Barriers to diffusion and implementation of pediatric minimally invasive surgery in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The main barriers to the broad implementation of pediatric minimally invasive surgery (MIS) are technological, technical, and epistemological barriers, as well as the rarity of certain pathologies. These issues are presumed to be more significant in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify and analyze the factors limiting the diffusion and implementation of pediatric MIS in Brazil. METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted via an online questionnaire in Brazil from January 2022 to July 2022. The sample was taken by convenience from the population of pediatric surgeons in Brazil. A total of 187 surgeons were included. The collected data were divided into three sections to evaluate technological, technical, and epistemological limitations to pediatric MIS implementation. RESULTS: Although 85% of the participants had previous training, a lack of adequate training was identified as a significant limiting factor, particularly among those who had taken only short courses (42.3% vs. 64.3%, p = 0.033). Only 14% of the participants reported performing MIS for major pediatric procedures. With respect to intracorporeal suturing, 38.1% of the surgeons with extensive training considered it a limiting factor compared with 60.7% (p = 0.029) of those without prior training. Among those without previous training, 61% cited a lack of financial support or encouragement from their department as the reason. Additionally, 65% of the surgeons considered the lack of basic instruments a limiting factor. Although 95% of the participants agreed that simulation training is indispensable, pediatric surgery fellowship programs in Brazil do not include a standardized curriculum or mandatory training in MIS, and only 47% reported providing training space for their current fellows. CONCLUSION: A combination of technological, technical, and epistemological barriers hinders the implementation of pediatric MIS. Despite its limitations, this study serves as a foundational guide for future analysis and overcoming the identified barriers.

ANDROGEN RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PROGNOSTIC FACTORS / Expressão de receptor de androgênio em câncer de mama triplo negativo e sua relação com fatores prognósticos

Objective: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subset of tumors with an aggressive intrinsic biology, resulting in poor prognosis. Androgen receptor (AR) is currently one of the most studied biomarkers in TNBC, playing a role in the genesis and development of breast cancer. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients with TNBC who received care from 2012 to 2014 at a single health center in southern Brazil. Histological material from breast tumors was analyzed by immunohistochemistry for AR expression and related to age, histological grade, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and Ki-67. Results: Of 34 TNBC cases identified, 23 (67.6%) were AR negative and 11 (32.4%) were AR positive. The average age of the patients was 51.9 years (range: 30­82 years). Among positive cases, AR was weakly expressed in 6 and strongly expressed in 5 cases. Most patients (n=28; 82.0%) had poorly differentiated tumors. Mean Ki-67 expression was 65.0% in AR-negative and 43.6% in AR-positive cases (p<0.05). There was a significant association between age and AR expression (p<0.005), which was associated with mean age 70.8 years in the strongly AR-positive group and 42.3 years in the weakly AR-positive group. The mean percentage of TILs was 38.6% in AR-positive and 39.1% in AR-negative cases (p=0.391). Conclusion: There was no significant association between AR expression and histological grade or TILs. AR positivity in TNBC was associated with older age and tumors with lower Ki-67 expression, indicating two subgroups with distinct phenotypes in patients with TNBC.

Objetivo: O câncer de mama negativo triplo (triple negative breast cancer ­ TNBC) é um subtipo de tumores com biologia intrínseca agressiva, resultando em pior prognóstico. O receptor de andrógeno (androgen receptor ­ AR) é atualmente um dos biomarcadores mais estudados em TNBC, desempenhando papel na gênese e no desenvolvimento do câncer de mama. Métodos: Neste estudo transversal, revisamos retrospectivamente os registros médicos de todos os pacientes com TNBC que receberam atendimento de 2012 a 2014 em um único centro no sul do Brasil. O material histológico dos tumores de mama foi analisado por imuno-histoquímica para a expressão de AR e relacionado a idade, grau histológico, linfócitos infiltrantes de tumores (TILs) e Ki-67. Resultados: Dos 34 casos identificados de TNBC, 23 (67,6%) eram AR negativos e 11 (32,4%), AR positivos. A idade média foi de 51,9 anos (30­82 anos). Entre os casos positivos, AR foi fracamente expresso em 6 e fortemente expresso em 5 casos. A maioria dos pacientes (n=28, 82,0%) apresentou tumores pouco diferenciados. A expressão média de Ki-67 foi de 65,0% em AR-negativo e 43,6% em AR-positivo (p<0,05). Houve associação significativa entre a idade e a expressão de AR (p<0,005), associada à idade média de 70,8 anos no grupo com AR fortemente positivo e de 42,3 anos no grupo com AR fracamente positivo. A porcentagem média de TILs foi de 38,6% em AR-positivo e de 39,1% em AR-negativo (p=0,391). Não houve associação significativa entre expressão AR e grau histológico ou TILs. Conclusão: A positividade de AR em TNBC foi associada com idade mais avançada e tumores com menor expressão de Ki-67, indicando dois subgrupos com fenótipos distintos em pacientes com TNBC.

Effect of Obesity on Gestational and Perinatal Outcomes / Efeito da obesidade sobre os resultados gestacionais e perinatais

