The role of social attraction and social avoidance in shaping modular networks.

How interactions between individuals contribute to the emergence of complex societies is a major question in behavioural ecology. Nonetheless, little remains known about the type of immediate social structure (i.e. social network) that emerges from relationships that maximize beneficial interactions (e.g. social attraction towards informed individuals) and minimize costly relationships (e.g. social avoidance of infected group mates). We developed an agent-based model where individuals vary in the degree to which individuals signal benefits versus costs to others and, on this basis, choose with whom to interact depending on simple rules of social attraction (e.g. access to the highest benefits) and social avoidance (e.g. avoiding the highest costs). Our main findings demonstrate that the accumulation of individual decisions to avoid interactions with highly costly individuals, but that are to some extent homogeneously beneficial, leads to more modular networks. On the contrary, individuals favouring interactions with highly beneficial individuals, but that are to some extent homogeneously costly, lead to less modular networks. Interestingly, statistical models also indicate that when individuals have multiple potentially beneficial partners to interact with, and no interaction cost exists, this also leads to more modular networks. Yet, the degree of modularity is contingent upon the variability in benefit levels held by individuals. We discuss the emergence of modularity in the systems and their consequences for understanding social trade-offs.

Host genetics and pathogen species modulate infection-induced changes in social aggregation behaviour.

Identifying how infection modifies host behaviours that determine social contact networks is important for understanding heterogeneity in infectious disease dynamics. Here, we investigate whether group social behaviour is modified during bacterial infection in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) according to pathogen species, infectious dose, host genetic background and sex. In one experiment, we find that systemic infection with four different bacterial species results in a reduction in the mean pairwise distance within infected female flies, and that the extent of this change depends on pathogen species. However, susceptible flies did not show any evidence of avoidance in the presence of infected flies. In a separate experiment, we observed genetic- and sex-based variation in social aggregation within infected, same-sex groups, with infected female flies aggregating more closely than infected males. In general, our results confirm that bacterial infection induces changes in fruit fly behaviour across a range of pathogen species, but also highlight that these effects vary between fly genetic backgrounds and can be sex-specific. We discuss possible explanations for sex differences in social aggregation and their consequences for individual variation in pathogen transmission.

Mamografia de rastreamento, atenção primária e decisão compartilhada: a voz das mulheres / Screening mammography, primary care, and shared decision-making: the voice of women

Em relação à última diretriz brasileira do Instituto Nacional do Câncer/Ministério da Saúde sobre a detecção precoce do câncer de mama, destacamos as incertezas sobre a tomada de decisão compartilhada relativas a benefícios e riscos do rastreamento mamográfico. Este artigo expressa as percepções de usuárias de serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde sobre a decisão compartilhada nesse cenário, sendo resultado de uma pesquisa qualitativa que utilizou grupos focais, como instrumentos de produção de dados, e análise de conteúdo temática, para a sistematização de resultados. As participantes revelaram não participarem dedecisão compartilhada no rastreamento mamográfico, o que nos leva a ressaltar a importância de nortear os cuidados em saúde com base em tecnologias leves, ou seja, tecnologias relacionais, e a valorizar, também, a necessidade de implementação de certos aspectos conceituais e de princípios fundamentais, que precisam ser discutidos e realçados para que a decisão compartilhada seja implementada.

According to the latest Brazilian guidelines from the National Cancer Institute/Ministry of Health on early detection of breast cancer, we highlight the uncertainties about shared decision-making concerning the benefits and risks of mammographic screening. This article expresses the perceptions of users of Primary Health Care services concerning shared decision-making in this scenario. As a result of qualitative research, it used focus groups as an instrument for data production and thematic content analysis to systematize the results. The participants revealed that there is no shared decision-making concerning mammographic screening, which leads us to emphasize that health care guidelines should be based on light technologies,that is, relational technologies. They should also discuss and highlight related conceptual aspects and fundamental principles so that shared decision-making can be implemented.

Understanding hunter-gatherer cultural evolution needs network thinking.

