitis.

Studies have suggested that A. actinomycetemcomitans is involved in the aetiology of aggressive periodontitis as well as in chronic periodontitis. This study was aimed at elucidating the occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in a Brazilian population with chronic periodontitis. A total of 555 (mean age 33.04 +/- 12.45) individuals, living in two large areas of the São Paulo State, namely "Baixada Santista" and "Vale do Paraíba", and diagnosed with mild [180 (mean age 29.59 +/- 10.94)], moderate [241 (mean age 31.18 +/- 11.45)] or severe [134 (mean age 33.04 +/- 12.45)] chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this survey. Clinical exams including measurements of Probing Depth, Clinical Attachment Loss, Plaque and Gingival indices and subgingival microbiological assessments were performed at all population. The genomic DNA of A. actinomycetemcomitans was identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction from periodontal pocket samples. The occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans among chronic periodontitis subjects as well as its association with age and gender were statistically analysed using the Chi-square and Odds Ratio tests. The significance of differences was established at 5% (p < 0.05). A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in 102 (18.37%) individuals: 29 (16.11%) mild; 42 (17.42%) moderate; and 31 (23.13%) severe chronic periodontitis with no statistical difference among groups. A higher occurrence of the searched bacterium was found both in the youngest group (p < 0.05) as well as in the female group (p < 0.05). This study elucidated that A. actinomycetemcomitans harbored subgingival pockets of our target group of chronic periodontitis subjects and that this bacterium seems to be inversely related to age, but related to the female gender.

Occurrence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in Brazilians with chronic periodontitis

Studies have suggested that A. actinomycetemcomitans is involved in the aetiology of aggressive periodontitis as well as in chronic periodontitis. This study was aimed at elucidating the occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in a Brazilian population with chronic periodontitis. A total of 555 (mean age 33.04 ± 12.45) individuals, living in two large areas of the São Paulo State, namely "Baixada Santista" and "Vale do Paraíba", and diagnosed with mild [180 (mean age 29.59 ± 10.94)], moderate [241 (mean age 31.18 ± 11.45)] or severe [134 (mean age 33.04 ± 12.45)] chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this survey. Clinical exams including measurements of Probing Depth, Clinical Attachment Loss, Plaque and Gingival indices and subgingival microbiological assessments were performed at all population. The genomic DNA of A. actinomycetemcomitans was identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction from periodontal pocket samples. The occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans among chronic periodontitis subjects as well as its association with age and gender were statistically analysed using the Chi-square and Odds Ratio tests. The significance of differences was established at 5 percent (p < 0.05). A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in 102 (18.37 percent) individuals: 29 (16.11 percent) mild; 42 (17.42 percent) moderate; and 31 (23.13 percent) severe chronic periodontitis with no statistical difference among groups. A higher occurrence of the searched bacterium was found both in the youngest group (p < 0.05) as well as in the female group (p < 0.05). This study elucidated that A. actinomycetemcomitans harbored subgingival pockets of our target group of chronic periodontitis subjects and that this bacterium seems to be inversely related to age, but related to the female gender.

Prevalence and distribution of serotype-specific genotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in chronic periodontitis Brazilian subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have suggested that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is involved in the aetiology of aggressive periodontitis as well as chronic periodontitis. In addition, some authors have also reported that serotype-specific antigens of A. actinomycetemcomitans determine the severity of disease. This study aimed to elucidate the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and the distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes in Brazilian subjects with chronic periodontitis. DESIGN: A total of 486 individuals were enrolled in this survey. All patients received clinical examinations that included periodontal pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, plaque, and gingival indexes. Subgingival samples were taken for microbial analysis. The genomic DNA of A. actinomycetemcomitans was provided by PCR. RESULTS: Out of 486 subjects examined, A. actinomycetemcomitans was isolated in 85 (17.5%) individuals. Out of 85 positive samples, 68 were infected by at least 1 serotype, 7 by mixed infection, and 10 were non-serotyped. Serotypes d and f were not detected. Serotype c showed the highest prevalence (52.9%), followed by serotype a (31.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Intragroup analysis revealed that, in slight/moderate periodontitis, serotypes c and a were significantly more prevalent than serotypes b and d-f; the prevalence of serotype c in severe periodontitis was significantly greater than that of serotypes a and b. Our data were similar in Asian and Eurasian populations.