Abstract Purpose To assess the impact of pre-pregnancy obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2) on the gestational and perinatal outcomes. Methods Retrospective cohort study of 731 pregnant women with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 at the first prenatal care visit, comparing them with 3,161 women with a BMI between 18.5 kg/m2 and 24.9 kg/m2. Maternal and neonatal variables were assessed. Statistical analyses reporting the demographic features of the pregnant women (obese and normal) were performed with descriptive statistics followed by two-sided independent Student's t tests for the continuous variables, and the chi-squared (χ2) test, or Fisher's exact test, for the categorical variables. We performed a multiple linear regression analysis of newborn body weight based on the mother's BMI, adjusted by maternal age, hyperglycemic disorders, hypertensive disorders, and cesarean deliveries to analyze the relationships among these variables. All analyses were performed with the R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) for Windows software, version 3.1.0. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Obesity was associated with older age [OR 9.8 (7.8-12.2); p < 0.01], hyperglycemic disorders [OR 6.5 (4.8-8.9); p < 0.01], hypertensive disorders [OR 7.6 (6.1-9.5); p < 0.01], caesarean deliveries [OR 2.5 (2.1-3.0); p < 0.01], fetal macrosomia [OR 2.9 (2.3-3.6); p < 0.01] and umbilical cord pH [OR 2.1 (1.4-2.9); p < 0.01). Conversely, no association was observed with the duration of labor, bleeding during labor, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes after birth, gestational age, stillbirth and early neonatal mortality, congenital malformations, and maternal and fetal injury. Conclusion We observed that pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with maternal age, hyperglycemic disorders, hypertension syndrome, cesarean deliveries, fetal macrosomia, and fetal acidosis.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o impacto da obesidade pré-gestacional (índice de massa corpórea [IMC] ≥30 kg/m2) sobre os resultados gestacionais e perinatais. Métodos Estudo transversal retrospectivo, com 731 gestantes que apresentaram IMC ≥ 30 kg/m2 na primeira consulta de pré-natal, comparando-as a 3.161 gestantes com IMC entre 18,5 kg/m2 e 24,9 kg/m2. Foram avaliadas variáveis maternas e neonatais. A análise estatística baseou-se nas características demográficas das gestantes (obesas e com peso normal), e foi realizada com estatísticas descritivas seguidas de testes t de Student independentes bicaudais para variáveis contínuas, e teste de qui-quadrado (χ2) ou exato de Fisher para as variáveis categóricas. Foi realizada uma regressão linear múltipla do peso do recém-nascido sobre o IMC materno, ajustado por idade materna, síndromes hiperglicêmicas, síndromes hipertensivas hipertensivas e operações cesarianas, a fim de analisar a relação entre essas variáveis. Todas as análises foram realizadas com o uso de R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Viena, Áustria) para Windows, versão 3.1.0. Um valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Resultados A obesidade associou-se à idade materna [OR 9,8 (7,8-12,2); p < 0,01], distúrbios hiperglicêmicos [OR 6.5 (4,8-8,9); p < 0,01], distúrbios hipertensivos (RP: 7,6 [6,1-9,5]; p < 0,01), maior taxa de operação cesariana [OR 2,5 (2,1-3,0); p < 0,01], macrossomia fetal [OR 2,9 (2,3-3,6); p < 0,01] e baixo pH na artéria umbilical [OR 2,1 (1,4-2,9); p < 0,01]. Não foi observada associação com tempo de trabalho de parto, sangramento durante o trabalho de parto, índice de Apgar no 1° e 5° minutos, idade gestacional, natimortalidade e mortalidade neonatal precoce, malformações congênitas e tocotraumatismo materno e fetal. Conclusões O estudo mostrou que a obesidade pré-gestacional associou-se com idade materna mais elevada, distúrbios hiperglicêmicos e hipertensivos, taxas mais altas de operação cesariana, macrossomia e acidose fetal.

Effect of Obesity on Gestational and Perinatal Outcomes.

Purpose To assess the impact of pre-pregnancy obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2) on the gestational and perinatal outcomes. Methods Retrospective cohort study of 731 pregnant women with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 at the first prenatal care visit, comparing them with 3,161 women with a BMI between 18.5 kg/m2 and 24.9 kg/m2. Maternal and neonatal variables were assessed. Statistical analyses reporting the demographic features of the pregnant women (obese and normal) were performed with descriptive statistics followed by two-sided independent Student's t tests for the continuous variables, and the chi-squared (χ2) test, or Fisher's exact test, for the categorical variables. We performed a multiple linear regression analysis of newborn body weight based on the mother's BMI, adjusted by maternal age, hyperglycemic disorders, hypertensive disorders, and cesarean deliveries to analyze the relationships among these variables. All analyses were performed with the R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) for Windows software, version 3.1.0. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Obesity was associated with older age [OR 9.8 (7.8-12.2); p < 0.01], hyperglycemic disorders [OR 6.5 (4.8-8.9); p < 0.01], hypertensive disorders [OR 7.6 (6.1-9.5); p < 0.01], caesarean deliveries [OR 2.5 (2.1-3.0); p < 0.01], fetal macrosomia [OR 2.9 (2.3-3.6); p < 0.01] and umbilical cord pH [OR 2.1 (1.4-2.9); p < 0.01). Conversely, no association was observed with the duration of labor, bleeding during labor, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes after birth, gestational age, stillbirth and early neonatal mortality, congenital malformations, and maternal and fetal injury. Conclusion We observed that pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with maternal age, hyperglycemic disorders, hypertension syndrome, cesarean deliveries, fetal macrosomia, and fetal acidosis.

Objetivo Avaliar o impacto da obesidade pré-gestacional (índice de massa corpórea [IMC] ≥ 30 kg/m2) sobre os resultados gestacionais e perinatais. Métodos Estudo transversal retrospectivo, com 731 gestantes que apresentaram IMC ≥ 30 kg/m2 na primeira consulta de pré-natal, comparando-as a 3.161 gestantes com IMC entre 18,5 kg/m2 e 24,9 kg/m2. Foram avaliadas variáveis maternas e neonatais. A análise estatística baseou-se nas características demográficas das gestantes (obesas e com peso normal), e foi realizada com estatísticas descritivas seguidas de testes t de Student independentes bicaudais para variáveis contínuas, e teste de qui-quadrado (χ2) ou exato de Fisher para as variáveis categóricas. Foi realizada uma regressão linear múltipla do peso do recém-nascido sobre o IMC materno, ajustado por idade materna, síndromes hiperglicêmicas, síndromes hipertensivas hipertensivas e operações cesarianas, a fim de analisar a relação entre essas variáveis. Todas as análises foram realizadas com o uso de R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Viena, Áustria) para Windows, versão 3.1.0. Um valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Resultados A obesidade associou-se à idade materna [OR 9,8 (7,8­12,2); p < 0,01], distúrbios hiperglicêmicos [OR 6.5 (4,8­8,9); p < 0,01], distúrbios hipertensivos (RP: 7,6 [6,1­9,5]; p < 0,01), maior taxa de operação cesariana [OR 2,5 (2,1­3,0); p < 0,01], macrossomia fetal [OR 2,9 (2,3­3,6); p < 0,01] e baixo pH na artéria umbilical [OR 2,1 (1,4­2,9); p < 0,01]. Não foi observada associação com tempo de trabalho de parto, sangramento durante o trabalho de parto, índice de Apgar no 1° e 5° minutos, idade gestacional, natimortalidade e mortalidade neonatal precoce, malformações congênitas e tocotraumatismo materno e fetal. Conclusões O estudo mostrou que a obesidade pré-gestacional associou-se com idade materna mais elevada, distúrbios hiperglicêmicos e hipertensivos, taxas mais altas de operação cesariana, macrossomia e acidose fetal.

