Access to assisted human reproduction techniques in Colombia: Disparity between the recognition of reproductive rights and their effective implementation.

Public funding of assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) is a controversial issue. Some health systems have proposed public funding of ARTs. In recent years, there has been evidence of a change in the line of jurisprudence and legislation in Colombia about this topic. This article analyzes the tension between the recognition of individual sexual and reproductive rights and the common good, in terms of the sustainability of the health system and the reasonable use of limited resources to meet the health needs of the population. This article concludes that, despite regulatory progress, there has been a lack of corresponding progress in their effective implementation and the recognition of reproductive rights.

Metabolomics-Based Evaluation of Crop Quality Changes as a Consequence of Climate Change.

Fruit composition determines the fruit quality and, consequently, consumer acceptance. As fruit quality can be modified by environmental conditions, it will be impacted by future alterations produced by global warming. Therefore, agricultural activities will be influenced by the changes in climatological conditions in cultivable areas, which could have a high socioeconomic impact if fruit production and quality decline. Currently, different stresses are being applied to several cultivated species to evaluate their impact on fruit metabolism and plant performance. With the use of metabolomic tools, these changes can be precisely measured, allowing us to determine changes in the patterns of individual compounds. As these changes depend on both the stress severity and the specific species involved and even on the specific cultivar, individual analysis must be conducted. To date, the most-studied crops have mainly been crops that are widely cultivated and have a high socioeconomic impact. In the near future, with the development of these metabolomic strategies, their implementation will be extended to other species, which will allow the adaptation of cultivation conditions and the development of varieties with high adaptability to climatological changes.

Mortalidade por causas externas em crianças de um a nove anos / Mortality from external causes in children aged one to nine years old / Mortalidad por causas externas en niños de uno a nueve años

Objetivou-se identificar perfis de mortalidade por causas externas em crianças de um a nove anos residentes em Minas Gerais. Estudo transversal com base no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, que utilizou a técnica de análise fatorial de correspondência múltipla para avaliar a associação entre causa básica de morte, natureza da lesão e demais variáveis. As maiores taxas de mortalidade foram observadas nas mortes por acidentes de transporte, especialmente em pedestres e ocupantes de automóvel, mortes por afogamento e submersão acidentais. As características dos óbitos em crianças de um ano a quatro e de cinco a nove anos apresentaram-se bastante similares. Foram traçados perfis por meio da análise de correspondência múltipla, destacando-se a associação dos acidentes de transporte com crianças da raça branca de cinco a nove anos em municípios mais urbanizados, afogamentos em meninos de um a quatro anos em municípios menos urbanizados. A supervisão constante de pais e responsáveis, especialmente nos momentos de lazer das crianças, o uso de equipamentos de segurança nos automóveis, além de campanhas para prevenção de acidentes domésticos, são as ações sinalizadas.

This cross-sectional study aimed at identifying and describing mortality profiles due to external causes in children aged one to nine years old livingin Minas Gerais, Brazil from 2005 to 2010. It is based on the Mortality Information System. The study used multiple correspondence analyses toestablish a link between cause of death, nature of injury and other variables. The highest mortality rates were from traffic accidents (especially aspedestrians and car passengers) and accidental drowning. Cause of death in children aged one to four and in those aged five to nine were fairlysimilar. The researchers drew multiple correspondence analyses highlighting the association of traffic accidents with white children aged 5 to 9 yearsin more developed municipalities and accidental drownings in those aged 1 to 4 in less developed municipalities. Appropriate child supervision, usechild restraint system, and home accident prevention campaigns were recommended.

El objeto del presente estudio fue identificar los perfiles de mortalidad por causas externas en niños de uno a nueve años que viven en Minas Gerais. Se trata de un estudio transversal basado en el Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad que utilizó la técnica de análisis factorial de correspondencias múltiples para analizar la asociación entre la causa básica de muerte, el tipo de lesión y otras variables. Las tasas de mortalidad más elevadas se observaron en las muertes por accidentes de tránsito, especialmente en peatones y ocupantes de vehículos, las muertes porahogamiento y sumersión accidentales. Las características de las muertes en niños de uno a cuatro años y de cinco a nueve años son bastante similares. Se trazaron perfiles por medio del análisis de correspondencias múltiples, destacándose la asociación de los accidentes de transportecon niños de tez blanca de 5 a 9 años en las zonas más urbanizadas y ahogamientos en niños de 1 a 4 años en las las muertes por ahogamiento y sumersión accidentales zonas menos urbanizadas. Se recomienda la supervisión constante de padres y responsables especialmente durante los momentos de ocio de los niños, el uso de equipamientos de seguridad en los coches además de campañas para la prevención de accidentes en elhogar como medidas importantes por implementar.