Hunter-gatherers past and present live in complex societies, and the structure of these can be assessed using social networks. We outline how the integration of new evidence from cultural evolution experiments, computer simulations, ethnography, and archaeology open new research horizons to understand the role of social networks in cultural evolution.

Reconstructing social networks of Late Glacial and Holocene hunter-gatherers to understand cultural evolution.

Culture is increasingly being framed as a driver of human phenotypes and behaviour. Yet very little is known about variations in the patterns of past social interactions between humans in cultural evolution. The archaeological record, combined with modern evolutionary and analytical approaches, provides a unique opportunity to investigate broad-scale patterns of cultural change. Prompted by evidence that a population's social connectivity influences cultural variability, in this article, we revisit traditional approaches used to infer cultural evolutionary processes from the archaeological data. We then propose that frameworks considering multi-scalar interactions (from individuals to populations) over time and space have the potential to advance knowledge in cultural evolutionary theory. We describe how social network analysis can be applied to analyse diachronic structural changes and test cultural transmission hypotheses using the archaeological record (here specifically from the Marine Isotope Stage 3 ca 57-29 ka onwards). We argue that the reconstruction of prehistoric networks offers a timely opportunity to test the interplay between social connectivity and culture and ultimately helps to disentangle evolutionary mechanisms in the archaeological record. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The emergence of collective knowledge and cumulative culture in animals, humans and machines'.

Stemming the Flow: Information, Infection, and Social Evolution.

Social information and socially transmitted pathogens are governed by social structure, and also shape social interactions. However, information and infection are rarely investigated as interactive factors driving social evolution. We propose exactly such an integrative framework, drawing attention to mechanisms of social phenotypic plasticity for information spread and pathogen control.

A multilevel analytical framework for studying cultural evolution in prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies.

Over the past decade, a major debate has taken place on the underpinnings of cultural changes in human societies. A growing array of evidence in behavioural and evolutionary biology has revealed that social connectivity among populations and within them affects, and is affected by, culture. Yet the interplay between prehistoric hunter-gatherer social structure and cultural transmission has typically been overlooked. Interestingly, the archaeological record contains large data sets, allowing us to track cultural changes over thousands of years: they thus offer a unique opportunity to shed light on long-term cultural transmission processes. In this review, we demonstrate how well-developed methods for social structure analysis can increase our understanding of the selective pressures underlying cumulative culture. We propose a multilevel analytical framework that considers finer aspects of the complex social structure in which regional groups of prehistoric hunter-gatherers were embedded. We put forward predictions of cultural transmission based on local- and global-level network metrics of small-scale societies and their potential effects on cumulative culture. By bridging the gaps between network science, palaeodemography and cultural evolution, we draw attention to the use of the archaeological record to depict patterns of social interactions and transmission variability. We argue that this new framework will contribute to improving our understanding of social interaction patterns, as well as the contexts in which cultural changes occur. Ultimately, this may provide insights into the evolution of human behaviour.

Dialogues between the Astana Declaration, the Right to Health and Family and Community Medicine training in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. / Interlocuções entre a Declaração de Astana, o Direito à Saúde e a formação em Medicina de Família e Comunidade no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

This paper discusses and fosters concerns in light of the repercussions of both the 40th anniversary of the Alma-Ata Declaration and the Astana Declaration, discussing the possible influence on Family and Community Medicine training, as per the lenses of two Residency Programs of three public institutions, namely, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. These are inserted in a historical and social context, between the world of work, public policies, international organizations, the population and subjects involved in the construction, maintenance, and consolidation of the Brazilian PHC. Thus, in a brief historical revival, we contextualized which Primary Care was a practice setting and where we might be headed. We concluded that the willingness to ensure the Right to Health would be threatened by the concept of Universal Coverage, advocated by the Astana Declaration, which leads to essential discussions: ensuring state-provided services, advocating for equity and integrality of actions, reaffirming the risk of generating inequality by creating multiple service offerings for different segments of the population, reiterating the relevance of access to health, and valuation of territorialization.