Impacto do parto vaginal após uma cesárea prévia sobre os resultados perinatais / Impact of vaginal delivery after a previous cesarean section on perinatal outcomes

OBJETIVO: Analisar o impacto do parto vaginal, após uma cesárea prévia, sobre os resultados perinatais. MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle, com seleção de casos incidentes e controles consecutivos, no qual foram analisadas variáveis maternas e perinatais. Compararam-se gestantes secundigestas com parto cesáreo prévio (n=375) e que deram à luz via transpélvica (PVPC), com gestantes com os mesmos critérios de inclusão, mas submetidas a operação cesariana (PCPC, n=375). Foram considerados critérios de inclusão: gestantes secundigestas que tenham dado à luz por meio de parto cesariana na gestação anterior; gestação única e de termo; feto em apresentação cefálica, sem malformação congênita; ausência de placenta prévia ou qualquer tipo de sangramento de terceiro trimestre gestacional. RESULTADOS: No estudo, a taxa de PVPC foi de 45,6%, sendo que 20 deles (5,3%) foram ultimados com o fórceps. Observou-se associação significante entre PVPC e idade materna inferior a 19 anos (p<0,01), etnia caucasiana (p<0,05), número médio de consultas de pré-natal (p<0,001), tempo de ruptura prematura das membranas (p<0,01), tempo de trabalho de parto inferior a 12h (p<0,045), índice de Apgar inferior a sete no 5º minuto (p<0,05), tocotraumatismo fetal (p<0,01) e anoxia (p<0,006). No grupo de recém-nascidos por PCPC observou-se maior frequência de taquipneia transitória (p<0,014), disfunções respiratórias (p<0,04) e maior tempo de internação na unidade de tratamento intensivo neonatal (p<0,016). Houve apenas um caso de ruptura uterina no grupo PVPC. O número de neomortos foi idêntico em ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: A via de parto vaginal em secundigestas com cesárea prévia associou-se a aumento significativo da morbidade neonatal. Serão necessários mais estudos para elaborar estratégias que visem melhorias dos resultados perinatais e de auxílio aos profissionais, de forma que estes possam melhor orientar as suas pacientes na escolha da via de parto mais adequada.

PURPOSE: To analyze the impact of vaginal delivery after a previous cesarean section on perinatal outcomes. METHODS: Case-control study with selection of incident cases and consecutive controls. Maternal and perinatal variables were analyzed. We compared secundiparas who had a vaginal delivery after a previous cesarean delivery (VBAC) (n=375) with secundiparas who had a second cesarean section (CS) (n=375). Inclusion criteria were: secundiparas who underwent a cesarean section in the previous pregnancy; singleton and term pregnancy; fetus in vertex presentation, with no congenital malformation; absence of placenta previa or any kind of bleeding in the third quarter of pregnancy. RESULTS: The rate of vaginal delivery was 45.6%, and 20 (5.3%) women had forceps deliveries. We found a significant association between VBAC and mothers younger than 19 years (p<0.01), Caucasian ethnicity (p<0.05), mean number of prenatal care visits (p<0.001), time of premature rupture of membranes (p<0.01), labor duration shorter than 12 hours (p<0.04), Apgar score lower than seven at 5th minute (p<0.05), fetal birth trauma (p<0.01), and anoxia (p<0.006). In the group of newborns delivered by cesarean section, we found a higher frequency of transient tachypnea (p<0.014), respiratory disorders (p<0.048), and longer time of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (p<0.016). There was only one case of uterine rupture in the VBAC group. The rate of neonatal mortality was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Vaginal delivery in secundiparas who had previous cesarean sections was associated with a significant increase in neonatal morbidity. Further studies are needed to develop strategies aimed at improving perinatal results and professional guidelines, so that health care professionals will be able to provide their patients with better counseling regarding the choice of the most appropriate route of delivery.

Características clínicas de pacientes obstétricas admitidas em uma Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo Terciária: revisão de dez anos / Clinical features and results of obstetric patients admitted to a Tertiary Intensive Care Unit: ten-year review

Introdução: Taxas significativas de morbimortalidade materna ainda podem ser observadas no período gestacional. Um indicador importante de morbidade materna é a necessidade de transferência de paciente obstétrica para a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os desfechos maternos e perinatais relacionados a pacientes obstétricas admitidas em unidade de cuidados intensivos. Mé-todos: Estudo observacional e consecutivo das pacientes obstétricas admitidas na Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo do Hospital Geral da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, de Março/1998 a Dezembro/2008. Foram analisadas variáveis maternas, obstétricas e neonatais. As variáveis contínuas foram apresentadas sob a forma de porcentagens e as categóricas, sob a forma de proporções. Foi realizado o cálculo de intervalo de confiança com nível de significância (alfa) de 5%. Resultados: no Hospital Geral, no período citado, ocorreram 17.071 nascimentos e 2.758 internações em Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo, sendo que dessas, 87 (3,2%) estiveram relacionadas a complicações da gravidez ou abortos. O principal motivo de internação hospitalar foram as síndromes hipertensivas (70,1%); de óbito, a coagulação intravascular disseminada e o choque séptico. A média da idade materna foi 26,8±7,8; 45 (51,7%) eram nulíparas; 21 (27,6%) apresentaram algum tipo de complicação intraparto. A taxa de mortalidade materna foi de 8,1% (n=7) e a de mortalidade perinatal foi de 22,4% (n=17). Conclusões: Oitenta e sete pacientes obstétricas necessitaram de tratamento intensivo. Fundamentalmente, eram pacientes nulíparas, hipertensas, com pouca escolaridade e assistência pré-natal inadequada. Sete (8,1%) pacientes morreram durante a estada hospitalar.

Introduction: Significant rates of maternal morbidity and mortality still occur during pregnancy. An important indicator of maternal morbidity is the need for transfer of obstetric patients to the Intensive Care Unit. The aim of the study was to evaluate maternal and perinatal outcomes related to obstetric patients admitted to intensive care units. Methods: An observational study of consecutive patients admitted to the obstetric intensive care unit of the General Hospital of the University of Caxias do Sul, from March/1998 to December/2008. Maternal, obstetric and neonatal variables were analyzed. Continuous variables were presented as percentages, and categorical variables as proportions. Confidence interval with significance level (alpha) at 5% was calculated. Results: In the general Hospital, in the mentioned period, there were 17,071 births and 2,758 admissions to the Intensive Care Unit, and of these, 87 (3.2%) were related to complications of pregnancy or abortion. The main reason for hospital admission were hypertensive disorders (70.1%); for death, disseminated intravascular coagulation and septic shock. The mean maternal age was 26.8 ± 7.8; 45 (51.7%) were nulliparous; and 21 (27.6%) had some type of intrapartum complication. The maternal mortality rate was 8.1% (n = 7) and the perinatal mortality rate was 22.4% (n = 17). Conclusions: Eighty-seven obstetric patients required intensive care. Fundamentally, they were nulliparous, hypertensive, with poor education and inadequate prenatal care. Seven (8.1%) patients died during their hospital stay.

[Impact of vaginal delivery after a previous cesarean section on perinatal outcomes]. / Impacto do parto vaginal após uma cesárea prévia sobre os resultados perinatais.

