Concordance between methods of estimating body fat in pediatric and adolescent age.

Background and objective: The percentage of fat (%BF), essential data in the health or nutrition field, can be estimated by different methods. This work compares the %BF values obtained by anthropometry, Near Infrared Interactance (NIR), and Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA), in childhood and adolescence. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 1015 schoolchildren aged 9 to 16 years. Height, weight, and four adipose folds were measured: tricipital, bicipital, subscapular, and suprailiac. The %BF by anthropometry was calculated using a specific formula based on body density (BD). A tetrapolar analyzer was used for the BIA calculation. The optical density in the biceps was measured for the one observed by NIR. Results: The high correlation and determination coefficients show that the relationship between %BF by anthropometry, BIA, or NIR is very strong, mainly between the first two. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) results between Anthropometry and BIA show an almost perfect agreement. Its graphical contrast attests that the correlation is higher in the male sex. In general, the agreement between Anthropometry and BIA is higher than between Anthropometry and NIR. Conclusions: The three techniques used to measure %BF show high concordance. All ICC values between pairs of methods are above 0.90. The comparison of %BF by anthropometry with BIA or NIR shows that the affinity is higher in intermediate adiposity percentages than in extreme ones. This trend occurs in both sexes and age groups.

Impact of obesity on the use of healthcare resources by young adults aged 18-45 years: Results of the 2017 National Health Survey.

INTRODUCTION: Excess weight is a public health problem associated with a greater burden of chronic diseases and increased use of health resources. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A subsample of Spanish adults aged 18-45 from the 2017 Spanish National Health Survey (N=7081) was used. The odds ratios of service utilisation of the group with BMI≥30kg/m2 were compared to the normal-weight group, using a model adjusted for sex, age, education, socioeconomic level, perceived health status and the presence of comorbidities. RESULTS: In all, 12.4% of the sample had obesity. Of these, 24.8% visited their general physician, 37.1% attended emergency services and 6.1% were hospitalised during the last 12 months, which were significantly higher rates than in the normal-weight population (20.3%, 29.2%, 3.8%, respectively). However, 16.1% visited a physiotherapist and 3.1% used alternative therapies, compared to 20.8% and 6.4% in the healthy weight group. After adjusting for confounding factors, people with obesity were more likely to visit emergency services (OR: 1.225 [1.037-1.446]) and less likely to visit a physiotherapist (OR: 0.720 [0.583-0.889]) or use alternative therapies (OR: 0.481 [0.316-0.732]). CONCLUSIONS: Spanish young adults suffering from obesity are more likely to use some health resources than those of normal weight, even after adjusting for socioeconomic variables and comorbidities, but they are less likely to attend physical therapy. The literature shows that these differences are less marked than in older ages, so this stage of life could be a window of opportunity for prevention to achieve better resource management.

Referencias para dinamometría manual en función de la estatura en edad pediátrica y adolescente / Hand grip dynamometry references by height ranges in pediatric and adolescent age

Antecedentes y objetivo: La dinamometría de la mano es una prueba funcional recomendada en la evaluación nutricional. Suele expresarse en función de la edad pero durante el crecimiento, incluso a la misma edad, varía el tamaño corporal. El objetivo del presente trabajo es aportar referencias de la fuerza de la mano en función de la talla. Sujetos y método: La muestra consta de 1.798 escolares entre 6 y 15 años. Se midió la talla, el peso y la fuerza de ambas manos. La dinamometría media (DM) se expresó en función de la estatura y se obtuvieron ecuaciones predictivas. La estadística descriptiva, comparativa y el análisis de regresión se efectuaron con el SPSS 21.0 Resultados: Se aportan referencias percentilares para la DM por categorías de talla en rangos de 5 cm. Las fórmulas obtenidas a partir del modelo de regresión (varones: DM = 0,207*peso + 0,621*talla - 71,461; mujeres DM=0,258*peso + 0,394*talla - 43,967) fueron validadas con la mitad de la muestra. Conclusiones: Las ecuaciones predictivas que se aportan en este trabajo permiten estimar la DM a partir del peso y la estatura con independencia de la edad (AU)