Diminished treatment response of periodontally diseased patients infected with the JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans.

This longitudinal study evaluated the response to periodontal treatment by subjects infected with either JP2 (n = 25) or non-JP2 (n = 25) Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans. Participants were treated during the first 4 months by receiving (i) scaling and root planing, (ii) systemic antibiotic therapy, and (iii) periodontal surgery. Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival and plaque indices (GI and PI, respectively) were monitored at baseline and at 12 months, along with DNA-PCR-based subgingival detection of JP2 or non-JP2 A. actinomycetemcomitans. At baseline, PD, CAL, and GI scores were statistically higher in the JP2 strain-positive group than the non-JP2-strain-positive group. At 12 months, PD, CAL, and GI scores had decreased significantly for both groups, but the reduction rates of PD and CAL were higher in the non-JP2-strain-positive group. Among JP2-strain-positive patients in the baseline, patients who remained JP2 strain positive at 12 months showed significantly higher GIs than did the patients who had lost the detectable JP2 clone. Patients who remained JP2 strain positive at 12 months appeared to be more resistant to mechanical-chemical therapy than did those who were still non-JP2 strain positive, while the elimination of JP2 A. actinomycetemcomitans remarkably diminished gingival inflammation. Early identification and elimination of the JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans will enable practitioners to effectively predict the outcome of treatments applied to periodontal patients.

Detection of periodontal pathogens in oral mucous membranes of edentulous individuals.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the colonization of Campylobacter rectus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis) in the tongue and cheek of newborns and elderly individuals with no teeth. METHODS: Seventy-four edentulous subjects were included in this cross-sectional study. Microbiologic samples were taken from the dorsum of the tongue and cheek mucosa of all individuals and analyzed using a bacterial DNA-specific polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: C. rectus was the most prevalent species in both groups (20.9% in the cheek of newborns, and 77.4% in the tongue of elderly subjects). P. gingivalis and P. intermedia were not detected in any of the 43 newborns; however, P. gingivalis was recovered from the tongue and cheek (3.2%) of elderly individuals, whereas P. intermedia was detected in the tongue (9.6%) and cheek (3.2%) of elderly individuals. T. forsythia was detected in newborns as well as elderly individuals, although the highest prevalence was observed in the tongue of newborns (6.9%) and elderly (9.6%) individuals. A. actinomycetemcomitans was not found in the tongue of newborns, but we observed A. actinomycetemcomitans in the cheek (2.3%) of newborns and in the tongue (12.9%) and cheek (6.4%) of elderly patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although we did not detect P. gingivalis and P. intermedia in newborns, periodontal pathogens could be detected from the oral mucous membranes of edentulous individuals. Our results suggest that major attention should be paid to edentulous individuals as an important measure in the prevention of the initial colonization of natural teeth and dental implants by periodontal pathogens.

Clinical attachment loss and its association with risk indicators in Brazilian adolescents and young adults/ Perda de inserção clínica e sua associação com indicadores de risco em adolescentes e jovens brasileiros

Purpose: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of periodontal clinical attachment loss in 622 Brazilian adolescents and young adults (15 to 25 years) and its correlation with age, gender and smoking habits. In addition, to evaluate the influence of different cut-off points on the prevalence data. Materials and Methods: full-mouth periodontal examination was conducted by two trained and calibrated examiners to measure periodontal probing depth(PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) at 6 sites per tooth using a manual periodontal probe. The data analysis was performed in a subject level according to three cut-off points (CAL ≥ 1mm, 2mm or 3mm). Statistical analysis was conducted using Wilcoxon, Student-t and Mann Whitney tests (p < 0.05). The association between age and CAL was also analyzed by OR calculation. Results 454 subjects presented CAL of 1mm, 341 of 2mm and 251 of 3mm. In each cut-off point it was not observed significant differences between males and females, neither between smokers and non-smokers. Only age was associated with...

O objetivo deste estudo transversal é determinar a prevalência de perda de inserção clínica em 622 adolescentes e jovens brasileiros (15 a 25 anos) e a correlação existente com idade, gênero e tabagismo. Além disso, avaliar a influência de diferentes pontos de corte na prevalência observada. Material e métodos: dois examinadores treinados e calibrados realizaram as mensurações de profundidade de sondagem (PPD) e nível clínico de inserção (CAL) em 6 sítios utilizando sonda periodontal manual. Os dados analisados foram apresentados de acordo com os pontos de corte (CAL≥ 1mm, 2mm ou 3 mm). Análise estatística foi realizada utilizando os testes de Wilcoxon, Student-t e Mann Whitney (p< 0,05). A associação entre idade e CAL foi analisada...