PURPOSE: To analyze the impact of vaginal delivery after a previous cesarean section on perinatal outcomes. METHODS: Case-control study with selection of incident cases and consecutive controls. Maternal and perinatal variables were analyzed. We compared secundiparas who had a vaginal delivery after a previous cesarean delivery (VBAC) (n=375) with secundiparas who had a second cesarean section (CS) (n=375). Inclusion criteria were: secundiparas who underwent a cesarean section in the previous pregnancy; singleton and term pregnancy; fetus in vertex presentation, with no congenital malformation; absence of placenta previa or any kind of bleeding in the third quarter of pregnancy. RESULTS: The rate of vaginal delivery was 45.6%, and 20 (5.3%) women had forceps deliveries. We found a significant association between VBAC and mothers younger than 19 years (p<0.01), Caucasian ethnicity (p<0.05), mean number of prenatal care visits (p<0.001), time of premature rupture of membranes (p<0.01), labor duration shorter than 12 hours (p<0.04), Apgar score lower than seven at 5th minute (p<0.05), fetal birth trauma (p<0.01), and anoxia (p<0.006). In the group of newborns delivered by cesarean section, we found a higher frequency of transient tachypnea (p<0.014), respiratory disorders (p<0.048), and longer time of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (p<0.016). There was only one case of uterine rupture in the VBAC group. The rate of neonatal mortality was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Vaginal delivery in secundiparas who had previous cesarean sections was associated with a significant increase in neonatal morbidity. Further studies are needed to develop strategies aimed at improving perinatal results and professional guidelines, so that health care professionals will be able to provide their patients with better counseling regarding the choice of the most appropriate route of delivery.

[Perinatal factors associated with pH<7.1 in umbilical artery and Apgar 5 min <7.0 in term newborn]. / Fatores perinatais associados a recém-nascidos de termo com pH<7.1 na artéria umbilical e índice de Apgar <7.0 no 5º minuto.

PURPOSE: To assess perinatal factors associated with term newborns with pH<7.1 in the umbilical artery and 5th min Apgar score<7.0. METHODS: Retrospective case-control study carried out after reviewing the medical records of all births from September/1998 to March/2008, that occurred at the General Hospital of Caxias do Sul. The inclusion criterion was term newborns who presented a 5th min Apgar score <7.0 and umbilical artery pH<7.10. In the univariate analysis, we used the Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables, the c² test for dichotomous variables and risk estimation by the odds ratio (OR). The level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Of a total of 15,495 consecutive births, 25 term neonates (0.16%) had pH<7.1 in the umbilical artery and a 5th min Apgar score <7.0. Breech presentation (OR=12.9, p<0.005), cesarean section (OR=3.5, p<0.01) and modified intrapartum cardiotocography (OR=7.8, p<0.02) presented a significant association with the acidosis event. Among the fetal characteristics, need for hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (OR=79.7, p <0.0001), need for resuscitation (OR=12.2, p <0.0001) and base deficit were associated with the event (15.0 versus -4.5, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Low Apgar score at the 5th min of life associated with pH<7.1 in the umbilical artery can predict adverse neonatal outcomes.

Resultados obstétricos e perinatais subsequentes à morte intrauterina na primeira gravidez / Obstetric and perinatal outcomes after intrauterine death in the first pregnancy

Introdução: A história de um óbito fetal apresenta risco aumentado do mesmo evento nas gravidezes subsequentes, ainda que existam resultados conflitantes quanto à taxa de prematuridade e de recém-natos de baixo peso. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os resultados obstétricos e perinatais de pacientes secundíparas que apresentaram morte fetal na gravidez anterior. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo do tipo caso-controle, com seleção de casos incidentes e controles consecutivos, realizado no período de Março/1998 a Dezembro/2008, em que foram analisadas variáveis maternas e perinatais. Para a análise estatística utilizaram-se médias, desvios padrões, teste T de Student e Mann-Whitney para variáveis numéricas, qui-quadrado para variáveis categóricas e estimativa de risco pelo Odds Ratio com IC95%. Para todos os testes foi adotado nível de significância (alfa) de 5%. Resultados: De um total de 15.450 gestantes, foram selecionadas 58 gestantes (0,38%) secundíparas cuja primeira gestação tenha sido relacionada a óbito fetal. Os fatores de exposição identificados foram recém-nascidos com peso ≤2.500g [12(20,7%) vs. 4(2,3%); p<0,0001; OR 11,1], internação em ambiente de intensivismo neonatal [15(27,8%) vs. 22(13,0%); p<0,05; OR 2,4] e neomortalidade precoce [5(8,9%) vs. 2(1,2); p<0,01; OR 8,1], na gestação subsequente. Não foi observada associação com índices de Apgar <7 no 1º e 5º minutos, recorrência do óbito fetal e ocorrência de síndrome hipertensiva. Conclusão: Os fatores de exposição foram maior incidência de neonatos de baixo peso, de internação em ambiente de intensivismo neonatal e de neomortalidade precoce (AU)

Introduction: The history of a stillbirth increases the risk of the same event in subsequent pregnancies, although there are conflicting results regarding the rate of premature and newborn babies of low birth weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the obstetric and perinatal outcome of secundiparous women who presented fetal death in previous pregnancy. Methods: This is a case-control study, with selection of incident cases and consecutive controls conducted from Mar 1998 to Dec 2008, in which maternal and perinatal variables were analyzed. For the statistical analysis we used means, standard deviations, Student's t test and Mann-Whitney test for numeric variables, chi-square test for categorical variables, and odds ratios with 95% CI for risk estimate. The level of significance (alpha) was 5% for all tests. Results: From a total of 15,450 pregnant women, we selected 58 secundiparous women (0.38%) whose first pregnancy was associated with fetal death. The exposure factors found were infants weighing ≤ 2,500 g [12 (20.7%) vs. 4 (2.3%), p <0.0001, OR 11.1], admission to neonatal intensive care environment [15 (27.8%) vs. 22 (13.0%), p <0.05, OR 2.4] and early neonatal mortality [5 (8.9%) vs. 2 (1.2), p <0.01, OR 8.1] in the subsequent pregnancy. No association was observed with Apgar scores <7 at 1 and 5 minutes, recurrent fetal death and occurrence of hypertensive syndrome. Conclusion: The exposure factors were higher incidence of low birth weight newborns, admission to neonatal intensive care environment, and early neonatal mortality (AU)

Fatores perinatais associados a recém-nascidos de termo com pH<7,1 na artéria umbilical e índice de Apgar <7,0 no 5º minuto / Perinatal factors associated with pH<7.1 in umbilical artery and Apgar 5 min <7.0 in term newborn