Background and objectives: Hand grip dynamometry is a functional test recommended in the nutritional assessment. Usually it is expressed in terms of age but during growth even at the same age, body size varies. The aim of this study is to provide references of hand strength depending on the height. Subjects and method: The sample consists of 1,798 students between 6 and 15 years. Height, weight and strength of both hands were measured. The mean dynamometry (MD) was expressed in terms of height and predictive equations were obtained. Descriptive statistics, comparative and regression analysis were performed using SPSS 21.0 Results: Percentile references for MD are provided by height categories in ranges of 5 cm. The obtained formulas from the regression model (males: MD = 0.207 * 0.621 * weight + size - 71.461; females: MD = 0.258 * 0.394 * weight + size - 43.967) were validated in half of the sample. Conclusions: The predictive equations given in this paper allow estimating MD from weight and height independently of age (AU)

Indicadores de riesgo cardiovascular, patrones de lactancia y estilo de vida de la madre durante el proceso de crecimiento y desarrollo fetal e infantil / Indicators of cardiovascular risk, breastfeeding patterns and mother’s lifestyle during fetal growth and child development

Introducción: La nutrición en las primeras etapas del ciclo vital humano podría ejercer un efecto programador en la fisiología y el metabolismo del individuo condicionando su estado de salud en el futuro. Objetivo: Describir los patrones de lactancia y el estado nutricional actual de una muestra de 217 niños/as analizando la posible relación entre las condiciones nutricionales en las que transcurre el proceso de crecimiento y desarrollo y el riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares en el futuro. Métodos: Mediante antropometría se tomó peso, talla, perímetro de la cintura, se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y se midió la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica como indicador temprano de riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: El 94,7% de las madres confían en la leche materna como el mejor alimento para el recién nacido pero solo el 88,8% inician la lactancia materna en los primeros días después del parto y solo un 15,6% alcanzan los 6 meses de lactancia materna exclusiva recomendada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El 29,3% de los niños y el 24% de las niñas presentaron sobrepeso y, obesidad, el 10,3% y 6% respectivamente. Existe variación lineal significativa e inversa entre la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva y el perímetro de cintura (p=0,033; B= -0,215), también con la tensión arterial diastólica (p=0,032; B = -0,215). Se encuentra una tendencia a aumentar el IMC cuando la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva disminuye. Conclusión: Los patrones de lactancia descritos en la muestra no se adecuan a las recomendaciones internacionales y resulta evidente la relación entre variables fisiológicas indicadores tempranos de riesgo cardiovascular e indicadores de acúmulo graso (AU)

ABTRACT Introduction: Nutrition in the early stages of the human life cycle could have a programmer effect on physiology and metabolism of the individual conditioning their health in the future. Objective: To describe patterns of breastfeeding and the current nutritional status of a sample of 217 children analyzing the possible relationship between nutritional conditions that elapses growth and development process and the risk of cardiovascular disease in the future. Methods: Weight, height and waist circumference was taken by anthropometry, Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated and systolic and diastolic blood pressure as an early indicator of cardiovascular risk was measured. Results: 94.7% of mothers rely on breast milk as the best food for newborns but only 88.8% initiated breastfeeding in the first few days after birth and only the 15.6% of them reach 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding recommended by the World Health Organiza - tion. The 29.3% of boys and 24% of girls were overweight and there were obesity in 10.3% and 6% respectively. There is significant inverse linear variation between the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and waist circumference (p = 0.033, B = -0.215), also with diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.032, B = -0.215). There is a trend to increase the BMI when the duration of exclusive breastfeeding decreases. Conclusion: The breastfeeding patterns described in the sample do not conform to international recommendations and is obvious the relationship between phy - siological variables indicative of early cardiovascular risk and fat accumulation (AU)