Estudo piloto sobre a ocorrência de Streptococcus mutans e de Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans em restaurações de amálgama com excesso marginal / Streptococcus mutans and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in amalgam overhang restorations: a pilot study

O objetivo desse estudo piloto foi comparar a ocorrência de S. mutans e A. actinomycetemcomitans em sítios periodontais com condições clínicas similares considerando-se como variável de interesse a presença de restaurações com excesso marginal. Treze indivíduos (39,69 ± 5,25 anos de idade), do gênero feminino, com no mínimo 15 dentes presentes na cavidade bucal foram incluídos. Os indivíduos deveriam apresentar no mínimo dois dentes com bolsas periodontais entre 2 e 5 mm de profundidade e nível clínico de inserção entre 2 e 4mm, sem cáries dentárias, sendo um dente com restauração de amálgama com excesso marginal (grupo teste) e um dente homólogo hígido (dente controle), ambos com dentes adjacentes hígidos. Amostras de biofilme foram coletadas e semeadas em meio de cultura seletivo para posterior identificação de S.mutans e A.actinomycetemcomitans. A prevalência de S. mutans foi de 28,8% e de A. actinomycetemcomitans de 30,8%. Não foi observada diferença entre a ocorrência das bactérias de acordo com a presença de excesso de material restaurador. Em spatios periodontais com características clínicas similares não foram encontradas diferenças em relação à ocorrência de S.mutans e A. actinomycetemcomitans. Estudos futuros deverão ser conduzidos para melhor elucidar essa questão.

The aim of this pilot study was to compare the occurrence of S. mutans and A actinomycetemcornitans in periodontal sites with similar clinical status taking in consideration the presence of overhang restorations. Thirteen individuaIs (39.69 ± 5.25 years of age), females, with at least 15 teeth had been enclosed. Each participant presented one tooth with amalgam overhang (test teeth) and also a homologous sound tooth (control teeth), both with periodontal pockets measuring 2 - 5 mm, clinical attachment level of 2 - 4mm, without caries and showing adjacent teeth without restorations. Oral biofilm were sampled and spread onto selective culture media for identification of S.mutans and A.actinomycetemcomitans. The prevalence of S. mutans was 28.8% and of A actinomycetemcornitans was 30.8%. It was not observed differences in the occurrence of the bacteria according to presence of overhang restorations. In periodontal sites with similar clinical status it was not found differences related to S.mutans and A actinomycetemcomitans occurrence. Future studies should be conducted to elucidate this question.

A short-term clinical and microbial evaluation of periodontal therapy associated with amalgam overhang removal.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effect of periodontal therapy plus amalgam overhang removal (PT+AOR) on periodontal status and the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Streptococcus mutans and compared two microbiological sampling techniques. METHODS: Molar teeth with Class II overhang restorations were selected as the test group, and homologous sound teeth were selected as the control group. Periodontal probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and plaque and gingival indices were measured, and restorations were evaluated using radiographs and clinical exploration at baseline (T1) and 90 days after PT+AOR (T2). Microbial samples were taken with dental floss and paper points at T1 and T2. S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans were detected using culture and commercial kits. RESULTS: Mean values of plaque and gingival indices did not show statistically significant differences between test and control teeth between T1 and T2. At T2, the mean CAL decreased among test teeth, and the number of test teeth positive for A. actinomycetemcomitans showed a decrease, whereas positive samples for S. mutans increased. At T1, an association between the two sampling techniques for both bacteria was found. At T2, dental floss presented low sensitivity values for A. actinomycetemcomitans, whereas paper points showed low sensitivity for S. mutans. CONCLUSIONS: PT+AOR showed a beneficial effect on clinical parameters and a decrease of A. actinomycetemcomitans. At T1, both sampling techniques showed appropriate results. At T2, the use of paper points was a more sensitive sampling technique for isolate A. actinomycetemcomitans, whereas dental floss was found to be an alternative sampling method for isolate S. mutans.