Mortes por acidentes e violências em crianças e adolescentes de Minas Gerais: um enfoque sobre a natureza da lesão / Deaths from accidents and violence in children and adolescents in Minas Gerais

Introdução: As causas externas incluem os acidentes e violências.Representam o grupo predominante de causas de morte entre as crianças e adolescentes. Na população infantil e adolescente, a partir de um ano de idade, as causas externas são a primeira causa de morte no país, representando 53% de todas das causas de morte nesta faixa etária. Objetivo: Analisar a mortalidade por causas externas em crianças e adolescentes. Método: Estudo transversal, baseado no sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade, referente aos óbitos por acidentes e violências, ocorridos de 2005 a 2010, em crianças e adolescentes, residentes em Minas Gerais. Os óbitos foram estudados por sexo, raça/cor, urbanização do município, idade e escolaridade da mãe, causa básica e natureza da lesão. Foram usados testes de hipóteses bilaterais, com nível de significância de 5% e método de Análise Fatorial de Correspondência Múltipla. Resultados: Ocorreram no período 10667 mortes por causas externas em crianças e adolescentes no período estudado. A maioria das mortes ocorreu no sexo masculino em indivíduos não brancos, exceto em menores de um ano e em municípios com 80 a 100% de urbanização. Foi possível identificar o perfil das mortes em crianças e adolescentes. Os agrupamentos de causas básicas de morte mais frequentes em crianças foram mortes por Acidentes de transporte, com destaque para os Atropelamentos, Ocupantes de automóveis, os Afogamentos e Outros riscos acidentais à respiração. Os Traumatismos intracranianos e Outros traumatismos de cabeça foram lesões mais evidentes nos Acidentes de transporte, Agressões, Quedas e nos Eventos cuja a intenção é indeterminada. As quedas do leito, afogamentos em residência e inalação e ingestão de objetos demonstram a necessidade de intensificação da vigilância domiciliar. Dos 8759 óbitos registrados de adolescentes, 1423 (16,3%) foram na faixa etária de 10 a 14 anos e 7336 (83,8%) entre 15 a 19 anos. A taxa de mortalidade global foi decrescente...

Introduction: External causes include accidents and violence. Represent the predominant group of causes of death among children and adolescents. In children and adolescents, from one year old, external causes are the leading cause of death in the country, representing 53% of all causes of death in this age group. Objective: To analyze mortality from external causes in children and adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on the Mortality Information System, referring to deaths from accidents and violence, which occurred from 2005 to 2010 in children and adolescents resident in Minas Gerais. Deaths were analyzed by sex, race / ethnicity, urbanization of the municipality, age and mother's education, basic cause and nature of injury. We used bilateral hypotheses testing with a significance level of 5%. and method of Factor Analysis of Multiple Correspondence. Results: There were 10,667 deaths in the period due to external causes in children and adolescents during the study period. Most deaths occurred in male non-white individuals, except in children under one year and in municipalities with 80 to 100% of urbanization. It was possible to identify the profile of deaths in children and adolescents. Groups of underlying causes of death were more frequent in children from trampling, drownings, car occupants, other risks incidental to breath and Other landtransport accidents. The Head trauma and other head injuries were mostevident in transport accidents, assaults, falls, and events of undetermined intent. Falls from bed, drowning in residence and inhalation and ingestion of objects demonstrate the need for enhanced surveillance home. Of the 8759 registered deaths of adolescents, 1423 (16.3%) were aged 10-14 years and 7336 (83.8%) aged 15 to 19 years. The overall mortality rate was decreasing in the period, but practically stable in the group of 10 to 14 years. The most frequent causes of death were Attacks, Drowning, automobile occupant...