Este artigo discute e promove inquietações à luz da repercussão dos 40 anos da Declaração de Alma-Ata e também da Declaração de Astana, discutindo os possíveis impactos na formação em Medicina de Família e Comunidade, segundo o olhar de 2 Programas de Residência de 3 instituições públicas: a Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, a Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e a Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Estes estão inseridos em um contexto histórico e social, entre o mundo do trabalho, as políticas públicas, os organismos internacionais, a população e os sujeitos envolvidos na construção, manutenção e consolidação da Atenção Primária no Brasil. Assim, em um breve resgate histórico, contextualizamos qual Atenção Primária era cenário de prática e para onde, possivelmente, estaríamos nos deslocando. Conclui que a garantia do Direito à Saúde, estaria ameaçada pelo conceito de Cobertura Universal, preconizado pela Declaração de Astana; o que provoca importantes discussões: garantia de ofertas de serviços providos pelo estado, defesa da equidade e integralidade das ações. Reafirmação sobre o risco de gerar desigualdade ao se criar múltiplas ofertas de serviços para diferentes segmentos da população, reiteração sobre a importância do acesso às Unidades de Saúde, valorização da territorialização.

Interlocuções entre a Declaração de Astana, o Direito à Saúde e a formação em Medicina de Família e Comunidade no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Dialogues between the Astana Declaration, the Right to Health and Family and Community Medicine training in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Resumo Este artigo discute e promove inquietações à luz da repercussão dos 40 anos da Declaração de Alma-Ata e também da Declaração de Astana, discutindo os possíveis impactos na formação em Medicina de Família e Comunidade, segundo o olhar de 2 Programas de Residência de 3 instituições públicas: a Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, a Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e a Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Estes estão inseridos em um contexto histórico e social, entre o mundo do trabalho, as políticas públicas, os organismos internacionais, a população e os sujeitos envolvidos na construção, manutenção e consolidação da Atenção Primária no Brasil. Assim, em um breve resgate histórico, contextualizamos qual Atenção Primária era cenário de prática e para onde, possivelmente, estaríamos nos deslocando. Conclui que a garantia do Direito à Saúde, estaria ameaçada pelo conceito de Cobertura Universal, preconizado pela Declaração de Astana; o que provoca importantes discussões: garantia de ofertas de serviços providos pelo estado, defesa da equidade e integralidade das ações. Reafirmação sobre o risco de gerar desigualdade ao se criar múltiplas ofertas de serviços para diferentes segmentos da população, reiteração sobre a importância do acesso às Unidades de Saúde, valorização da territorialização.

Abstract This paper discusses and fosters concerns in light of the repercussions of both the 40th anniversary of the Alma-Ata Declaration and the Astana Declaration, discussing the possible influence on Family and Community Medicine training, as per the lenses of two Residency Programs of three public institutions, namely, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. These are inserted in a historical and social context, between the world of work, public policies, international organizations, the population and subjects involved in the construction, maintenance, and consolidation of the Brazilian PHC. Thus, in a brief historical revival, we contextualized which Primary Care was a practice setting and where we might be headed. We concluded that the willingness to ensure the Right to Health would be threatened by the concept of Universal Coverage, advocated by the Astana Declaration, which leads to essential discussions: ensuring state-provided services, advocating for equity and integrality of actions, reaffirming the risk of generating inequality by creating multiple service offerings for different segments of the population, reiterating the relevance of access to health, and valuation of territorialization.

Análise do acolhimento a partir das relações na Atenção Básica no município do Rio de Janeiro / Reception analysis based on relationships in Primary Care in the city of Rio de Janeiro / Análisis de recepción basado en relaciones em Atención Primaria em la ciudad de Río de Janeiro