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os fatores perinatais associados a recém-nascidos de termo com pH<7,1 na artéria umbilical e índice de Apgar no 5º min<7,0. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com delineamento caso-controle, realizado após revisão dos prontuários de todos os nascimentos ocorridos entre setembro/1998 e março/2008, no Hospital Geral de Caxias do Sul. Foi considerado fator de inclusão os recém-nascidos de termo que apresentaram índice de Apgar no 5º min <7,0 e pH de artéria umbilical <7,1. Na análise univariada foi utilizado o teste t de Student e Mann-Whitney para as variáveis contínuas, o teste do c² para as variáveis dicotômicas e estimativa de risco pelo odds ratio (OR). Foi utilizado um valor de p<0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. RESULTADOS: De um total de 15.495 nascimentos consecutivos observaram-se 25 neonatos (0,16%) de termo com pH<7,1 na artéria umbilical e índice de Apgar no 5º min <7,0. Apresentaram associação significativa com o evento acidótico a apresentação pélvica (OR=12,9; p<0,005), parto cesáreo (OR=3,5; p<0,01) e cardiotocografia intraparto alterada (OR=7,8; p<0,02). Dentre as características fetais, associaram-se o déficit de base (-15,0 versus -4,5; p<0,0001), necessidade de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (OR=79,7; p<0,0001) e necessidade de reanimação (OR=12,2; p<0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Baixo índice de Apgar no 5º min de vida associado a pH<7,1 na artéria umbilical pode predizer desfechos neonatais desfavoráveis.

PURPOSE: To assess perinatal factors associated with term newborns with pH<7.1 in the umbilical artery and 5th min Apgar score<7,0. METHODS: Retrospective case-control study carried out after reviewing the medical records of all births from September/1998 to March/2008, that occurred at the General Hospital of Caxias do Sul. The inclusion criterion was term newborns who presented a 5th min Apgar score <7.0 and umbilical artery pH<7.10. In the univariate analysis, we used the Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables, the c² test for dichotomous variables and risk estimation by the odds ratio (OR). The level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Of a total of 15,495 consecutive births, 25 term neonates (0.16%) had pH<7.1 in the umbilical artery and a 5th min Apgar score <7.0. Breech presentation (OR=12.9, p<0.005), cesarean section (OR=3.5, p<0.01) and modified intrapartum cardiotocography (OR=7.8, p<0.02) presented a significant association with the acidosis event. Among the fetal characteristics, need for hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (OR=79.7, p <0.0001), need for resuscitation (OR=12.2, p <0.0001) and base deficit were associated with the event (15.0 versus -4.5, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Low Apgar score at the 5th min of life associated with pH<7.1 in the umbilical artery can predict adverse neonatal outcomes.

Avaliação dos fatores associados à ocorrência de prematuridade em um hospital terciário de ensino / Evaluation of the factors associated to prematurity in a tertiary hospital of education

INTRODUÇÃO: Na atualidade, o nascimento de recém-nascidos prematuros tem constituído um crescente problema obstétrico e de saúde pública, posto que taxas elevadas têm contribuído significativamente com a mortalidade perinatal e a morbidade infantil de longo prazo. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os fatores de exposição associados à prematuridade em um hospital terciário de ensino. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle, com seleção de casos incidentes e controles consecutivos, em que foram analisadas variáveis maternas e perinatais. Para se verificar a presença ou não de associação entre as variáveis independentes e o nascimento pré-termo, estimou-se a Odds Ratio bruta para cada associação de interesse. Na análise univariada, foi aplicado o teste t de Student para as variáveis contínuas e o teste do qui-quadrado para as variáveis dicotômicas. Em todos os testes, se considerou significante um p<0,05. RESULTADOS: De um total de 1.093 nascimentos, foram identificados 117 recém-nascidos pré-termo (10,7%). Os fatores de exposição identificados foram a falta de pré-natal, malformações congênitas, ruptura da membrana amniótica por mais de 12h e episódios de sangramento vaginal de qualquer etiologia durante a gestação. Não se observou associação ao uso de fumo, síndromes hipertensiva e diabética e pH no sangue da artéria umbilical <7,1. CONCLUSÃO: O percentual de prematuridade no estudo foi de 10,7% e o de óbito perinatal, de 13,7%. Os fatores de exposição identificados foram: falta de pré-natal, malformações congênitas, ruptura da membrana amniótica por mais de 12h e episódios de sangramento vaginal de qualquer etiologia durante a gestação

INTRODUCTION: At present, the birth of premature infants has become a growing problem in obstetrics and public health, since high rates have contributed significantly to perinatal mortality and long term infant morbidity. Aims: To assess the exposure factors associated with prematurity in a tertiary care teaching hospital. METHODS: This is a case-control study, with selection of consecutive incident cases and controls, in which maternal and perinatal variables were analyzed. In order to determine the presence or absence of association between independent variables and pre-term birth, the crude odds ratio was estimated for each association of interest. In univariate analysis, the Student's t test for continuous variables and chi-square test for dichotomous variables were applied. In all tests, p<0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS: Of a total of 1,093 births, 117 (10.7%) were identified as pre-term newborns. The exposure factors identified were lack of prenatal care, birth defects, amniotic membrane rupture for more than 12h, and episodes of vaginal bleeding of any cause during pregnancy. There was no association with smoking, hypertensive and diabetic syndromes, and pH in umbilical artery <7.1. CONCLUSION: The percentage of pre-term births in the study was 10.7%, and perinatal mortality was 13.7%. The exposure factors identified were: lack of prenatal care, birth defects, amniotic membrane rupture for more than 12h, and episodes of vaginal bleeding of any cause during pregnancy

Fatores de risco relacionados à mortalidade fetal / Risk factors related to fetal mortality

Introdução: Pouca atenção tem sido dada às mortes que ocorrem antes do nascimento, apesar da mortalidade fetal ser influenciada pelas mesmas circunstâncias e ter as mesmas etiologias que a mortalidade neonatal precoce. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores de risco associados à mortalidade fetal. Métodos: Estudo do tipo caso-controle, incluindo os partos ocorridos entre Março/1998 e Maio/2004. Foram incluídos 183 casos (natimortos) e 342 controles (nativivos). Para testar a associação entre as variáveis independente (preditoras) e dependente (natimortos), foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher, quando indicado, considerando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Para determinação da força da associação foi utilizada a estimativa do risco relativo para os estudos de caso-controle, Odds Ratio (OR), calculando seu intervalo de confiança a 95%. Foi realizada análise de regressão logística seguindo o modelo hierarquizado para controle dos fatores de confusão. Resultados: A taxa de mortalidade fetal correspondeu a 16,8/1.000 nascimentos vivos. Depois da análise multivariada, as variáveis que persistiram significativamente associadas ao óbito fetal foram: presença de malformações (OR= 9,7; IC95%=4,7-20,2), número de consultas durante o pré-natal inferior a seis (OR=5,1; IC95%=3,3-7,8), síndromes hipertensivas (OR=2.7; IC95%=1,5-4,7), menos do que oito anos de estudo (OR=1,6; IC95%=1,0-2,6) e natimortalidade prévia (OR=11,5; IC95%=3,2-41,7). Conclusão: Os fatores de risco identificados e que estiveram relacionados com a morte fetal foram a presença de malformações congênitas, números de consultas de pré-natal inferior a seis, síndromes hipertensivas, menos do que oito anos de estudo e natimortalidade prévia.