Funciones cognoscitivas y ejecutivas en el TDAH / Cognitive and executive functions in ADHD

Introducción. Se han observado alteraciones en diferentes funciones cognoscitivas en niños con Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) y recientemente se ha propuesto que la causa que subyace a toda la sintomatología es una deficiencia en las funciones ejecutivas (FE), no obstante, existen muchas discrepancias en los hallazgos. Objetivo. Realizar una evaluación amplia de las funciones cognoscitivas y FE en niños con TDAH tipos hiperactivo impulsivo y combinado (TDAH/HI-C) para conocer sus características neuropsicológicas y analizar que funciones pueden relacionarse con su conducta hiperactivo-impulsiva. Metodología. Se aplicó una Batería Neuropsicológica y los Test de Stroop, de Clasificación de tarjetas de Wisconsin (WCST) y Torre de Londres a 51 niños de 7 a12 años de edad (25 control y 26 con TDAH). Resultados. El grupo TDAH/HI-C tuvo peor resultado en atención sostenida, denominación serial rápida de figuras y colores, comprensión de órdenes escritas, dictado de palabras, comparación de números, problemas aritméticos, memoria de trabajo visual y de largo plazo y en el WCST. Los errores y velocidad en denominación serial rápida de colores y figuras, comprensión de órdenes escritas, problemas aritméticos, y del WCST errores totales, perseverativos y respuestas perseverativas, fueron las variables que se relacionaron con la hiperactividad-impulsividad. Conclusiones. Los niños con TDAH/HI-C tienen una gran variedad de deficiencias cognoscitivas y solamente en algunas áreas de las FE. Estas deficiencias explican en alguna medida el comportamiento hiperactivo-impulsivo (AU)

Introduction. Some studies have reported that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children show alterations in different cognitive functions. Recently, a deficiency in the executive functions (EF) is proposed as the cause underlying all of these symptoms. However discrepancies exist about these findings. Objective. Assessment of cognitive and executive functions of subjects with both ADHD hyperactive-impulsive type and combined type, in order to reveal their neuropsychological characteristics and analyze if those functions are related to hyperactive-impulsive behavior. Method. Neuropsychological Battery, Stroop test, Wisconsin Card Sorting test and London Tower test were applied to 51children between 7 and 12 years old (25 controls and 26ADHD). Results. ADHD children showed worst performance in sustained attention, rapid serial naming of figures and colors, comprehension of written instructions, word dictation, number comparison, arithmetical problems, visual working memory, long term memory and the scores of WCST. Variables related to hyperactivity-impulsivity were: errors and decreased velocity in rapid serial naming of colors and figures, comprehension of written instructions, arithmetical problems and the scores of total errors, perseverating errorsand perseverating responses of WCST. Conclusion. ADHD children show a great variety of cognitive deficiencies and had deficit only in some domains of executive functions. These deficiencies could explain to some extent the hyperactive and impulsive behavior (AU)

Cognitive and executive functions in ADHD.

INTRODUCTION: Some studies have reported that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children show alterations in different cognitive functions. Recently, a deficiency in the executive functions (EF) is proposed as the cause underlying all of these symptoms. However discrepancies exist about these findings. OBJECTIVE: Assessment of cognitive and executive functions of subjects with both ADHD hyperactive-impulsive type and combined type, in order to reveal their neuropsychological characteristics and analyze if those functions are related to hyperactive-impulsive behavior. METHOD: Neuropsychological Battery, Stroop test, Wisconsin Card Sorting test and London Tower test were applied to 51 children between 7 and 12 years old (25 controls and 26 ADHD). RESULTS: ADHD children showed worst performance in sustained attention, rapid serial naming of figures and colors, comprehension of written instructions, word dictation, number comparison, arithmetical problems, visual working memory, long term memory and the scores of WCST. Variables related to hyperactivity-impulsivity were: errors and decreased velocity in rapid serial naming of colors and figures, comprehension of written instructions, arithmetical problems and the scores of total errors, perseverating errors and perseverating responses of WCST. CONCLUSION: ADHD children show a great variety of cognitive deficiencies and had deficit only in some domains of executive functions. These deficiencies could explain to some extent the hyperactive and impulsive behavior.