Objetivo: Analisar o acolhimento a partir das relações entre os profissionais na Atenção Básica, destacando sua configuração e a posição dos diferentes atores de uma unidade de Atenção Básica em Saúde do município do Rio de Janeiro.Métodos: Estudo de natureza descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa e com participação de 37 profissionais, cuja análise foi desenvolvida pela lente da análise de redes sociais, que permitiu mapear as relações entre os atores a partir do acolhimento e representá-las graficamente. Resultados: A presença de todos os atores na rede pressupõe a existência de vínculos e alguma dinâmica de troca de recurso, conhecimento ou informação, além de movimentos disparados a partir do acolhimento na perspectiva da produção do cuidado. Por sua vez, a centralidade na rede de atores de nível superior, como médicos e enfermeiros e agentes comunitários de saúde ocupando a periferia, convergem para tradução de um cuidado com foco no modelo biomédico. Conclusões: Observou-se relevante papel do acolhimento ao ditar formas de organização e funcionamento, assim como por trazer relevo sobre a produção do cuidado existente no campo, que vai de encontro ao prescrito e institucionalizado nas políticas normativas e distancia-se do acolhimento-ação necessário e esperado para a Atenção Básica em Saúde.

Objective: Analyze the reception based on the relationships between professionals in Primary Care, highlighting its configuration and the position of the different actors in a Primary Health Care unit in the city of Rio de Janeiro.Methods: A descriptive study with a quantitative approach involving 37 professionals, whose analysis was developed through the lens of Social Network Analysis, which allowed the mapping of relationships between the actors from the host and represent them graphically. Results: The presence of all actors in the network presupposes the existence of bonds and some dynamics of exchange of resources, knowledge or information, as well as movements triggered from the reception in the perspective of care production. In turn, the centrality in the network of higher level actors, such as doctors and nurses and community health agents occupying the periphery, converge to translate care focused on the biomedical model. Conclusions:It was observed an important role of the host in dictating forms of organization and operation, as well as bringing emphasis on the production of care in the field, which meets the prescribed and institutionalized in normative policies and away from the host-action necessary and expected for Primary Health Care.

Objetivo: Analizar la recepción em función de las relaciones entre profesionales de Atención Primaria, destacando su configuración y la posición de los diferentes actores en una unidad de Atención Primaria de Salud em la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Método: Estudio descriptivo com un enfoque cuantitativo enel que participaron 37 profesionales, cuyo análisis se desarrolló a través de la lente del análisis de redes sociales, que permitió el mapeo de las relaciones entre los actores de la recepcióny representar lãs gráficamente. Resultados: La presencia de todos los actores em la red presupone la existencia de lazos y algunas dinámicas de intercambio de recursos, conocimiento o información, así como movimientos desencadenados desde la recepciónen la perspectiva de la producción asistencial. A su vez, la centralidade nla red de actores de nivel superior, como médicos y enfermeras y agentes de salud comunitarios que ocupan la periferia, convergen para traducir la atención centrada enel modelo biomédico. Conclusiones: Se observóun papel importante de la recepción em dictar formas de organización y operación, así como pon er énfasis en la producción de atención enel campo, que cumple com lo prescrito e institucionalizado em las políticas normativas y lejos de larecepción-acción necesaria y esperada para la Atención Primaria de Salud.

Frailty Syndromes in Persons With Cerebrovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Frailty can change the prognosis and treatment approach of chronic diseases. Among others, frailty has been associated with cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke. However, the extent to which the two conditions are related is unclear, and no systematic review of the literature has been conducted. Objectives: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the association of cerebrovascular diseases and frailty, as well as prefrailty, in observational studies. The project was carried out on behalf of the Joint Action ADVANTAGE WP4 group. Methods: The review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase from 01/01/2002-26/05/2019. Pooled estimates were obtained through random effect models and Mantel-Haenszel weighting. Homogeneity was assessed with the I2 statistic. Publication bias was assessed with Egger's and Begg's tests. Results: Of 1027 studies searched, 18 studies were included (n = 48,009 participants). Stroke was the only cerebrovascular disease studied in relation to frailty syndromes. All studies except one reported an association between stroke and prefrailty or frailty. However, most studies were not of high quality and there was heterogeneity between results. The pooled prevalence of prefrailty and frailty in stroke patients was 49% (95% CI = 42-57) and 22% (95% CI = 16-27), respectively. The prevalence of frailty was 2-fold in persons with stroke compared to those without stroke (pooled odds ratio = 2.32, 95% CI = 2.11-2.55). Only two studies longitudinally examined the association between stroke and frailty, producing conflicting results. Conclusions: Frailty and prefrailty are common in persons with stroke. These results may have clinical implications, as they identify the need to assess frailty in post-stroke survivors and assess how it may affect prognosis. Better quality, longitudinal research that examines the temporal relationship between stroke and frailty are needed, as well as studies on other types of cerebrovascular disease.