Introduction: Little attention has been given to deaths that occur before birth, although fetal mortality is influenced by the same circumstances and has the same causes as early neonatal mortality. The aim of this study was to analyze the risk factors associated with fetal mortality. Methods: A case-control study including births between March 1998 and May 2004. The study included 183 cases (stillbirths) and 342 controls (live births). To test the association between independent (predictors) and dependent (stillborn) variables, we used the chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests, when indicated, considering the significance level of 5%. To determine the strength of association we used an estimate of relative risk for case-control studies, odds ratio (OR), calculating the confidence interval at 95%. A logistic regression analysis was performed following the hierarchy model to control for confounding factors. Results: The fetal mortality rate amounted to 16.8/1,000 live births. After multivariate analysis, the variables that remained significantly associated with fetal death were malformation (OR = 9.7, 95% CI 4.7 to 20.2), fewer than six visits during the prenatal period (OR = 5.1, 95% CI 3.3 to 7.8), hypertensive disorders (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.5 to 4.7), fewer than eight years of schooling (OR = 1.6 , 95% CI 1.0 to 2.6) and prior stillbirth (OR = 11.5, 95% CI 3.2 to 41.7). Conclusion: The identified risk factors for fetal death were congenital malformations, fewer than six prenatal consultations, hypertensive disorders, fewer than eight years of schooling, and previous stillbirth.

Malformações congênitas do sistema nervoso central: prevalência e impacto perinatal / Congenital malformations of central nervous system: prevalence and perinatal impact

No Brasil e no Rio Grande do Sul, as malformações congênitas constituem a segunda causa de mortalidade infantil, sendo responsáveis por 17,2% e 22,4%, respectivamente, do total de mortes, indicando a necessidade de estratégias específicas nas políticas de saúde. Assim, decidiu-se pela análise da prevalência e dos aspectos perinatais relacionados às malformações congênitas do sistema nervoso central. Métodos: Estudo com delineamento caso-controle. A amostra de contingência estudada foi constituída de recém-nascidos que tenham apresentado malformação do sistema nervoso central, no período de março/1998 a junho/2008. Foram avaliadas variáveis maternas e neonatais. Para a análise estatística utilizaram-se médias, desvios padrões e teste T de Student e Mann-Whitney para variáveis numéricas, qui-quadrado para variáveis categóricas e estimativa de risco pela Odds Ratio (OR) com IC 95%. Foi adotado nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Dentre os 15.495 nascimentos ocorridos no período citado, foram observados 32 neonatos (0,21%) portadores de malformação do sistema nervoso central, que foram comparados a 149 neonatos normais. O defeito congênito associou-se a taxa aumentada de partos cesáreos [21(65%) vs. 46(30%); p<0,0002; OR 4,3(1,8-10,4)], peso neonatal médio mais baixo (p<0,005), admissão em unidade de tratamento intensivo neonatal [23(71,8%) vs.18(12%); p<0,0001; OR 18,6(6,9-51,9)] e neomortalidade precoce [5(15,6%) vs. 1(0,7%); p<0,0001; OR 27,4(2,9-64,5)]. Conclusão: O defeito congênito associou-se à taxa aumentada de partos cesáreos, peso neonatal médio inferior, necessidade de admissão em unidade de tratamento intensivo neonatal, neomortalidade precoce, mas não à idade materna, paridade, intervalo interpartal, raça e síndrome diabética.

Congenital malformation is the second cause of infantile mortality in Brazil and in Rio Grande do Sul. The rates of the total of deaths are 17,2% and 22,4%, respectively, indicating the necessity of specific strategies in the health politics. The aim of this work was to analyze the prevalence and associated conditions related to congenital malformations of the central nervous system. Methods: In this case-control study, we studied newborns with malformation of central nervous system between March 1998 and July 2008. They were matched with normal newborns in the same period. Maternal and newborn variables were evaluated. Statistic approach was carried through Student t-test and Mann-Whitney for numerical variables. Qui-square test was used for categorical variables. To access the risk estimation, we used odd’s rate (OR) with 95% CI. The significance level for all statistical tests was 5%. Results: Among 15,495 births, there were 32 newborns (0,21%) with malformation of the central system. They were matched with 149 normal newborns. Congenital defects were associated with high rates of Caesarean childbirths [21 (65%) versus. 46 (30%) ; p< 0.002; OR 4.3 (1.8 – 10.4)], lower newborn weight (p< 0.005), admission in intensive care unit [23 (71.8%) versus. 18(12%); p< 0.0001; OR 18.6 (6.9 – 51.9)] and early mortality [5 (15.6%) versus. 1(0.7%); p< 0.0001; OR 27.4 (2.9 – 64.5)]. Conclusion: Congenital defect was associated with increased rates of Caesarean childbirths, lower newborn weight, necessity of admission in intensive care unit, early mortality. There was no association with the mother’s age, number of deliveries, interval between the delivery, race and diabetes.

Estado nutricional e consumo alimentar de mulheres com câncer de mama atendidas em um serviço de mastologia no interior do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Food consumption and nutritional status of women with breast cancer treated in a breast service in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Introdução: o câncer de mama é uma neoplasia de grande incidência entre as mulheres, sendo que tanto seu aparecimento como sua evolução pode estar relacionado a fatores dietéticos e antropométricos. Objetivo: avaliar o estado nutricional e o consumo alimentar de pacientes com câncer de mama, atendidas em um serviço de mastologia no interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico, incluindo 50 mulheres com diagnóstico de câncer de mama, sendo avaliados: dados reprodutivos; tempo de diagnóstico; estilo de vida; dados antropométricos e consumo alimentar. Para análise das variáveis foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: observou-se que 90% da população estudada apresentavam idade > 40 anos, 68% encontravam-se na pós-menopausa, 70% estavam em etapa pós-tratamento e 84% nunca ingeriam bebidas alcoólicas. A análise estatística demonstrou frequência elevada de sobrepeso/obesidade (72%), com Índice de Massa Corporal médio de 28,6±5,6 kg/m² e alta prevalência de sedentarismo (72%). A média diária de consumo energético foi de 1413,7 kcal/dia, sendo 27,3% de lipídeos totais e 8% de gorduras saturadas. O consumo de fibras, vitamina A, C e E e selênio apresentou-se abaixo das recomendações nutricionais. Foi encontrada preferência por leite integral e carne vermelha, consumo diminuído de frutas e pouca variedade na ingestão de verduras. Conclusão: houve alta prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade em mulheres na pós-menopausa, alto índice de sedentarismo e baixo consumo de micronutrientes. Também foi encontrado grande número de mulheres sobreviventes de câncer de mama. Estes achados são importantes para o estabelecimento de ações de intervenção nutricional que ajudem no prognóstico e na prevenção de recorrência tumoral.