Unraveling the dispersal patterns and the social drivers of natal emigration of a cooperative breeding mammal, the golden lion tamarin.

The study of the social drivers of animal dispersal is key to understanding the evolution of social systems. Among the social drivers of natal emigration, the conspecific attraction, aggressive eviction, and reduced social integration hypotheses predict that sexually mature individuals who receive more aggressive behavior and are engaged in less affiliative interactions are more likely to disperse. Few reports have explored these proximate factors affecting emigration in cooperatively breeding species, particularly of Neotropical primates. In this study, we investigated the dispersal patterns and tested the social drivers of natal emigration in the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) - an endangered species inhabiting Atlantic rainforests fragments in Brazil. We used behavioral and demographic data collected during 7 years from 68 groups of tamarins inhabiting 20 forest fragments. Our analyses from the 160 dispersing individuals showed that dispersal success is higher for males and for those engaged in parallel dispersal, but that males and females use different strategies to enhance their dispersal success, males immigrate into established groups while females form new groups. We did not find high levels of agonistic behavior among group members before natal emigration. Instead we found that conspecific attraction drives natal emigration in both sexes, while additionally the low level of affiliative interactions within the natal group triggers male emigration. We discuss natal emigration in the broader perspective of the cooperative breeding system and the implications of these findings for the conservation of the species.

Mechanisms of network evolution: a focus on socioecological factors, intermediary mechanisms, and selection pressures.

Since group-living animals are embedded in a network of social interactions, socioecological factors may not only affect individual behavioral strategies but also the patterning of group-level social interactions, i.e., the network structure. These co-variations between socioecological factors, individual behavior, and group-level structure are important to study since ecological factors may strongly influence animal health outcomes and reproductive success. Besides factors such as social information and/or infectious agents, with far-reaching individual fitness consequences, seem independent of individuals' own social interactions but directly affected by the topology of the social network. This paper reviews how socio-ecological pressures, i.e., causal factors (food distribution, predation, and infectious agent risk), via intermediary mechanisms (stress, information sharing, and mating system), may affect individual social behavior and consequently, social network topology. We also discuss how evolutionary driving forces, genetic (i.e., genes) and cultural (i.e., learned behavior) selection, may result in a specific composition of individuals' social strategies that produce network topologies that might be optimized to specific socio-ecological conditions. We conclude that studies focusing on whether and how well networks resist changing conditions might provide a better understanding of the rules underlying individual behavior, which in turn influences network topology-a process we have called network evolution. Evolutionary processes may favor a group phenotypic composition, thus a network topology. This has been referred to as a "collective social niche construction".

As atividades de grupo na perspectiva dos sujeitos em uma Clínica da Família / Group activities in the perspective of individuals in a Family Health Unit

Resumo Este estudo visa analisar os sentidos que os sujeitos conferem às atividades de grupos realizadas em uma Clínica da Família no Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, aplicadas aos participantes, e observação sistemática dos encontros de três grupos distintos. As informações foram processadas pela adaptação da análise de conteúdo temática, com apoio da perspectiva interpretativista. Foram identificadas três categorias analíticas no material empírico, a saber: "dimensão biológica", "dimensão psicoafetiva" e "dimensão educativa". As trocas interpessoais se processaram principalmente pela reflexão proveniente da experiência de vida dos sujeitos, o que possibilitou aproximação diferenciada sobre as necessidades de cuidado dos usuários a partir do acolhimento proporcionado pelo coletivo e dos vínculos construídos. Os resultados demonstram que as abordagens de grupo podem contribuir com a transformação do modelo hegemônico biomédico das práticas de saúde.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the meanings that individuals give to collective activities performed at a Family Health Unit in Rio de Janeiro. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with participants and systematic observation of the three different groups. Information was processed by adapting the analysis of thematic content with the support of the interpretative perspective. Were identified three analytical categories in the interviewees' speech, namely: "Biological dimension", "Psycho-affective dimension" and "Educational dimension". Interpersonal exchanges were processed mainly by reflection from the subjects' life experience, which allowed for a different approach to the care needs of users based on the reception provided by the collective and the bonds built. The results demonstrate that the approaches of group can transform biomedical hegemonic model of health practices.

Formação em práticas integrativas e complementares em saúde: desafios para as universidades públicas / Professional education in complementary and alternative medicine: challenges for the public universities / Formación en medicina complementaria y alternativa: desafíos para las universidades públicas

Resumo Legitimadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, as Práticas Integrativas e Complementares apresentam demanda crescente e têm a formação profissional como um dos maiores desafios para o seu avanço no Sistema Único de Saúde. O estudo quantitativo descrito apresenta a oferta de disciplinas e cursos em Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em seis instituições de ensino superior públicas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, em 2014, identificada em seus respectivos sites e secretarias segundo as variáveis: instituições de ensino superior, subárea de saúde, nível do ensino (graduação e pós-graduação), subtemas das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (Homeopatia, Acupuntura, Meditação etc.), formato (obrigatório, eletivo ou optativo) e conteúdo (informativo ou formativo). Os resultados mostram uma oferta de 56 unidades de ensino, distribuída em quase todas as subáreas de saúde, com maior concentração em cursos de Medicina, Farmácia e Enfermagem. De perfil predominantemente opcional e informativo, apresenta a Homeopatia, Meditação e Práticas Corporais como temas mais frequentes. A análise desta oferta, apoiada na perspectiva do cuidado integral e referenciada em literatura nacional e internacional, aponta desafios para a ampliação e qualificação do ensino de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares, dentre eles a inserção integrada em cursos de saúde visando a interação e complementaridade entre saberes distintos.

Abstract Legitimated by the World Health Organization, Complementary and Alternative Medicine have shown an increasing demand in the Western world. Professional training is considered one of it's biggest challenges to its advance in the Brazilian National Health System. The descriptive quantitative study presents the availability of modules of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in six public institutions of higher education at the state of Rio de Janeiro, 2014, identified on these respective websites and secretariat, and classified according to the variables: institutions of higher education, health subarea, level of education (undergraduate and graduate), subtopics of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Homeopathy, Acupuncture, Meditation etc.); Format (mandatory, elective or optional) and content (informative or formative). The results shows an offer of 56 modules distributed in almost all sub-areas of health care, mainly in Medicine, Pharmacy and Nursing, with a predominantly optional and informative approach. The main themes are Homeopathy, Meditation and Body Practices. The analysis of this offer, based on the perspective of integral care and referenced in national and international literature, points out challenges for the expansion and qualification of the teaching of Integrative and Complementary Practices, among them the integrated insertion in health courses aiming at the interaction and complementarity between knowledge.

Resumen Recomendada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, la Medicina Complementaria y Alternativa tiene creciente demanda, siendo la formación profesional un gran reto para su avance en el sistema de salud brasileño. El estudio cuantitativo descriptivo presenta la oferta de enseñanza de medicinas complementares identificada en los sitios y secretarías de seis instituciones de educación superior públicas en el Estado del Río de Janeiro, Brasil, 2014, de acuerdo con las variables: subárea de salud, nivel de la enseñanza (graduación y posgrado), subtemas de las medicinas complementares, formato (obligatorio, electivo o optativo) y contenido (informativo o formativo). Los resultados muestram 56 módulos en medicina complementaria y alternativa, repartidos en casi todas saboreas de salud, concentrados en cursos de Medicina, Farmacia y Enfermería, principalmente a través de materias opcionales, con el perfil informativo. Los temas principales son Homeopatía, Meditación y Prácticas Corporales. La análisis, desde el punto de vista de la atención integral y con referencia a la literatura nacional e internacional, señala retos para su expansión y calificación: ampliar la oferta, con un enfoque transversal y integrado a lo largo de los cursos, enfatizando las posibilidades de interacción y complementariedad entre diferentes conocimientos y prácticas de salud.