Background: breast cancer is a neoplasm with a high incidence among women, and both the onset and evolution of breast cancer may be related to anthropometric and dietary factors. Aim: to assess the nutritional status and food intake of patients with breast cancer receiving care in a breast service in the countryside of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: this cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study included 50 women with a diagnosis of breast cancer and evaluated the following variables: reproductive data, time of diagnosis, lifestyle, anthropometric data, and food intake. Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze the variables. Results: of the total study population, 90% were aged > 40 years, 68% were postmenopausal, 70% were in the post-treatment phase and 84% had never consumed alcohol. Statistical analysis showed a high prevalence of overweight/obesity (72%), with a mean body mass index of 28.6±5.6 kg/m², and a high prevalence of physical inactivity (72%). Mean daily energy intake was 1413.7 kcal/day, 27.3% of total lipids and 8% of saturated fat. The intake of fiber, vitamin A, C and E and selenium was below the recommended dietary allowance. The participants showed a preference for whole milk and red meat, low fruit intake, and little variety within the vegetable group. Conclusions: there was a high prevalence of overweight/obesity in postmenopausal women, high rates of physical inactivity and low micronutrient intake. In addition, a large number of women were breast cancer survivors. These findings are important for the establishment of nutritional intervention actions to improve prognosis and prevent tumor recurrence.

Fatores de risco maternos associados à acidose fetal / Maternal risk factors associated with fetal acidosis

OBJETIVOS: avaliar os fatores de risco maternos associados à acidose fetal. MÉTODOS: estudo tipo caso-controle composto por 188 recém-nascidos, sendo que 47 compuseram o grupo casos (pH de artéria umbilical <7,0) e 141 os de controles (pH de artéria umbilical <7,1 <7,3) nascidos imediatamente após cada caso. Consideraram-se fatores de inclusão: recém-nascidos de gestações únicas e sem malformação congênita. Analisaram-se variáveis maternas e fetais. Foram realizadas a Odds Ratio bruta e ajustada, teste t de Student, teste do qui-quadrado e análise multivariada através da regressão logística nãocondicional pelo método Enter. Assumiu-se como nível de significância estatística um p<0,05. RESULTADOS: no grupo de casos foi observado maior percentual de cesarianas, de recém-nascidos pré-termo, que apresentaram quase cinco vezes mais necessidade de cuidados intensivos e vinte cinco vezes mais chance de Apgar no 5º minuto <7. Não foram observadas associação entre os grupos e a apresentação fetal, idade materna, história de abortos anteriores, escolaridade materna e frequência ao pré-natal. Após a análise multivariada persistiram como fator de risco complicações relacionadas com a placenta e cordão. Os recémnascidos cujos partos associaram-se a complicações da placenta ou do cordão umbilical apresentaram três vezes mais chance de acidemia fetal. CONCLUSÕES: os recém-nascidos acidóticos estiveram relacionados à maior percentual de cesarianas, de prematuridade, necessidade de cuidados de tratamento intensivo e índice de Apgar <7 no 5º minuto. Após a análise multivariada, persistiram como fator de risco para acidemia fetal as complicações relacionadas ao descolamento prematuro de placenta e cordão umbilical.

OBJECTIVES: to assess maternal risk factors associated with fetal acidosis. METHODS: a case-control type study was conducted of 188 neonates, of whom 47 comprised the case group (umbilical arterial pH <7.0) and 141 the control (umbilical arterial pH E7.1 <7.3). The study included only single-gestation neonates without congenital malformations. Both maternal and fetal variables were taken into consideration. Statistical analysis involved the calculation of the raw and adjusted Odds Ratio, Student's t-test, the chi-squared test and multivariate analysis using Enter-method non-conditional logistic regression. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: in the case group higher percentages of caesarian sections and pre-term births were observed, involving almost five times as much intensive care and twenty-five times more likelihood of Apgar in the 5th minute <7. No association was observed between the groups and fetal presentation, mother's age, history of miscarriage, years of schooling of mother or attendance at prenatal sessions. After multivariate analysis, the only risk factors that remained significant were complications relating to the placenta or the umbilical cord. Deliveries involving complications relating to the placenta or the umbilical cord were three times more likely to involve fetal acidemia. CONCLUSIONS: acidemia among neonates was associated with a higher percentage of caesarians, premature births, a need for intensive care and treatment and an Apgar index of <7 in the 5th minute. After multivariate analysis, complications relating to premature displacement of the placenta and the umbilical cord were the only remaining risk factors associated with fetal acidemia.

Prevalence of toxoplasmosis, HIV, syphilis and rubella in a population of puerperal women using Whatman 903 filter paper.

OBJECTIVES: to determine the seroprevalence rate of toxoplasmosis, HIV, syphilis and rubella in a population of puerperal women. METHODS: a prospective, cross-sectional study was performed from February 2007 to April 2008 at Hospital Geral, Universidade de Caxias do Sul in a population of 1,510 puerperal women. Women that gave birth to live born or stillborn infants were included in the study; maternal and perinatal variables were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square with occasional Fisher's correction were used for comparisons. Alpha was set in 5%. RESULTS: a total of 148 cases of congenital infection (9.8%) were identified: 66 cases of syphilis (4.4%), 40 cases of HIV (2.7%), 27 cases of toxoplasmosis (1.8%) and 15 cases of rubella (1.0%). In ten cases there was co-infection (four cases of HIV and syphilis, two cases of HIV and rubella, one case of HIV and toxoplasmosis, two cases of rubella and syphilis, and one case of toxoplasmosis and rubella). In a comparison between puerperal women with and without infection there was no statistical significance in relation to incidence of abortions, small for gestational age, prematurity, live births and stillbirths, and prenatal care. Need of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), maternal schooling, maternal age higher than 35 years and drug use (alcohol, cocaine and crack) had statistical significance. CONCLUSION: the prevalence rate of infections was 9.8%. Need of NICU, maternal schooling lower than eight years, maternal age higher than 35 years and drug use were significantly associated with occurrence of congenital infection.