Tackling frailty and functional decline: Background of the action group A3 of the European innovation partnership for active and healthy ageing.

Ageing populations represent a challenge to the sustainability of current healthcare systems. The need to balance these demographic changes with gains in healthy life years and quality of life (QoL) constitutes an additional challenge. Aware of this, the European Commission (EC) launched the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIPonAHA) in 2012. The EIPonAHA is an interdisciplinary and cross-sector initiative involving more than 3000 partners with two specific objectives: to increase the healthy life expectancy of Europeans by two years by 2020, while increasing their QoL. The initiatives of the EIPonAHA have been organized according to six thematic action groups (AGs), with the A3 group targeting areas relating to the prevention of functional decline and frailty. In addition to the good practices of partners, there are several on-going collaborative works. The involvement of the EC includes support through an elaborated research programme in which the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (CHAFEA) and the Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CONNECT) are the main funding bodies. Screening approaches and preventive interventions constitute most of the initiatives within the A3 AG. Partners are distributed across five sub-groups according to good practices: i) cognitive decline, ii) food and nutrition, iii) physical activity, iv) caregivers, and v) frailty and functional decline. Regular updates of the progression of both good practices and collaborative works are presented in A3 AG meetings. The 2017 meeting in Valencia, Spain, showcased in this paper, provides an up-to-date overview of the current status of A3 activities.

O uso do SUS como estigma: a visão de uma classe média / The use of SUS as a stigma and a threat to life: the vision of a middle class

Resumo Acesso é um conceito central para a efetivação da universalidade do SUS, mas pouco valorizado nas publicações oficiais do Ministério da Saúde. Talvez por isso, o acesso no SUS ainda seja visto como excludente. Desde a implantação da Estratégia Saúde da Família, houve importante melhora no acesso percebido pelos usuários, embora as classes médias permaneçam excluídas do SUS, atraídas pela compra de planos de saúde privados. Esse fenômeno foi observado no território de uma equipe de Saúde da Família do bairro do Grajaú, cidade do Rio de Janeiro, tradicionalmente de classe média, cujos moradores sistematicamente recusavam cadastro e acompanhamento pela equipe. O trabalho teve o objetivo de levantar e analisar as narrativas de recusa desses indivíduos, através de análise temática e de conteúdo. Percebeu-se um estigma associado ao uso do SUS e seus profissionais, e maior confiança na compra do serviço de saúde, justificada pelo medo da falta de leitos para internação e atendimento de emergência. Além disso, as entrevistadas não se apropriaram do SUS como direito. O Brasil atravessa grave crise política, e o SUS, que sempre resistiu sob ameaça, corre ainda maior risco. É necessário que a população possa enxergar um SUS que funciona e apropriar-se dele.

Abstract Access is a central concept for achieving the universality of SUS, but little valued in the official publications of the Ministry of Health. Perhaps because of this, access in the SUS is still seen as excluding. Since the implementation of the Family Health Strategy, there has been an important improvement in perceived access by users, although the middle classes remain excluded from SUS, attracted by the purchase of private health insurance plans. This phenomenon was observed in the territory of a Family Health team in the Grajaú neighborhood, Rio de Janeiro, traditionally middle class, whose residents systematically refused registration and follow up by the team. This paper aimed to analyze the narratives of refusal of these individuals, through thematic and content analysis. It was noticed a stigma associated to the use of SUS and its professionals, and greater confidence in the purchase of the health service, justified by the fear of the lack of beds for hospitalization and emergency care. In addition, the interviewees did not appropriate SUS as a right. Brazil is under serious political crisis and the SUS, which has always resisted under threat, is even more at risk. It is necessary that the population can see a functioning SUS and take ownership of it.

Vínculo longitudinal na Saúde da Família: construção fundamentada no modelo de atenção, práticas interpessoais e organização dos serviços / Longitudinality in Family Health: construction based on the care model, interpersonal practices and service organization

Resumo O vínculo longitudinal (VL) é um atributo essencial da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), com um papel fundamental no processo de trabalho em saúde da família e no cuidado. Apresenta-se a descrição dos sentidos sobre o VL para profissionais de saúde e como são desenvolvidas tais práticas no modelo da Saúde da Família. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória, utilizando o método de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Como resultado, foi encontrada a valorização da relação sistêmica do vínculo em um Modelo da APS que abarca a porta de entrada, integralidade e coordenação, materializando a responsabilização da equipe pelo cuidado de indivíduos, famílias e comunidades; o vínculo como prática organizacional, sendo utilizado o trabalho em equipe, práticas de educação em saúde e visita domiciliar como estratégias para o cuidado e a afinidade interpessoal como fortalecedor da empatia e da relação de confiança entre o profissional de saúde e o usuário, auxiliando na construção de autonomia dos doentes crônicos. O VL é um dispositivo presente e relevante no processo de trabalho em saúde da família, porém ameaçado pelo excesso de trabalho e burocracia e pela falta de tempo para o desenvolvimento das atividades.

Abstract Longitudinality is an essential attribute of Primary Health Care (PHC), with a fundamental role in the work process in family health and care. We present a description of the meanings about the longitudinality for health professionals and how this practice is developed in the Family Health model. This is a qualitative, exploratory research, using the Bardin content analysis method. As a result, it was found the valorization of the systemic relationship of longitudinality in an PHC Model that covers the door of entry, integrality and coordination, materializing the responsibility of the team for the care of individuals, families and communities; longitudinality as organizational practice, using teamwork, health education practices and home visits as strategies for care; and the interpersonal relationship reinforcing the empathy and the trust in the relationship between the health professional and the patient, assisting in the construction of autonomy of the chronic patients. Longitudinality is a present and relevant device in the family health work process, but it is threatened by overwork, bureaucracy and lack of time for the development of activities.

Apoio Matricial nas ações de Alimentação e Nutrição: visão dos profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família / Matrix Support in Food and Nutrition actions: the perspective of professionals of the Family Health Strategy

Resumo O artigo teve como objetivo apresentar os significados atribuídos pelos profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família e do Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família ao Apoio Matricial nas ações de Alimentação e Nutrição como estratégia para propor ações que potencializem a atenção nutricional no território. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, em que foram realizadas 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas mediante Análise de Conteúdo. As falas dos entrevistados foram classificadas em temas, compondo os eixos norteadores da discussão dos resultados, a saber: ênfase na educação em saúde; ampliação de ações intersetoriais; qualificação das equipes e competências do profissional nutricionista. Os entrevistados ressaltaram a atuação do nutricionista como referência no processo de matriciamento nessa área do conhecimento; consideraram as ações educativas relevantes no seu cotidiano de trabalho e uma importante estratégia para atender às complexas demandas de alimentação e nutrição; não compreenderam as razões da pouca adesão da população às atividades de educação em saúde e pouco vivenciaram o trabalho interdisciplinar. Como considerações finais, destaca-se que ouvir os envolvidos no processo de trabalho é fundamental para que haja sucesso na implementação e na viabilização do trabalho do Apoio Matricial em Alimentação e Nutrição a partir das necessidades das equipes e comunidades.

Abstract This article aimed to present the meanings attributed to the professionals of the Family Health Strategy and the Support Center for Family Health in Matrix Support in the actions of Food and Nutrition as a strategy for granting actions that enhance a nutritional care in the territory. It is a qualitative research, in which 18 semi-structured interviews were carried out and analyzed through Content Analysis. The interviewees' statements were classified in topics, composing the guiding axes of the discussion of results, that is: emphasis on health education; expansion of intersectoral actions; qualification of the teams and competencies of the nutritionist. The interviewees emphasize the performance of the nutritionist as a reference in the registration process in this area of knowledge; They considered it as educational actions relevant to their daily work and an important strategy to meet the complex demands of food and nutrition. There is nothing like the reasons for the population's low adherence to health education activities and little experience of interdisciplinary work. As final considerations, it is important to note that it involves a fundamental work process in order to have success in the implementation and a viability of the Matrix Support in Food and Nutrition work based on the needs of the teams and communities.