Prevalence of toxoplasmosis, HIV, syphilis and rubella in a population of puerperal women using Whatman 903® filter paper

OBJECTIVES: to determine the seroprevalence rate of toxoplasmosis, HIV, syphilis and rubella in a population of puerperal women. METHODS: a prospective, cross-sectional study was performed from February 2007 to April 2008 at Hospital Geral, Universidade de Caxias do Sul in a population of 1,510 puerperal women. Women that gave birth to live born or stillborn infants were included in the study; maternal and perinatal variables were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square with occasional Fisher's correction were used for comparisons. Alpha was set in 5 percent. RESULTS: a total of 148 cases of congenital infection (9.8 percent) were identified: 66 cases of syphilis (4.4 percent), 40 cases of HIV (2.7 percent), 27 cases of toxoplasmosis (1.8 percent) and 15 cases of rubella (1.0 percent). In ten cases there was co-infection (four cases of HIV and syphilis, two cases of HIV and rubella, one case of HIV and toxoplasmosis, two cases of rubella and syphilis, and one case of toxoplasmosis and rubella). In a comparison between puerperal women with and without infection there was no statistical significance in relation to incidence of abortions, small for gestational age, prematurity, live births and stillbirths, and prenatal care. Need of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), maternal schooling, maternal age higher than 35 years and drug use (alcohol, cocaine and crack) had statistical significance. CONCLUSION: the prevalence rate of infections was 9.8 percent. Need of NICU, maternal schooling lower than eight years, maternal age higher than 35 years and drug use were significantly associated with occurrence of congenital infection.

[Histopathological changes in human placentas related to hypertensive disorders]. / Alterações histopatológicas em placentas humanas relacionadas às síndromes hipertensivas.

PURPOSE: to determine the prevalence of histopathological changes, in human placentas, related to hypertensive syndromes. METHODS: a transversal study that compares histopathological changes identified in 43 placentae from hypertensive pregnant women (HypPr), with the ones from 33 placentae from normotensive pregnant women (NorPr). The weight, volume and macroscopic and microscopic occurrence of infarctions, clots, hematomas, atherosis (partial obliteration, thickness of layers and presence of blood vessels hyalinization) and Tenney-Parker changes (absent, discreet and prominent), as well as the locating of infarctions and clots (central, peripheral or the association of both) have been analyzed. The chi2 and t Student tests have been used for the statistical analysis, as well as medians, standard deviations and ratios. It has been considered as significant, p<0.05. RESULTS: the macroscopic study of HypPr placentae have presented lower weight (461.1 versus 572.1 g) and volume (437.4 versus 542.0 cm(3)), higher infarction (51.2 versus 45.5%; p<0.05: OR=1.15) and clots (51.2 versus 15.1%; p<0.05; OR=5.4) ratios, as compared to the NorPr's. In the HypPr and NorPr, microscopic clots have occurred in 83.7 versus 45.5% (p<0.05; OR=4.3), respectively. Atherosis and Tenney-Parker changes have been statistically associated to the hypertensive syndromes (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the obtained data allow us to associate lower placentary weight and volume, higher ratio of macro and microscopic infarction, clots, atherosis and Tenney-Parker changes to placentae of gestations occurring with hypertensive syndromes.

Alterações histopatológicas em placentas humanas relacionadas às síndromes hipertensivas / Histopathological changes in human placentas related to hypertensive disorders

OBJETIVO: determinar a prevalência de alterações histopatológicas em placentas humanas, relacionadas às síndromes hipertensivas. MÉTODOS: estudo de corte transversal, que comparou as alterações histopatológicas identificadas em 43 placentas oriundas de gestantes do grupo de hipertensas (GrHip) com as de 33 placentas de gestantes do grupo de normotensas (GrNor). Foram analisados o peso, volume e ocorrência macro e microscópica de infartos, coágulos, hematomas, aterose (obliteração parcial, espessamento de camadas e presença de vasos hialinizados) e alterações de Tenney-Parker (ausentes, discretas e proeminentes), bem como a localização de infartos e coágulos (central, periférico ou associação de ambos). Para a análise estatística foram usados os testes do χ2 e t de Student, bem como médias, desvios padrões e percentuais. Considerou-se como significante um p<0,05. RESULTADOS: o estudo macroscópico revelou que as placentas do GrHip, se comparadas às do GrNor, apresentaram menor peso (461,1 versus 572,1 g) e volume (437,4 versus 542,0 cm³) e percentuais aumentados de infartos (51,2 versus 45,5 por cento; p<0,05; OR=1,15) e de coágulos (51,2 versus 15,1 por cento; p<0,05; OR=5,4). Nos GrHip e GrNor, os infartos microscópicos ocorreram em 83,7 e 45,5 por cento; p<0,05; OR=4,3, respectivamente. A aterose e as alterações de Tenney-Parker associaram-se estatisticamente às síndromes hipertensivas (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: os dados obtidos permitem associar menor peso e volume placentário, maior percentual de infartos macro e microscópicos, coágulos, aterose e alterações de Tenney-Parker às placentas relacionadas com gestações que cursaram com síndromes hipertensivas.

PURPOSE: to determine the prevalence of histopathological changes, in human placentas, related to hypertensive syndromes. METHODS: a transversal study that compares histopathological changes identified in 43 placentae from hypertensive pregnant women (HypPr), with the ones from 33 placentae from normotensive pregnant women (NorPr). The weight, volume and macroscopic and microscopic occurrence of infarctions, clots, hematomas, atherosis (partial obliteration, thickness of layers and presence of blood vessels hyalinization) and Tenney-Parker changes (absent, discreet and prominent), as well as the locating of infarctions and clots (central, peripheral or the association of both) have been analyzed. The χ2 and t Student tests have been used for the statistical analysis, as well as medians, standard deviations and ratios. It has been considered as significant, p<0.05. RESULTS: the macroscopic study of HypPr placentae have presented lower weight (461.1 versus 572.1 g) and volume (437.4 versus 542.0 cm³), higher infarction (51.2 versus 45.5 percent; p<0.05: OR=1.15) and clots (51.2 versus 15.1 percent; p<0.05; OR=5.4) ratios, as compared to the NorPr's. In the HypPr and NorPr, microscopic clots have occurred in 83.7 versus 45.5 percent (p<0.05; OR=4.3), respectively. Atherosis and Tenney-Parker changes have been statistically associated to the hypertensive syndromes (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the obtained data allow us to associate lower placentary weight and volume, higher ratio of macro and microscopic infarction, clots, atherosis and Tenney-Parker changes to placentae of gestations occurring with hypertensive syndromes.

Variz da porção intra-abdominal da veia umbilical / Portion of intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix

Os estudos sobre a variz da porção intra-abdominal da veia umbilical são raros, contraditórios, pouco elucidativos, mormente em virtude do pequeno número de casos estudados e publicados. Por se tratar de patologia umbilical que eventualmente se apresenta associada a resultados fetais adversos, decidiu-se pela apresentação de um caso, que primou por diagnóstico ultra-sonográfico precoce e por evolução normal do concepto.

Studies of varix of the intra-abdominal portion of the umbilical vein are rare, contradictory, unclear, meanly by small number of studied and published cases. Due to a poor fetal prognosis in association with this umbilical pathology we decided to show a case, with early sonogram evaluation and normal fetal evolution.